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Campus radio (also known ascollege radio,university radio orstudent radio) is a type ofradio station that is run by the students of acollege, university or othereducational institution. Programming may be exclusively created or produced bystudents, or may include program contributions from the local community in which the radio station is based. Sometimes campus radio stations are operated for the purpose of training professional radio personnel, sometimes with the aim of broadcasting educational programming, while other radio stations exist to provide alternative tocommercial broadcasting or government broadcasters.
Campus radio stations are generally licensed and regulated by national governments, and have very different characteristics from one country to the next. One commonality between many radio stations regardless of their physical location is a willingness—or, in some countries, even a licensing requirement—to broadcast musical selections that are not categorized ascommercial hits. Because of this, campus radio has come to be associated with emerging musical trends, including genres such aspunk andnew wave,alternative rock,indie rock, undergroundmetal andhip hop, long before those genres become part of the musical mainstream. Campus radio stations also often provide airplay and promotional exposure to new and emerging local artists.
Many campus radio stations carry a variety of programming including news (often local), sports (often relating to the campus), andspoken word programming as well as general music. Often theradio format is best described as afreeform, with much creativity and individualism among thedisc jockeys and show hosts. Some of these radio stations have gained critical acclaim for their programming and are considered by the community in which they are embedded to be an essential media outlet.
While the termcampus radio implies full-power AM or FM transmission, a significant number of stations transmit withlow-power broadcasting,closed circuit, andcarrier current systems, in some cases to on-campus listeners only. Many universities and college stations today also broadcast via theinternet, either as an additional outlet for their licensed stations or in lieu of obtaining a government-issued license. In addition, college programming is distributed through local cable television systems oncable FM or on thesecond audio programs of TV radio stations.
The first (and one of the most popular) campus radio inArgentina's history is LR11Radio Universidad Nacional de La Plata, which belongs to theUniversidad Nacional de La Plata. It was inaugurated on 5 April 1924 as an element of scientific dissemination and university extension, and it is the first university radio station in the world.[1]
The most famous campus/college radio in the country,FM Radio Universidad ("University Radio"), is an Argentine radio station based in the city ofRosario, belonging to theNational University of Rosario (UNR). It was created in 1994, and it has a strong focus on programs covering national/international news and current political topics of discussion, as well asAOR musical segments. The station transmits on 103.3 MHz.[2]
Student radio stations generally operate under acommunity broadcasting licence. Some services, such as87.8 UCFM Canberra, operate under a narrowcast license, while others broadcast exclusively online.
Australia also once had two radio stations that were operated by universities and dedicated to delivery of course content:[3]
BU RADiO is the first campus radio station of theUniversity of Barishal inBarishal, Bangladesh.[7] It was founded on 19 May 2019 by a group of students and alumni of the university.[citation needed]
BUET Radio is the first campus radio in Bangladesh among the engineering universities.[8] It was established on 30 October 2015 and is run by the students of the institution.[citation needed]
BRUR Campus Radio is the Campus Online Radio ofBegum Rokeya University, Rangpur.[citation needed]
KUET RADIO is a university-based radio station inKhulna University of Engineering & Technology, established in 2016. This station broadcasts campus-based programs and public notices of the administration.[citation needed]
SUSTcast is the campus radio station made forShahjalal University of Science and Technology.[9][10] It is the first-ever AI-based online campus radio among universities in Bangladesh.[11] SUSTcast, a joint project of RoboSUST, Dept. of CSE, and Team Meow is open for all the students and teachers ofShahjalal University of Science and Technology. Different organizations and teacher-students from the university can perform on this platform regularly.[citation needed]
UAPIANS RADIO is an online-based Radio which is organized by the Students of theUniversity of Asia Pacific.[citation needed]
In Brazil, most campus radios operate under an educational radio license, granted by theMinistry of Communications and theNational Telecommunications Agency. In Brazil, educational radios are prohibited from broadcast commercial advertising on its programming, except in the form of cultural support. According to the Brazilian Association of Radio and Television Broadcasters (ABERT), in April 2013, Brazil had 466 educational radios.[14]
UBD FM is the first university-based radio station inBrunei Darussalam. The student-run organization operates under the Educational and Technology Center of theUniversiti Brunei Darussalam and was established in 2008.
