Cambridge (/ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ/ⓘKAYM-brij)[5] is a city andnon-metropolitan district in the county ofCambridgeshire, England. It is thecounty town of Cambridgeshire and is located on theRiver Cam, 55 miles (89 km) north ofLondon. As of the2021 United Kingdom census, the population of the City of Cambridge was 145,700;[6] the population of the wider built-up area (which extends outside the city council area) was 181,137.[7] Cambridge became an important trading centre during theRoman andViking ages, and there is archaeological evidence of settlement in the area as early as theBronze Age. The firsttown charters were granted in the 12th century, although modern city status was not officially conferred until 1951.
Cambridge is at the heart of the high-technologySilicon Fen orCambridge Cluster, which contains industries such assoftware andbioscience and many start-up companies born out of the university. Over 40 per cent of the workforce have a higher education qualification, more than twice the national average. TheCambridge Biomedical Campus, one of the largest biomedical research clusters in the world, includes the headquarters ofAstraZeneca and the relocatedRoyal Papworth Hospital.[10]
Settlements have existed around the Cambridge area sinceprehistoric times. The earliest clear evidence of occupation is the remains of a3,500-year-old farmstead discovered at the site ofFitzwilliam College.[11] Archaeological evidence of occupation through theIron Age is a settlement onCastle Hill from the1st century BC, perhaps relating to wider cultural changes occurring in southeastern Britain linked to the arrival of theBelgae.[12]
The principalRoman site is a small fort (castrum)Duroliponte onCastle Hill, just northwest of the city centre around the location of the earlierBritish village. The fort was bounded on two sides by the lines formed by the presentMount Pleasant, continuing acrossHuntingdon Road into Clare Street. The eastern side followed Magrath Avenue, with the southern side running near toChesterton Lane andKettle's Yard before turning northwest at Honey Hill.[13] It was constructed around AD 70 and converted to civilian use around 50 years later. Evidence of more widespread Roman settlement has been discovered, including numerous farmsteads[14] and a village in the Cambridge district ofNewnham.[15]
Following theRoman withdrawal from Britain around 410, the location may have been abandoned by theBritons, although the site is usually identified asCair Grauth,[16] as listed among the 28cities ofBritain in theHistory of the Britons attributed toNennius.[18] Evidence exists that theinvading Anglo-Saxons had begun occupying the area by the end of the century.[19] Their settlement – also on and around Castle Hill – became known asGrantebrycge[21] ("Granta-bridge". ByMiddle English, the settlement's name had changed to "Cambridg koe", deriving from the word 'Camboricum', meaning 'passage' or 'ford' of stream in a town or settlement,[22][23] and thelower stretches of theGranta changed their name to match.)[24])Anglo-Saxon grave goods have been found in the area. During this period, Cambridge benefited from good trade links across the hard-to-travel fenlands. By the 7th century, the town was less significant and described byBede as a "little ruined city" containing the burial site ofÆthelthryth (Etheldreda).[20] Cambridge sat on the border between theEast andMiddle Anglian kingdoms, and the settlement slowly expanded on both sides of the river.[20]
TheAnglo-Saxon Chronicle reports thatVikings arrived in 875; they imposed Viking rule, theDanelaw, by 878.[25] Their vigorous trading habits resulted in rapid growth of the town. During this period, the town's centre shifted from Castle Hill on the left bank of the river to the area now known as the Quayside on the right bank.[25] After the Viking period, the Saxons enjoyed a return to power, building churches, such asSt Bene't's Church, as well as wharves, merchant houses, and amint which produced coins with the town's name abbreviated to "Grant".[25]
In 1068, two years after theNorman Conquest of England,William the Conqueror erected acastle on Castle Hill, themotte of which survives.[20] Like the rest of the newly conquered kingdom, Cambridge fell under the control of the King and his deputies.
