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Acampaign hat, sometimes calledcampaign cover, is a broad-brimmedfelt or straw hat, with a high crown, pinched symmetrically at the four corners. The campaign hat is occasionally referred to as aStetson, derived from its origin in the company'sBoss of the Plains model in the late 19th century.
The hat is most commonly worn as part of a uniform, by such organizations as theRoyal Canadian Mounted Police, theNew Zealand Army,United States Park Rangers, andScouts. It should not be confused with the Stetson stylecowboy hat, which is also based on the Boss of the Plains but has a different brim and crease, nor aslouch hat.
The origins of the hat can be traced to the 1840s when U.S. Army mounted troops posted to the far-west sometimes wore wide-brimmed civilian hats, which were more practical than the regulationshakos andforage caps then issued. The crease was influenced by the designs of the sombreros worn by the Mexican Vaqueros.[1] The name started to be used after the 1872–1876 regulations, which introduced a black felt hat—which could bedrab after 1883—forfatigue use derived from the types popularized during the American Civil War. Some were worn withcampaign cords, mainly as a form of decoration.
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At least as early as 1893, hats of the StetsonBoss of the Plains type were being creased into pointed tops byBritish South Africa Company (BSAC) scouts in Africa. When designing the iconic uniform forBoy Scouts,Robert Baden-Powell drew on the hat worn byFrederick Russell Burnham, the celebrated American scout, during his service as Chief of Scouts in the BSAC and the British Army in the 1890s.[2] The 1,200 Canadian troops serving under Baden-Powell were the first to wear the campaign hat as a part of their official uniform, and this very likely influenced Baden-Powell's decision to order 10,000 of the hats for the British troops.[3]
A version of the hat, with a crease along the top of the crown, was worn by someUS Army troops during theSpanish–American War. The army officially adopted the "Montana peaked" design as a service hat[4] on 8 September 1911.[5]
Through theWorld War I era, the campaign hat worn by American soldiers was fairly soft. Those worn by theUnited States Army'sgeneral officers had a golden cord around it, whereas othercommissioned officers had a golden-and-blackcampaign cord around their hat. Field clerks, as well as their post-war successors thewarrant officers, had a silver-and-black cord, while other ranks had cords in their branch-of-service colors. TheUnited States Marine Corps had theEagle, Globe, and Anchor badge in black at the front of their campaign hats; its officers had an additional golden-and-scarlet cord around their hat, whereas its other ranks had none.[6]
By the 1930s, the felt was made very stiff with a permanently flat brim. Due to the frequent wearing of helmets in France in World War I, most troops received a copy of the Frenchbonnet de police that became known as theoverseas cap. From 1940 onwards, the campaign hat was replaced by the much cheaperAmerican fiber helmet. In 1942 the campaign hat ceased to be issued generally, but it was still commonly found in the Pacific theatre for much of the war, and was the trademark ofGeneralJoseph Stilwell.
In Canada, the campaign hat was the official dress hat of theNorth-West Mounted Police (laterRoyal Canadian Mounted Police, who retain it as part of the full dress uniform) as well as Canadiancavalry units in theBoer War and First World War. In the Boer War (South Africa 1899 to 1902) all Canadian military units with the exception of theRoyal Canadian Regiment wore campaign hats. The campaign hat was also the hat of the Canadian Scouts and theSouth African Constabulary, both of these units having many Canadians enlisted. The hat was phased out of military use by the service dress cap following the First World War. Canadian campaign hats had deep indentations at the face of the hat.