In Canada, radio stations are regulated by theCanadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC), which provides that "a campus radio station is a radio station owned or controlled by a not-for-profit organization associated with a post-secondary educational institution".[15] The CRTC distinguishes two types of campus radio:instructional (for training of professional broadcasters) andcommunity-based campus (programming provided by volunteers who are not training to be professionals). The community-based radio format is the predominant one, colloquially known as "campus-community radio." In recent years, some community-based campus radio stations, includingCFFF-FM inPeterborough andCJMQ-FM inSherbrooke, have in fact had their CRTC licenses formally reclassified from campus radio tocommunity radio.[16][17]
Campus radio stations broadcasting at full power are assigned a permanent frequency and call letters and, aside from a requirement not to compete directly with commercial radio stations, are full players in the Canadian broadcasting spectrum. Campus radio stations in Canada are more commonly associated with universities than with colleges, although some colleges also have licensed campus radio stations. As well, some institutions maintain unlicensed campus radio operations which broadcast only byclosed circuit,cable FM orInternet streaming. Also see United States section for more general information.
Canada's oldest community-based campus radio station isCFRC atQueen's University inKingston, which has been on the air since 1923; it began as a commercial radio station and aCanadian Broadcasting Corporation affiliate but became the country's first university-owned station in 1942 and fully transitioned to a campus radio station in 1957.CJRT-FM, a campus radio station of the instructional type, has been on air since 1949.
The CRTC places responsibilities upon campus radio stations in Canada through the use ofconditions of license that radio stations must follow in order to keep broadcasting. Campus radio stations, for example, are expected to be leaders in theCanadian content system which mandates a minimum number of Canadian musical selections throughout the day. The minimum Canadian content required for a campus station is 35%.[18] Individual programs have their own requirements which depend on a particular program's content category.[19] Generally, for popular music programs (pop, rock, dance, country-oriented, acoustic, and easy listening), hosts must play a minimum of 35% Canadian content. Programs featuring Special Interest Music (concert, folk-oriented, world, blues, jazz, non-classic religious, and experimental) must have at least 12% Canadian content.[19] In early 2005,Humber College's radio stationCKHC-FM became the first broadcast radio station in Canada to air 100% Canadian content. Other requirements generally made of campus radio stations include quotas of non-hit, folk, and ethnic musical selections as well as spoken word programming.
Most campus radio stations in Canada are members of theNational Campus and Community Radio Association.
On 23 January 2012, the CRTC announced it would be eliminating instructional radio stations.[20]
There are five student radio stations in Denmark related to the largest universities in Denmark.Only the town ofRoskilde has a university and no permanent radio, but every year the five existing student radio stations work together in producing 10 days of radio on theRoskilde festival.The project is a cooperation between all the student radios organized by the cooperation organization calledDDS and could be considered a temporary radio station.
The five student radio stations in Denmark are listed below with the city they relate to in Denmark.
All the radios broadcast radio in local frequencies on FM in their related city. XFM actually has two departments one in Copenhagen and one in Lyngby and is the only radio who has two broadcast licenses.
The only one of the radio stations which broadcasts radio directly on campus is Aalborg student radio. As many of the American student radio Aalborg has speaker directly on the university where they can broadcast radio to the students cad Campus Rdio AAU.
Radio Campus France is a national, non-profit radio broadcasting network grouping 22 public college radio stations located in the largest French cities. Acting as an umbrellas for college radio in French public Universities, it proves that there is strength in numbers, and that music, technology and education are natural bedfellows. Not just a collection of disparate elements, Radio Campus is a vocal leader in the areas of digital broadcasting, keeping tabs on the development of terrestrial radio, as well as developing new network interfaces for radio stations across the nation to share content. With a broad music program, the playlist is powered by the passion of fans, and heralds a modern way for groups to interact in the social web. Whether through their support of regular residency shows from the likes of Beats In Space, or Warp Records, or broadcasting live from Gilles Peterson's Worldwide Festival in Sete, it is the love of the music which connects the listeners, and that makes Radio Campus a unique and special group indeed.