Cambridge's first town charter was granted byHenry I between 1120 and 1131. It granted the town monopoly of waterborne traffic and hithe tolls and recognised theborough court.[26] The distinctiveRound Church dates from this period.[27] In 1209, Cambridge University was founded by Oxford students fleeing from hostility.[28][29] The oldest existing college,Peterhouse, was founded in 1284.[30]
Cambridge had a significantJewish community in the middle ages, centred on what is now known as All Saints Passage, then known as the Jewry. A synagogue stood nearby. In January 1275,Eleanor of Provence expelled Jews from all of the towns within her dower lands, and the Jews of Cambridge were ordered to relocate toNorwich.[31]
In 1349, Cambridge was affected by theBlack Death. Few records survive but 16 of 40 scholars atKing's Hall died.[32] The town north of the river was severely impacted, being almost wiped out.[33] Following further depopulation after a second national epidemic in 1361, a letter from the Bishop of Ely suggested that two parishes in Cambridge be merged as there were not enough people to fill even one church.[32] With more than a third of English clergy dying in the Black Death, four new colleges were established at the university over the following years to train new clergymen, namelyGonville Hall,Trinity Hall,Corpus Christi, andClare.[34]
In 1382, a revised town charter effected a "diminution of the liberties that the community had enjoyed", due to Cambridge's participation in thePeasants' Revolt. This charter transferred supervision of baking and brewing, weights and measures, andforestalling and regrating, from the town to the university.[26]
Following repeated outbreaks of pestilence throughout the 16th century,[37] sanitation and fresh water were brought to Cambridge by the construction ofHobson's Conduit in the early 1600s. Water was brought from Nine Wells, at the foot of theGog Magog Hills to the southeast of Cambridge, into the centre of the town.[38]
Cambridge played a significant role in the early part of theEnglish Civil War as it was the headquarters of theEastern Counties Association, an organisation administering a regionalEast Anglian army, which became the mainstay of the Parliamentarian military effort before the formation of theNew Model Army.[39] In 1643 control of the town was given by Parliament toOliver Cromwell, who had been educated atSidney Sussex College in Cambridge.[40] The town's castle was fortified and garrisoned with troops and some bridges were destroyed to aid its defence. AlthoughRoyalist forces came within 2 miles (3 km) of the town in 1644, the defences were never used, and the garrison was stood down the following year.[39]
An Act for inclosing Lands in the Parish of Saint Andrew the Less, otherwise called Barnwell, in the Town of Cambridge, in the County of Cambridge, and certain Lands in the Parishes of Saint Andrew the Great, Saint Mary the Great, and Saint Mary the Less, or some or one of them, in the said Town of Cambridge, lying intermixed with the Lands in the said Parish of Saint Andrew the Less, otherwise called Barnwell.
The railway came to Cambridge in 1845 after initial resistance, with the opening of theGreat Eastern Railway's London to Norwich line. The station was outside the town centre following pressure from the university to restrict travel by undergraduates.[43] With the arrival of the railway and associated employment came development of areas around the station, such asRomsey Town.[44] The rail link to London stimulated heavier industries, such as the production of brick, cement andmalt.[41]
DuringWorld War II, Cambridge was an important centre for defence of the east coast. The town became a military centre, with anRAF training centre and the regional headquarters forNorfolk,Suffolk,Essex,Cambridgeshire,Huntingdonshire,Hertfordshire, andBedfordshire established during the conflict.[39] The town itself escaped relatively lightly from German bombing raids, which were mainly targeted at the railway. 29 people were killed and no historic buildings were damaged. In 1944, a secret meeting of military leaders held in Trinity College laid the foundation for the allied invasion of Europe.[41] During the war Cambridge served as anevacuation centre for over 7,000 people from London, as well as for parts of theUniversity of London.[39]
Cambridge was granted itscity charter in 1951 in recognition of its history, administrative importance and economic success.[39] Cambridge does not have a cathedral, traditionally a prerequisite for city status, instead falling within the Church of EnglandDiocese of Ely. In 1962, Cambridge's first shopping arcade, Bradwell's Court, opened on Drummer Street, though this was demolished in 2006.[47] Other shopping arcades followed at Lion Yard, which housed a relocated Central Library for the city, and theGrafton Centre which replaced Victorian housing stock which had fallen into disrepair inthe Kite area of the city. This latter project was controversial at the time.[48]
The city gained its second university in 1992 when Anglia Polytechnic became Anglia Polytechnic University. RenamedAnglia Ruskin University in 2005, the institution has its origins in the Cambridge School of Art opened in 1858 byJohn Ruskin.