The campaign hat is currently worn by several law enforcement organizations, including theAlberta Sheriffs Branch, as a part of their regular uniform. It was also used by members of theOntario Provincial Police, but it was phased out in 2009 due to problems wearing them in police cruisers.[7]
TheNew Zealand Army have a distinctive felt campaign hat as their most visible national distinction. This headdress is known colloquially as the "lemon squeezer" and is distinguished by a high crown and deep indentations on all four sides. It was adopted by theWellington Infantry Regiment about 1912 (as proposed by its commander Lieutenant ColonelWilliam Malone)[8] and became general issue for all New Zealand units during the latter stages ofWorld War I. In addition to badge insignia, the different branches of service were differentiated by coloured puggarees or wide bands around the base of the crown (blue and red for artillery, khaki and green for mounted rifles, khaki and red for infantry, blue for engineers, yellow for Pay Corps, khaki and white for Army Service Corps, cherry-red for the Medical Corps and maroon for the Veterinary Corps).[9]
The hat was worn to a certain extent during World War II, although often replaced by more convenientforage caps orberets. After being in abeyance since 1960, the hat was reintroduced in 1977[10] for ceremonial dress, where it was usually worn with a version of the khaki "no 2" service dress of the British Army. Officer cadets and the New Zealand Army Band wear this headdress with a scarlet and blue full dress uniform.
In 2012, it was announced that this form of campaign hat was to be replaced for general wear by the"Mounted Rifles Hat";[11] a headdress resembling that of the Australian Army slouch hat but without the turned-up side rim. The historic "Lemon Squeezer" has however been retained for use by honour guards and other limited categories on special formal occasions.[12]
The hat worn by maleUnited States Army drill sergeants is olive drab in color with a goldenGreat Seal of the United States on a disc centered on the front (infantry drill sergeants have a blue disc behind the seal); this is the same insignia as traditionally worn on the service cap and the dress cap. Female drill sergeants in the Army do not wear a campaign hat but instead wear a hat resembling an Australianslouch hat. Originally beige in color, in 1983 the color was changed to green with the style remaining unchanged.[13] The 133rd Field Artillery Regiment of the Texas Army National Guard wears theFort Sill–style artillery campaign hat during formal functions, such as the annual Saint Barbara's Day Ball.
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Male and femaleUnited States Marine Corps drill instructors andprimary marksmanship instructors wear similar campaign hats with a matte blackEagle, Globe, and Anchor centered on the front; the same insignia is worn on their olive drab combination hats. While US Marine Corps officers wear a scarlet-and-gold cord around the hats and generals wear a solid gold cord, enlisted Marines no longer wear cords around the hats. The US Marine Corps was brought into conformity with the US Army's drill instructor's traditional cover and campaign hats were introduced to the Corps on 20 July 1956 as a direct result of theRibbon Creek incident.[14][15]
MaleUnited States Air Force military training instructors (MTIs) wear dark blue hats with the Great Seal of the United States within a ring, in silver color, again centered on the front; this is the same insignia as worn on their service cap. Female MTIs wear an Australian-style dark blue slouch hat. Air Force MTIs in the top ten percent of their career field wear a light blue cord and are more likely to be referred to as "Blue Ropes" than MTIs.
MaleUnited States Space Force military training instructors (MTIs) wear dark blue hats with the USSF Delta, Globe, and Orbit with hexagram representing the six services, in silver color, again centered on the front; this is the same insignia as worn on their enlisted service cap. Female MTIs wear an Australian-style dark blue slouch hat. Space Force MTIs that are considered experienced have a black-and-silver rope similar to the Army Warrant Officer rope. There are no other ropes used by USSF MTIs.
US Coast Guard recruit training company commanders (USCG-USN counterpart to drill instructors) wear a navy blue version with a black cord; the insignia worn is the same as worn with the combination cover.
TheUnited States Navy is the only US armed service that does not use the campaign hat. USN recruit division commanders wear normal prescribed covers for their uniforms, with a redaiguillette on their shoulder to show their status.
Campaign hats are worn by USpark rangers of theNational Park Service. The federal troops sent to protect the resources of the first national parks were cavalry troopers, whose campaign hat was adopted by the Park Service as a symbol of authority.
The evolution of the campaign hat can be seen in a 1905 photo[16] ofBuffalo Soldiers in Yosemite. Although the hat would not become Army standard until six years later, some in the photo have re-creased their hats into the Montana Peak, probably during their service in Cuba or the Philippines during the 1898 Spanish–American War.[17]
Following the national park ranger style, many states' fish and game wardens and state park police wear campaign hats. Rangers of many local parks departments also wear the campaign hat, such as the New York City Urban Park Rangers.