The Radio Campus France radio stations include:
The Confédération des radios de grandes écoles is the national non-profit network unifying 46 internet radios in theGrandes Ecoles, higher education establishments outside the main framework of the French university system, specialised schools spread in more than twenty cities: schools of business, engineering or political science for example. The CRGE represents more than 150 000 students and do reports in the main French international events like theCannes Films Festival, theMonaco Grand Prix or theParis Games Week. They have interviewed many CEOs likeXavier Niel, CEO of Free, or politicians, like the new French PresidentFrançois Hollande.They also have links with other campus radios and campus radios network in the world.
The CRGE members are for the Business Schools:
The CRGE Engineering Schools radios includes:
The other member Grandes Ecoles radios are:
PolyteXneio FM is the National Technical University of Athens Students' Radio Station. It is an open student project; its character is strictly non-profit and participation is free for any student of the NTUA.
Community groups in India, andnon-governmental organisations (NGOs) have been campaigning for permission to set upcommunity radio (CR) radio stations since the late 1990s.
News, as of November 2006, has it that the India cabinet decided to grant permission to non-profit organizations and educational institutions to set up community radio stations. The cabinet decision will allow civil society and voluntary organizations, state agriculture universities and institutions, Krishi Vigyan Kendras or agricultural science centers, registered societies and autonomous boards, and public trusts registered under Societies Act to start community radio stations. Broadcast Engineering Consultants of India is a government-owned corporation that helps setup of Community FM radio stations in India.
Ravi Shankar Prasad, the then Minister for Information and Broadcasting in the government, told India's upper house of parliament theRajya Sabha on 22 December 2003, that four organizations includingJammu University andKashmir University were found ineligible for grant of license as per the laid down guidelines. The minister also ruled out any review of the policy despite limited response to the non-commercial, low-poweredFM radio scheme which former information and broadcasting ministerSushma Swaraj had said would "revolutionize" radio broadcast in the country.
Radio enthusiast Alokesh Gupta saying: "The announcement of the Government was to have seen 1000 radio stations by December 2003. Instead administrative wrangling came in the way of implementing the project as colleges spent time running around for licenses and approval from four ministries — Home Affairs, Communications & Information & Broadcasting — as they took their time processing applications."
On 2 February 2004,Anna University inChennai unveiled the country's first campus radio station,Anna FM. Radio Ujjas inKutch (in the western state ofGujarat) is one such CR and gets its funding from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Central Government. Similarly, a community-based radio programme titled Panchayat Vani (People's Voice) was recently broadcast onAll India Radio (AIR),Darbhanga,Bihar. The campus radio stationGyanvaani has also been licensed.
Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences established a community radio station, Radio Adan (90.4 MHz) in 2008, which brings together experts, students, farmers, and local population, through various popular programmes, focussing on agriculture, education, employment, women empowerment, child marriage, health and culture.[23]
Pune University is the first university in the state ofMaharashtra to have an FM radio station. The University of Pune's FM Radio inaugurated on 1 May 2005, has been named asVidyavani. It covers a wide range of subjects, focusing specifically on the requirements of students of various departments and affiliated colleges. It reaches an area around the campus within eight-km radius.
Unsuccessful attempts have been also made to start CR without obtaining any permission. The small village of Orvakal inKurnool district ofAndhra Pradesh (South India) launched "Mana Radio" (Our Radio) in November 2002. This project run under the aegis of theSociety for Elimination of Rural Poverty used a tiny transmitter that covered a radius of half a kilometer to enablerural women members of self-help groups. Four months later, officials from the Central Government brought in police to seize the equipment and declared the broadcasts illegal.
The Government policy to permit educational institutions to have their own FM Channels at low-frequency levels emerged in mid-December 2002, as a result of years of campaigning by activists and a strongly wordedSupreme Court judgment directing the opening up of the airwaves.