Cambridge was anancient borough. Its earliest knownmunicipal charter was issued byHenry I in the early 12th century.[54] A subsequent charter fromKing John in 1207 permitted the appointment of a mayor;[55] the first recorded mayor, Harvey FitzEustace, served in 1213.[56] Until the 20th century, the borough covered the same area as Cambridge's fourteenancient parishes.[a] The borough did not include Cambridge Castle, which was in the neighbouring parish ofChesterton.[57][42]
The borough was reformed to become amunicipal borough in 1836 under theMunicipal Corporations Act 1835.[58] The borough's responsibilities were primarily judicial and regulatory rather than providing public services or infrastructure. A separate body ofimprovement commissioners was established in 1788 to maintain the city's streets, and the commissioners were gradually given other local government functions relating to sewers and public health. The commissioners were abolished in 1889 and their functions taken on by the borough council.[59][60]
The borough was enlarged in 1912 to take in Chesterton to the north and some areas from neighbouring parishes to the south.[61] It was extended again in 1934 to take inCherry Hinton,Trumpington, and parts of several other neighbouring parishes.[62] The borough was awarded city status in 1951.[63] In 1974, Cambridge was made anon-metropolitan district; it kept the same boundaries, which had last been expanded in 1934, but there were changes to the council's responsibilities.[64]
Cambridge is situated about 55 miles (89 km) north-by-east of London and 95 miles (153 kilometres) east of Birmingham. The city is located in an area of level and relatively low-lying terrain just south ofthe Fens, which varies between 6 and 24 metres (20 and 79 ft)above sea level.[65] The town was thus historically surrounded by low-lying wetlands that have been drained as the town has expanded.[66]
The underlying geology of Cambridge consists ofgault clay andChalk Marl, known locally as Cambridge Greensand,[67] partly overlaid byterrace gravel.[66] A layer ofphosphatic nodules (coprolites) under the marl was mined in the 19th century for fertiliser; this became a major industry in the county, and its profits yielded buildings such as theCorn Exchange,Fulbourn Hospital, andSt. John's Chapel until the Quarries Act 1894 and competition from America ended production.[67]
TheRiver Cam flows through the city from the village ofGrantchester, to the southwest. It is bordered bywater meadows within the city such asSheep's Green as well as residential development.[66] Like most cities, modern-day Cambridge has many suburbs and areas of high-density housing. The city centre of Cambridge is mostly commercial, historic buildings, and large green areas such as Jesus Green,Parker's Piece andMidsummer Common. Some of the roads in the centre are pedestrianised.
Population growth has seen new housing developments in the 21st century, with estates such as the CB1[68] andAccordia schemes near the station,[69] and developments such asGreat Kneighton, formally known as Clay Farm,[70] and Trumpington Meadows[71] currently under construction in the south of the city. Other major developments currently being constructed in the city are Darwin Green (formerlyNIAB), and University-led developments atWest Cambridge andNorth West Cambridge, (Eddington).
The entire city centre, as well as parts of Chesterton, Petersfield, West Cambridge, Newnham, and Abbey, are covered by an Air Quality Management Area, implemented to counter high levels ofnitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere.[72]
The city, like most of the UK, has amaritime climate highly influenced by theGulf Stream. Located in the driest region of Britain,[76][77] Cambridge's rainfall averages around 570 mm (22.44 in) per year, around half the national average.[78] The driest recent year was in 2011 with 380.4 mm (14.98 in)[79] of rain at the Botanic Garden and 347.2 mm (13.67 in) at the NIAB site.[80] This is just below thesemi-arid precipitation threshold for the area, which is 350 mm of annual precipitation.[81] Conversely, 2012 was the wettest year on record, with 812.7 mm (32.00 in) reported.[82] Snowfall accumulations are usually small, in part because of Cambridge's low elevation, and low precipitation tendency during transitional snow events.