The animal logo-mascot of theUS Forest Service,Smokey Bear, wears the campaign hat. Smokey's debut poster, released in 1944 and illustrated by Albert Staehle, depicts Smokey wearingjeans and a "forest ranger's hat"[18] (a campaign hat), pouring a bucket of water on a campfire. The message underneath reads, "Smokey says – Carewill prevent 9 out of 10 forest fires!"
The emblem of theNational Park Foundation was, until December 2013, a stylized campaign hat.
Several USstate police services and federal agencies[19][20] wear campaign hats. So common is use of the campaign hat among state police agencies that state troopers are sometimes referred to as "smokey bears" or "smokeys," after Smokey Bear.
Campaign hats are also worn by theUS Border Patrol. Many other police agencies, including numerous county sheriffs' services, and tribal police departments use campaign hats. Some local police use it for particular duties or divisions; for example, officers of theChicago Police Department's mounted unit employ the hat, as do deputy sheriffs assigned as cadre of theCook County Sheriff's Boot Camp.
The campaign hat was worn by and associated withRobert Baden-Powell, the founder of theScout Movement, and is still available for wear by Scout organizations in several countries. Because this style of hat is also so traditionally associated with Scouting, campaign hats are often used as presentation items by troops and local councils for adult Scouters and community and business leaders being honored for their service to the Scouting movement.
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Baden-Powell was British, but picked up the habit of wearing a Stetson campaign hat and neckerchief for the first time in 1896 in Africa during theSecond Matabele War.[21] It was during this time that Baden-Powell, already a cavalryman, was befriended by the celebrated American scoutFrederick Russell Burnham, who favored the campaign hat.[2] In the African hills it was Burnham who first introduced Baden-Powell to the ways and methods of theindigenous peoples of the Americas, and taught himwoodcraft (better known today asScoutcraft).[22] After Baden-Powell became famous as the victor of theSiege of Mafeking in 1899, his hat became something of a trademark. In 1900, Baden-Powell was appointed to raise and command theSouth African Constabulary and he included the campaign hat as part of their uniform. He may have been influenced by the fact that the trade name of the hats,Boss of the Plains, was sometimes abbreviated to B-P, Baden-Powell's own initials.[23]
When Baden-Powell re-wrote his Army handbookAids to Scouting intoScouting For Boys in 1908, he included sketches ofBoy Scouts wearing the campaign hat. He prescribed a campaign hat as part of the Scout uniform, which he stated was "very like the uniform worn by my men when I commanded the South African Constabulary". He continued; "...The broad brimmedkhaki hat is a good protection from sun and rain."[24]Scouting for Boys and theScout Movement itself quickly spread through theBritish Empire and then to other countries, such as the United States and Russia where in both cases, Scouting started in 1909.[25] Baden-Powell's uniform was widely imitated by Scout associations in many countries, but eventually began to be discarded in favor of cheaper and more practical headgear; the BritishScout Association introduced theuniform beret as an alternative to the hat afterWorld War II and finally abolished its use altogether in 1967.[26] The campaign hat remains an option for members of the Boy Scouts of America.[27]
InTraditional Scouting organizations such as theBaden-Powell Scouts' Association,Scouts unitaires de France[28] andBritish Boy Scouts and British Girl Scouts Association in the United Kingdom,Baden-Powell Service Association in Canada and theBaden-Powell Service Association in the United States, campaign hats are worn by both male and female Scouts and leaders.[29][30][31][32] It is also used by Portuguese Boy Scouts.[citation needed]
B.-P.'s early mentor the professional scout Frederick Burnham, too, learned life-preserving tracking skills or woodcraft in North America, specifically the United States frontier, later transferring them to the 'last' colonial frontier of Rhodesia, where he taught Baden-Powell
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