A unique experiment in using media technologies, especially radio, for development and empowerment of marginalized, rural communities is the community radio initiative "Chalo Ho Gaon Mein" a programme that is broadcast once a week on AIRDaltonganj in thePalamu district ofJharkhand, eastern India. This radio programme is supported by the National Foundation for India and produced by Community representatives, ofAlternative for India Development (AID), a non-governmental organization. School of Communication ofManipal also has its own campus radio.
Ravenshaw Radio 90.4 MHz isOdisha state's first campus community radio station (CRS) ofRavenshaw University inCuttack,Odisha. It started broadcasting in April 2011.
According to the terms of the campus broad license, a number of aspects are disallowed from broadcasts. This includes anything that offends good taste or decency, contains criticism of friendly countries, contains an attack on religion, contains anything obscene, defamatory, false, and suggestive innuendos and half-truths, likely to encourage or incite violence, contains anything affecting the integrity of the nation, criticizes, maligns or slanders any individual in person, encourages superstition or blind belief, denigrates women, denigrates children, or presents or depicts or suggests as desirable the misuse of drugs, alcohol, narcotics, and tobacco.
Radio Syiar FM, Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Alauddin, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Is a campus (student) community base radio broadcasting system, originally it has a function as an engineering laboratory to train students in broadcast engineering skills, which are currently being sought to turn into a radio commercial for the students also can improve their skills in terms of broadcast management and broadcast business
Belfield FM, University College Dublin.
Belfield FM isUniversity College Dublin's student radio station. The station began broadcasting in 1990. It was initially run as a part of theUCD Students' Union, under the remit of the entertainments office, before becoming an independent entity within the Students' Union. Belfield FM disaffiliated with the SU at the end of the 2011/2012 college year, and is now run independently within the UCD Societies Council framework. The station forms part of UCD's 'Student Media Network', along withThe University Observer andThe College Tribune. The station is run by volunteer staff and contributors, and broadcasts on week-days as well as hosting a coterie ofPodcasts on theirMixcloud account. The station has won multiple accolades from theNational Student Media Awards, and has an annual 24-hour charity broadcast that has raised funds in aid of organisations such as theDublin Rape Crisis Centre and thePeter McVerry Trust.
Campus radio also exists inIsrael, where several colleges, universities, and high schools have successful programs. One of the most famous isKol HaCampus (Voice of the Campus/Campus Voice), broadcast out ofTel Aviv on 106 MHz. More information can be found with theIsraeli Broadcasting Authority. Another college radio station is the Hebrew University's[24] inJerusalem, broadcasting mostly indie and alternative music.In 2011 theTechnion has joined these universities with a new campus radio station, Radio 1m.In 2017 the students of Sede Boquer Campus of theBen Gurion University established SB Campus Radio, which function as apodcast network.
In Portugal, there are several college and university radio stations continuously broadcasting programs.Rádio Universidade de Coimbra andRádio Universidade Marão, founded in 1986, are the oldest university student radio stations in the country still in operation. There are also many online-only radio sites belonging to higher education institutions.
Portugal's major college and university radio stations include:
There is one student radio station for each of the three universities in Singapore, namelySingapore Management University,National University of Singapore andNanyang Technological University. Some polytechnics have their own student radio stations, namelySingapore Polytechnic,Ngee Ann Polytechnic andTemasek Polytechnic.
Radio Študent – founded by University of Ljubljana
Student radio has been broadcast in Sweden since the beginning of 1980. Among the first, and still active stations were Studentradion 98,9 in Uppsala and Radio AF in Lund. It is common among the older student radio stations to broadcast both on FM and the web.
Studentradion i Sverige is a cooperation organization for the student radio stations in Sweden, they have 13 member stations.