Owing to its low-lying, inland, and easterly position within the British Isles, summer temperatures tend to be somewhat higher than areas further west, and often rival or even exceed those recorded in the London area. Cambridge also often records the annual highest national temperature in any given year – 30.2 °C (86.4 °F) in July 2008 at NIAB[83] and 30.1 °C (86.2 °F) in August 2007 at the Botanic Garden[84] are two recent examples. Other years include 1876, 1887, 1888, 1892, 1897, 1899 and 1900.[85] The absolute maximum stands at 39.9 °C (103.8 °F) recorded on 19 July 2022 at Cambridge University Botanic Garden.[86] Before this date, Cambridge held the record for theall-time maximum temperature in the UK, after recording 38.7 °C (101.7 °F) on 25 July 2019. Typically the temperature will reach 25.1 °C (77.2 °F) or higher on over 25 days of the year over the 1981–2010 period,[87] with the annual warmest day averaging 31.5 °C (88.7 °F)[88] over the same period.
The absolute minimum temperature recorded at the Botanic Garden site was −17.2 °C (1.0 °F), recorded in February 1947,[89] although a minimum of −17.8 °C (0.0 °F) was recorded at the now defunct observatory site in December 1879.[90] More recently the temperature fell to −15.3 °C (4.5 °F) on 11 February 2012,[91] −12.2 °C (10.0 °F) on 22 January 2013[92] and −10.9 °C (12.4 °F)[93] on 20 December 2010. The average frequency of air frosts ranges from 42.8 days at the NIAB site,[94] to 48.3 days at the Botanic Garden[95] per year over the 1981–2010 period. Typically the coldest night of the year at the Botanic Garden will fall to −8.0 °C (17.6 °F).[96] Such minimum temperatures and frost averages are typical for inland areas across much of southern and central England.
Sunshine averages around 1,500 hours a year or around 35% of possible, a level typical of most locations in inland central England.
The city contains threeSites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), at Cherry Hinton East Pit, Cherry Hinton West Pit, and Travellers Pit,[101] and tenLocal Nature Reserves (LNRs): Sheep's Green and Coe Fen,Coldham's Common, Stourbridge Common, Nine Wells, Byron's Pool, West Pit, Paradise, Barnwell West, Barnwell East, and Logan's Meadow.[102]
Cambridge is completely enclosed bygreen belt as a part of a wider environmental and planning policy first defined in 1965 and formalised in 1992.[103][104] While some small tracts of green belt exist on the fringes of the city's boundary, much of the protection is in the surrounding South Cambridgeshire[105] and nearbyEast Cambridgeshire[106] districts, helping to maintain local green space, prevent furtherurban sprawl and unplanned expansion of the city, as well as protecting smaller outlying villages from further convergence with each other as well as the city.[107]
Population pyramid of Cambridge in 2021UK born and foreign born population pyramid in Cambridge in 2021
At the 2011 census, the population of the Cambridge contiguous built-up area (urban area) was 158,434,[108] while that of the City Council area was 123,867.[109]
In the2001 Census held during University term, 89.44% of Cambridge residents identified themselves as white, compared with a national average of 92.12%.[110] Within the university, 84% of undergraduates and 80% of post-graduates identified as white (including overseas students).[111]
Cambridge has a much higher than average proportion of people in the highest paid professional, managerial or administrative jobs (32.6% vs. 23.5%)[112] and a much lower than average proportion of manual workers (27.6% vs. 40.2%).[112] In addition, 41.2% have a higher-level qualification (e.g. degree,Higher National Diploma, Master's or PhD), much higher than the national average proportion (19.7%).[113]
Centre for Cities identified Cambridge as the UK's most unequal city in 2017 and 2018. Residents' income was the least evenly distributed of 57 British cities measured, with its top 6% earners accounting for 19% of its total income and the bottom 20% for only 2%, and aGini coefficient of 0.460 in 2018.[114][115]
The town's river link to the surrounding agricultural land, and good road connections to London in the south meant Cambridge has historically served as an important regional trading post. KingHenry I granted Cambridge a monopoly on river trade, privileging this area of the economy of Cambridge.[127] The townmarket provided for trade in a wide variety of goods and annual trading fairs such asStourbridge Fair andMidsummer Fair were visited by merchants from across the country. The river was described in an account of 1748 as being "often so full of [merchant boats] that the navigation thereof is stopped for some time".[128] For example, 2000firkins of butter were brought up the river every Monday from the agricultural lands to the northeast, particularlyNorfolk, to be unloaded in the town for road transportation to London.[128] Changing patterns of retail distribution and the advent of the railways led to a decline in Cambridge's importance as a market town.[129]
Cambridge today has a diverse economy with strength in sectors such as research and development, software consultancy, high value engineering, creative industries, pharmaceuticals and tourism.[130] Described as one of the "most beautiful cities in the world" byForbes in 2010,[131] with the view fromThe Backs being selected as one of the 10 greatest in England byNational Trust chairSimon Jenkins. Tourism generates over £750 million for the city's economy.[132]
Cambridge was also the home ofPye Ltd, founded in 1898 by W. G. Pye, who worked in theCavendish Laboratory; it began by supplying the university and later specialised in wireless telegraphy equipment, radios, televisions and also defence equipment.[41] Pye Ltd evolved into several other companies includingTETRA radio equipment manufacturerSepura. Another major business isMarshall Aerospace located on the eastern edge of the city. TheCambridge Network keeps businesses in touch with each other.
