Acan opener (North American and Australian English) ortin opener (British English) is a mechanical device used to openmetaltin cans. Althoughpreservation of food using tin cans had been practiced since at least 1772 in the Netherlands, the first can openers were notpatented until 1855 in England and 1858 in the United States. These early openers were basically variations of a knife, though the 1855 design continues to be produced.
A can opener using the now familiar rotating cutting wheel that runs round the can's rim to cut open the lid was invented in 1870, but the first such design was considered very difficult to operate for the ordinary consumer. A more successful design came out in 1925 when a second, opposing wheel was added, with a serrated surface to grip the rim of the can and keep the lid in contact with the cutting wheel. This easy-to-use design has become one of the most popular can opener models.
Around the time ofWorld War II, several can openers were developed for military use, such as the AmericanP-38 and P-51. These featured a robust and compact design with a pull cutting blade hinged to a corrugated handle with a pivot. Electric can openers were introduced in the late 1950s and met with success. The development of new can opener types continues with a recent redesign of a side-cutting model.
Food preserved in tin cans was in use by the Dutch Navy from at least 1772.[1] Before 1800, there was already a small industry of cannedsalmon in the Netherlands. Freshly caught salmon were cleaned, boiled inbrine, smoked and placed in tin-plated iron boxes. This canned salmon became known outside the Netherlands, and in 1797 a British company supplied one of their clients with 13 cans of it. Preservation of food in tin cans was patented byPeter Durand in 1810. That patent was acquired in 1812 byBryan Donkin, who soon set up the world's firstcanning factory in London in 1813.
By 1820, canned food was a generally recognised article in Britain and France, and by 1822 in the United States.[1] The first cans were robust containers, which weighed more than the food they contained and required ingenuity to open, using whatever tools available. The instruction on those cans read "Cut round the top near the outer edge with a chisel and hammer."[2][3] The gap of decades between the invention of the can and can opener may be attributed to the functionality of existing tools versus the cost and effort of developing a new tool.[4]
During the 1800s,[5] the canning process was mechanised and refined. Can walls became thinner, but there still was no general-purpose can opener.
The twist-key style was patented by J. Osterhoudt in 1866.[6] Each can produced for its use came with a soldered-on twist-key, which snapped off after fatiguing its attachment point by bending back-and-forth. Different food types came in their own style and shape of can, each with a corresponding twist-key. Tinned fish (such as sardines) were sold in flat rectangular cans. A twist-key would be inserted into a fold out tab, then rolled around the top of the can peeling back a pre-scored strip of metal.[7] Coffee,[8] beans, and most other types of meat, were packaged in cylinders, with appropriate sized keys that operated in the same manner.[9]
General-purpose can openers first appeared in the 1850s and had a primitive claw-shaped or "lever-type" design. In 1855, Robert Yeates, a cutlery and surgical instrument maker of Trafalgar Place West, Hackney Road,Middlesex, UK, devised the first claw-ended can opener with a hand-operated tool that haggled its way around the top of metal cans.[10]
In 1858, another lever-type opener of a more complex shape was patented in the United States byEzra Warner ofWaterbury, Connecticut, US. It consisted of a sharp sickle, which was pushed into the can and sawed around its edge. A guard kept the sickle from penetrating too far into the can. The opener consisted of several parts which could be replaced if worn out, especially the sickle.[11] This opener was adopted by the United States Army during theAmerican Civil War (1861–1865); however, its unprotected knife-like sickle was too dangerous for domestic use. A home-use opener named the "Bull's head opener" was designed in 1865 and was supplied with cans of pickled beef named "Bully beef". The opener was made of cast iron and had a very similar construction to the Yeates opener, but featured a more artistic shape and was the first move towards improving the look of the can opener. The bull-headed design was produced until the 1930s and was also offered with a fish-head shape.[2]
The first known design for a rotating wheel can opener appeared in the April 1853 edition of Scientific American, though it was listed as a more general "Improved Machine For Cutting Tin" designed by H. C. Hart of New York City.[12] The first patent for a rotating wheel design was secured in July 1870 byWilliam Lyman ofMeriden, Connecticut, US and produced by the firm Baumgarten in the 1890s.[13] The can was to be pierced in its centre with the sharp metal rod of the opener. Then, the length of the lever had to be adjusted to fit the can size, and the lever fixed with the wingnut. The top of the can was cut by pressing the cutting wheel into the can near the edge and rotating it along the can's rim.[14]
The necessity to pierce the can first was a nuisance, and this can opener design did not survive. In 1920, Edwin Anderson[15][16][17] patented a can opener with pivoted handles with which to hold the can in one hand while a key-type handle geared to a cutting wheel is turned with the other cutting the outside of the lip,[18][19][20] a side can opener, unlike thegramophone-like orientation of most contemporary can openers, in effect a hand-held pliers version of the Swanson Can-Opener.[21] In 1925,[22] the Star Can Opener Company[23] ofSan Francisco, California, US had improved Lyman's design by adding a second,serrated wheel, called a "feed wheel", which allowed a firm grip of the can edge.[24] This addition was so efficient that the design is still in use today.[25][26][27][28][29]
Whereas all previous openers required using one hand or other means to hold the can, can-holding openers simultaneously grip the can and open it. The first such opener was patented in 1931 by the Bunker Clancey Company of Kansas City, Missouri and was, therefore, called the "Bunker". It featured the now standard pliers-type handles, when squeezed would tightly grip the can rim, while turning the key would rotate the cutting wheel, progressively cutting the lid along the rim. The cutting wheel is coupled to a serrated feed wheel as in the Star design[30][16] and rotated in the opposite direction by interlockingcogwheels reducing friction. The Bunker company was absorbed by the Rival Manufacturing Company, also of Kansas City, in 1938.[2]
A new style of the can opener emerged in the 1980s which sheers the can wall instead of most other conventional openers which retain the rim as it was rolled to seal the lid to the can wall by gripping under the outside roll of the lid which binds binds the can wall then pierce and sheer along by gripping the lid lip, cutting down against then through the lid from the lid top, along the edge just inside the rim, for completely removing it or not finishing the cut retaining the sharp lid attached to the can and the entire rim remains attached to the can. The action of the feed wheel teeth may deform a pattern under the lip edge as it grinds around.