Fréquence banane is the student radio of theUniversity of Lausanne (UNIL) and theSwiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), inLausanne (Lausanne campus). It exists since 1993 and is broadcasting on the internet andCATV network on FM 94.55 MHz in Lausanne and region. In the past Fréquence banane has broadcast with former Radio Acidule from 1992 to 1996 and then had its independent FM transmitter operating on 92.4 MHz from 1998 to 2005. In 2005, Swiss frequency regulation authority (BAKOM) decided to end the low power FM licence.[47]
Radio Radius is an uprising campus radio inZürich onETHZ andUNIZH campus. It's broadcasting on the Internet only. Radius is trying to get a permanent licence to broadcast on FM but it is very hard in Zurich. Right now Radius is negotiating withBAKOM.[48]
Radio Campus Tunis[49] is a non-profit Student radio station powered by Disk Red Association. Founded in 2014 and broadcasting on the Internet since 21 June 2016, the radio can be listened from 6.00 a.m. to 4.00 a.m on www.radiocampustunis.radiostream321.com. Managed by volunteers (mainly students), this radio focuses on emerging local music and student-related matters.
In the United Kingdom, campus radio is generally referred to as 'student radio'.
Founded in 1960, theUniversity of Hertfordshire's Campus Radio Hatfield (now Trident Media Radio) was the UK's first student radio station, though it was apirate radio station.[50] This was followed by the first legal station, Radio Heslington (nowUniversity Radio York) in 1967, Swansea University's Action Radio (nowXtreme Radio) in 1968,Stirling University's University Radio Airthrey (nowAir3 Radio) from 1970, University of Essex'sUniversity Radio Essex in 1971, and Loughborough University'sLoughborough Campus Radio in 1973.
Some student radio stations operate on theFM waveband for short periods at a time under theRestricted Service Licence scheme, while others choose to broadcast full-time on theAM waveband using anLPAM license. There are only five UK student radio stations permitted to broadcast all year onLPFM. These areXpression FM (Exeter),Radio Roseland (Truro, Cornwall),Storm FM (Bangor),Bailrigg FM (Lancaster) and 1386 HCR (Halesowen College).[citation needed] None of these licenses provides for a reception area greater than four kilometres from the point of transmission. To counteract these license restrictions and, in the case of AM broadcasts, poor quality audio, many radio stationssimulcast on the Internet.
TheUK Student Radio Association works on behalf of more than fifty UK-based member radio stations to further their development, encourage and facilitate communication between member radio stations and links to the commercial radio industry, and lobby for the membership's interests on both a regional and national level. The association organises and hosts the annualStudent Radio Awards in conjunction withBBC Radio 1.
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College radio (as it is generally known in the United States) became commonplace in the 1960s when theFederal Communications Commission (FCC) began issuingclass D licenses for ten-watt radio stations to further the development of the then newFM band. Some colleges had already been broadcasting for decades on theAM band, often originating in physics experiments in the early 20th century.
One of the first college radio stations in the country isWRUC fromUnion College inSchenectady, New York. Its first experimental audio broadcasts under the call sign 2YU were in 1916.[51] Regular programing for the public under call sign 2ADD began in 1920.[52][53]WHUS, (the UConn HUSkies), the radio station of theUniversity of Connecticut went on the air as WABL, a 100-watt AM radio station, in 1922 with two 103-foot (31 m) steel towers serving as the radio station's antennae. In 1925 power increased to 500-watts and the call letters changed to WCAC (Connecticut Agricultural College, at that time the name of the university).Rollins College inWinter Park, Florida startedWDBO (Way Down By Orlando) in 1924. WDBO was given away by Rollins College in 1926. College radio returned to Rollins College when the FM radio station,WPRK began broadcasting on 10 December 1952.
Most of the FM radio stations received higher-class licenses than ten watts, typically a few hundred watts. A few got several kilowatts, and a small handful got licenses in the range of tens of thousands, sometimes reaching up to maximum-power 100-kilowatt outlets.WRAS 88.5 FM andWREK 91.1 FM inAtlanta are the most powerful college radio stations, operating at 100,000 watts.WDAV 89.9 FM inDavidson, North Carolina also operates at 100,000 watts, although theDavidson College administration now controls this station instead of students. Still, due to strict class D regulations, some radio stations were prohibited from a wattage upgrade for possible signal interference with adjacent radio stations, such asKWUR 90.3 FM interfering withKWMU 90.7 FM inSt. Louis, Missouri.KTUH 90.3 FM inHonolulu, Hawaii has had many increases in its wattage since they started broadcasting at 10 watts as aNon-commercial educational FM radio station in 1969. In 1984KTUH received permission from the board of regents to increase to 100 watts of power. More recently, in 2001, KTUH began transmitting at 3000 watts of power.KTUH is heard on an island wide frequency in Honolulu, Hawaii from 90.1 FM, as well as online at KTUH.ORG and on digital cable channel 866.