Cambridge City Airport has no scheduled services and is used mainly by charter and training flights[138] and byMarshall Aerospace for aircraft maintenance.London Stansted Airport, about 30 miles (48 km) south via theM11 or direct rail, offers a broad range of international destinations.
The city lies on fairly flat land and has the highest level of cycle use in the UK.[139] According to the 2001 census, 25% of residents travelled to work by bicycle. Furthermore, a survey in 2013 found that 47% of residents travel by bike at least once a week.[140]
A second railway station,Cambridge North, opened on 21 May 2017; it was originally planned to open in March 2015.[143][144][145] A third railway station,Cambridge South, near Addenbrooke's Hospital is now under construction;[146] it is expected to open in 2025.[147] The former station ofCherryhinton, forCherry Hinton, operated when it was separate village to Cambridge.
Cambridge has fivePark and Ride sites, all of which operate seven days a week and are aimed at encouraging motorists to park near the city's edge.[149] Since 2011, theCambridgeshire Guided Busway has carried bus services into the centre of Cambridge fromSt Ives,Huntingdon and other towns and villages along the routes, operated byStagecoach in the Fens andWhippet.[150] The A service continues on to the railway station andAddenbrookes, before terminating at a new Park and Ride inTrumpington. Since 2017, it has also linked to Cambridge North railway station.
Service 905 provides a connection withOxford, although passengers wishing to continue beyondBedford have to change to service X5; both services are operated byStagecoach East and run daily.
In February 2020, consultations opened for a transport system known as theCambridgeshire Autonomous Metro. It would have connected the historic city centre and the existing busway route with the mainline railway stations,Cambridge Science Park andHaverhill.[151] In May 2021 the newly elected mayor said he was focused instead on a "revamped bus network" but would not yet abandon the work done. As of November 2022[update], theGreater Cambridge Partnership is consulting on plans comprising: transforming the bus network; investing in other sustainable travel schemes; and introducing aCambridge Congestion Charge as part of a Sustainable Travel Zone.[152]
In 2024, Cambridge Connect proposed repurposing the planned route of the canceled metro as alight railway. Known as theIsaac Newton line, it would connect the mainline railway stations with Cambourne, the guided busway station atTrumpington, Haverhill,Addenbrookes Hospital, and a new station in Cambridge city centre.[153]
Cambridge played a unique role in the invention of modernfootball: the game's first set of rules were drawn up by members of the university in 1848. TheCambridge Rules were first played onParker's Piece and had a "defining influence on the 1863Football Association rules", which again were first played on Parker's Piece.[166]
The city is home toCambridge United, who play at theAbbey Stadium. Formed in 1912 as Abbey United, they were elected to theFootball League in 1970 and reached theSecond Division in 1978, although a serious decline in them in the mid-1980s saw them drop back down to theFourth Division and almost go out of business. Success returned to the club in the early 1990s when they won two successive promotions and reached theFA Cup quarter finals in both of those seasons and, in 1992, they came close to becoming the first English team to win three successive Football League promotions which would have taken them into the newly createdFA Premier League; however, they were beaten in the play-offs and another decline set in. In 2005, they were relegated from the Football League and, for the second time in twenty years, narrowly avoided going out of business. After nine years of non-league football, they returned to the Football League in 2014 by winning theConference National play-offs.