Side-cutting Safety Can Openers seem unconventional by removing the lid from the can wall. They use an horizontal roller and cutting wheel to cut the can wall by bearing a sheering wheel close under the lip using the interior of the lid lip as an anvil, which sheers through the outside wall at the rolled seam of the can. Sheering in this way often results in a lid rolled smooth of edge and exposes a uniform thin can wall upon which the top can be gently replaced as a cover, unable to be re-sealed. With its mate atop, the uniform exposed edge is not jagged and is relatively safe, but does not provide a sealing surface.[31] The feed wheel teeth have a somewhat finer pitch than those of earlier designs and reside at the bottom of a V-shaped groove, which surrounds the rim on three sides at the point of action.[32][33] Benefits: facilitates the complete removal of thick or stiff contents. When fashioning squares of can materiel for re-use, side-cut cans skip the step of removing rim rings and tops have no sharp edges, ready for consumers. Some battery operated automatic side-cut openers are underwhelming and inadequate, requiring constant hand pressure.
Thechurch key opener began as a simple hand-operated device for prying the cap off a glass bottle. Called a "crown cork" or "bottle cap", this kind of closure was invented in 1892.[34][35] The first church key style openers was patented in Canada in 1900.[36]
In 1935, steel beer cans with flat tops appeared, and a device to pierce the lids was needed. The same opener was used for piercing those cans. Made from a single piece of pressed metal, with a sharp point at one end, it was devised by D. F. Sampson,[37][38] and licensed by theAmerican Can Company, which depicted operating instructions on the cans.[39] The church key opener is still being produced, sometimes as part of another opener.[40][41][42][43] For example, a "butterfly" opener is often a combination of the church key and a serrated-wheel opener. Beer and soda cans began in the mid-1960s to featurepop-tabs, which eliminated the need to manually pierce the can.[44]
The first known folding pocket can opener, advertised as being for explorers, "Explorador español", was designed by D. José Valle Armesto and manufactured in Spain in 1906. It also opened bottle caps and could be used as an emergency screwdriver.[45][46][47][48]
A minimal, simplified folding can opener described as "designed especially for use by campers and Boy Scouts" and suitable for carrying on a key ring was described inPopular Mechanics magazine in April 1924.[49] It is a small flat strip of steel with a hinged sharpened cutting blade that lies flat against the body when not in use. An illustration shows its straightforward and robust design, and how it is used.[49] Various similarfolding can openers are described in the P-38 article.
TheP-38 can opener, identical to the one described inPopular Mechanics except for having its lanyard hole on the opposite end of its body, was adopted by theUnited States Armed Forces in 1942 and issued in cannedfield rations from World War II to the 1980s. It is 1.5 inches (38 mm) long, and consists of a short flat metal handle (that can be used as an emergencyscrewdriver), with a small, hinged sharp metal cutting tooth that folds out to pierce the can lid. A notch just under the hinge keeps the opener hooked beneath the rim of the can as the device is "walked" around it to cut the lid out. A larger two-inch (51 mm) version, the P-51, provides more leverage, making it somewhat easier to use.
The P-38 and P-51 were cheaper to manufacture and smaller and lighter to carry than any other self-contained can opener, and were often strung on adog tag chain.[50]
These can openers were discontinued for individual rations by the United States Armed Forces when canned C-rations were replaced by soft-packMREs in the 1980s.
The first electric can opener was modeled after the rotating wheel can opener design and patented in 1931.[51] Advertised as capable of removing lids from more than 20 cans per minute without risk of injury,[52] it nevertheless found little success.
Electric openers were re-introduced in 1956 by two American companies.Klassen Enterprises of Centreville[where?] brought out a wall-mounted electric model,[53] but this complex design was unpopular too.[2]The same year, Walter Hess Bodle invented a freestanding device, combining an electric can opener and knife sharpener.[54] He and his family members built their prototype in his garage, with daughter Elizabeth sculpting the body design. It was manufactured under the "Udico" brand of the Union Die Casting Co. inLos Angeles,California, US and was offered in Flamingo Pink, Avocado Green, and Aqua Blue, popular colors of the era. These openers were introduced to the market for Christmas sales and found immediate success.[2]
During the late 1950s and 1960s, electric can openers were refined and widely adopted, particularly in North America. Manufacturers introduced features such as magnetic lid holders, automatic shut-off mechanisms, and improved cutting wheels to enhance safety and ease of use. These appliances became common fixtures in postwar kitchens, reflecting broader trends toward kitchen electrification and convenience appliances.[55]
Can Opener Especially Designed For Campers And Boy Scouts, That Can Be Folded Flat And Carried On A Key Ring
Media related toCan openers at Wikimedia Commons
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