The earliest college radio stations carried news, intercollegiate sports, and music along with educational shows and sometimesdistance learning courses. In the latter portion of the 20th century, many U.S. radio stations played what came to be known as "college rock" (later known asalternative rock), a type ofrock music that had not yet hit the mainstream. Most radio stations have now diversified, with many following a very commercial-likemusic rotation during the weekdays, and having specialty shows on evenings and weekends. A few radio stations still employ afreeform programming.
College radio stations are typically considered to bepublic radio radio stations in the way that they are funded bydonation andgrants, but as aradio format the term "Public radio" generally refers toclassical music,jazz, andnews. A more accurate term iscommunity radio, as most staff arevolunteers, although many radio stations limit staff to current or recent students instead of anyone from the localcommunity.
By the late 1970s, FM had taken off, and competition for channels for new radio stations was intensifying. TheNational Association of Broadcasters (NAB) and the newly foundedNational Public Radio (NPR) convinced the FCC that local low-power radio stations were somehow detrimental to broadcasting,[citation needed] and class D licenses were no longer issued for applications made after 1979, except forbroadcast translators to repeat NAB and NPR members' radio stations.[citation needed] Making matters worse for the college stations, they were demoted to secondary status, meaning that they could be forced to downgrade or go silent if a full-power station chose to upgrade or to relocate closer to the college station.
Many radio stations were forced to upgrade their facilities at considerable expense. Many other radio stations were eventually forced off the air, because they could not afford the upgrades at all, or not in time to avoid being locked in by other expanding radio stations. There have also been instances where college radio stations have been forced off the air either temporarily or permanently by the school's administration.[54]
Many college radio stations in the U.S. also carry syndicated programming, such as that of National Public Radio and affiliated regional networks. Some radio stations have had student programming taken off the air by the administration in favor of other uses, such asWWGC andKTXT.[citation needed] The originalWGST was the subject of an involuntary takeover which sawthe state's board of regents sell the radio station as "surplus" property.[citation needed]
A few radio stations have been added to the airwaves as the result ofLPFM licensing in the U.S. One example of a Campus Radio station licensed as an LPFM[citation needed] isWIUX-LP ofIndiana University, which is able to cover the entire city with its LPFM signal and is competitive in listenership numbers to nearby higher-powered commercial radio stations. Another example of this isWDSW-LP atDelta State University inCleveland, Mississippi.WDSW-LP fully covers its community with a AAA/roots driven format unserved by other local broadcasters.[citation needed]
A number of campus radio stations in the US are available using alternate means such asstreaming audio over theinternet. Though continuing to broadcast traditionally over the air at 88.5FM,William Penn University's stationKWPU in Oskaloosa, IA streams using RadioBOSS. Other such examples areWPTS-FM at theUniversity of Pittsburgh,WJHU atJohns Hopkins University, andKUTU atUtah Tech University. Some stations use both traditional and internet radio platforms, such asLoyola University Chicago'sWLUW,Lewis University'sWLRA,University of Michigan'sWCBN andEmbry–Riddle Aeronautical University'sWIKD-LP.Michigan State University'sWDBM,University of Minnesota'sKUOM,University of Wisconsin–Madison'sWSUM,Elizabethtown College'sWWEC, andDavidson College's WALT 1610 all broadcast via online streaminginternet radio.
In 2006, theUniversity of the Republic fromUruguay got the permits to host its own radio in the frequency 89.1 FM, which is controlled by its own team and students.[55]
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