Cambridge United WFC is a women's only football club based in Cambridge. The team compete in the FA Women's National League South East. The club plays home games atSt Neots Town's Rowley Park stadium and the Abbey Stadium.
Parker's Piece was used forfirst-class cricket matches from 1817 to 1864.[169] The University of Cambridge's cricket ground,Fenner's, is located in the city and is one of the home grounds forminor counties teamCambridgeshire CCC.[170] The Cambridgeshire Cricket Association operates an amateurclub cricket league with six adult divisions, including numerous clubs in the city, plus junior divisions.[171] Most of the university colleges also operate their own teams, and there are several casualvillage cricket teams that play in the city suburbs.
Home and training ground to many influential traceurs, Cambridge is well known for its vibrant, and at times high-profile,parkour andfreerunning scene.[177][178]
Cambridge's main traditional theatre is theArts Theatre, a venue with 666 seats in the town centre.[189] The theatre often has touring shows, as well as those by local companies. The largest venue in the city to regular hold theatrical performances is theCambridge Corn Exchange with a capacity of 1,800 standing or 1,200 seated. Housed within the city's 19th century formercorn exchange building the venue was used for a variety of additional functions throughout the 20th century includingtea parties,motor shows, sports matches and a music venue with temporary stage.[190] The City Council renovated the building in the 1980s, turning it into a full-time arts venue, hosting theatre, dance and music performances.[190]The newest theatre venue in Cambridge is the 220-seat J2, part ofCambridge Junction in Cambridge Leisure Park. The venue was opened in 2005 and hosts theatre, dance, live music and comedy[191] TheADC Theatre is managed by the University of Cambridge, and typically has 3 shows a week during term time. It hosts theCambridge University Footlights Dramatic Club which has produced many notable figures in British comedy. The Mumford Theatre is part ofAnglia Ruskin University, and hosts shows by both student and non-student groups. There are also a number of venues within the colleges.
Cambridge containsKettle's Yard gallery of modern and contemporary art and theHeong Gallery which opened to the public in 2016 atDowning College.[209] Anglia Ruskin University operates the publicly accessible Ruskin Gallery within the Cambridge School of Art.[210]Wysing Arts Centre, one of the leading research centres for the visual arts in Europe, is associated with the city, though is located several miles west of Cambridge.[211] Artist-run organisations including Aid & Abet,[205] Cambridge Art Salon, Changing Spaces[212] and Motion Sickness[213] also run exhibitions, events and artists' studios in the city, often in short-term or temporary spaces.
Several fairs and festivals take place in Cambridge, mostly during the British summer.Midsummer Fair dates back to 1211, when it was granted a charter byKing John.[214] Today it exists primarily as an annualfunfair with the vestige of a market attached and is held over several days around or close tomidsummers day. On the first Saturday in June Midsummer Common is the site forStrawberry Fair, a free music and children's fair, with various market stalls. For one week in May, onJesus Green, the annualCambridge Beer Festival has been held since 1974.[215]
Launched in 1977Cambridge Film Festival is the third-longest-running film festival in the UK.Presented annually each autumn by the Cambridge Film Trust, the Festival showcases a selection of around 100, predominantly independent and specialised, films and embeds them within a programme of special events, Q&As, and talks.
Cambridge Folk Festival is held annually in the grounds ofCherry Hinton Hall. The festival has been organised by the city council since its inception in 1964. The Cambridge Summer Music Festival is an annual festival of classical music, held in the university's colleges and chapels.[216] TheCambridge Shakespeare Festival is an eight-week season of open-air performances of the works ofWilliam Shakespeare, held in the gardens of various colleges of the university.[217]
TheCambridge Science Festival, typically held annually in March, is the United Kingdom's largest freescience festival.[218] The Cambridge Literary Festival, which focusses on contemporary literary fiction and non-fiction, is held bi-annually in April and November.[219] Between 1975 and 1985 theCambridge Poetry Festival was held biannually.[220] Other festivals include the annual Mill Road Winter Fair, held the first Saturday of December,[221] the E-luminate Festival, which took place every February from 2013 to 2018,[222][223] and The Big Weekend, a city outdoor event organised by the City Council every July.[224]
Following thePublic Libraries Act 1850 the city's first public library, located on Jesus Lane, was opened in 1855.[253] It was moved to the Guildhall in 1862,[253] and is now located in theGrand Arcade shopping centre. The library was reopened in September 2009,[254] after having been closed for refurbishment for 33 months, more than twice as long as was forecast when the library closed for redevelopment in January 2007.[254][255] As of 2018 the city contains six public libraries, run by the County Council.[256]
There are threeQuaker Meetings in Cambridge, located on Jesus Lane, Hartington Grove, and a Meeting called "Oast House" that meets inPembroke College.[264]
AnOrthodox synagogue and Jewish student centre is located on Thompson's Lane, operated jointly by the Cambridge Traditional Jewish Congregation and the Cambridge University Jewish Society, which is affiliated to theUnion of Jewish Students.[265][266] The Beth ShalomReform synagogue which previously met at a local school,[267] opened a purpose-built synagogue in 2015.[268] There is also a student-led egalitarianminyan which holds services on Friday evenings.
Cambridge Central Mosque is the main place of worship for Cambridge's community of around 4,000 Muslims.[269][270] Opened in 2019, it is described as Europe's first eco-friendly mosque[271] and is the first purpose-built mosque within the city. The Abu Bakr Jamia Islamic Centre on Mawson Road and the Omar Faruque Mosque and Cultural Centre in Kings Hedges are additional places of Muslim worship.[272][273][274]
Cambridge Buddhist Centre, which belongs toTriratna Buddhist Community, was opened in the formerBarnwell Theatre on Newmarket Road in 1998.[275] There are also several local Buddhist meditation groups from variousBuddhist including Samatha Trust and Buddha Mettā Society.[276]AHindu shrine was opened in 2010 at the Bharat Bhavan Indian cultural centre offMill Road.[277][278]
Cambridge istwinned with two cities. Like Cambridge, both have universities and are also similar in population;Heidelberg, Germany since 1965,[281] andSzeged, Hungary since 1987.[281]
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^"Science Parks | Cambridge Science Park".United Kingdom Science Park Association. 2012. Archived fromthe original on 30 January 2012. Retrieved29 February 2012.many companies on the park have spun out of Cambridge University...the majority of the companies on the Cambridge Science Park have active links and research partnerships with the University
^"Science Parks | Cambridge Science Park".United Kingdom Science Park Association. 2012. Archived fromthe original on 30 January 2012. Retrieved29 February 2012.Cambridge Science Park is Europe's longest-serving and largest centre for commercial research and development...
^"Our Spaces".junction.co.uk. Archived fromthe original on 12 February 2012. Retrieved28 February 2012.J2 is the venue for our theatre, dance, family theatre and comedy programme
^"The Official Kings Singers Website :History".kingssingers.com. 2012. Archived fromthe original on 10 October 2011. Retrieved25 February 2012.The group takes its name from King's College Cambridge, where Martin Lane, Al Hume, Alastair Thompson, Richard Salter, Simon Carrington and Brian Kay were choral scholars.
^Cheal, David (13 April 2001)."Muse: profile of the band".The Daily Telegraph. London.Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved28 February 2012.
^"About Us". Cambridge Water Company. 2012. Archived fromthe original on 24 February 2012. Retrieved26 February 2012.
^"About you: water charges". Cambridge Water. Archived fromthe original on 16 September 2009. Retrieved28 September 2009.Anglian Water supply your sewerage services. Cambridge Water bills and collects on behalf of Anglian Water.
^"Welcome to CTJC". Cambridge Traditional Jewish Congregation.Archived from the original on 27 December 2011. Retrieved28 February 2012.We share our shul building with the students, who run Shabbat services during term-time.
^"Cambridge University | Union of Jewish Students". Cambridge University Union of Jewish Students. Archived fromthe original on 26 July 2012. Retrieved28 February 2012.The Cambridge Traditional Jewish Congregation hold Orthodox services at Thompsons Lane which are run by the students during term time and the residents in the vacation.
Barwell, Noel (1910),Cambridge, Blackie & Son Limited
Bowes, Robert (1894).A catalogue of books printed at or relating to the University, town & county of Cambridge, from 1521 to 1893. Cambridge: Macmillan & Bowes.OCLC1064186.OL23284674M.
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