Camborne
| |
|---|---|
 Commercial Square, Camborne Town Centre | |
 Coat of arms | |
  Camborne Location withinCornwall | |
| Population | 21,600 (2013) |
| OS grid reference | SW645400 |
| Civil parish |
|
| Unitary authority | |
| Ceremonial county | |
| Region | |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | CAMBORNE |
| Postcode district | TR14 |
| Dialling code | 01209 |
| Police | Devon and Cornwall |
| Fire | Cornwall |
| Ambulance | South Western |
| UK Parliament | |
| Website | www.camborne-tc.gov.uk |
| 50°12′47″N5°18′00″W / 50.213°N 5.300°W /50.213; -5.300 | |
Camborne (Cornish:Kammbronn, meaningcrooked hill)[1] is a town inCornwall, England.[2][3] The population at the 2011 Census was 20,845.[4][5][6] The northern edge of the parish includes a section of theSouth West Coast Path,Hell's Mouth and Deadman's Cove.
Camborne was formerly one of the richesttin mining areas in the world and home to theCamborne School of Mines.
Camborne is in the western part of the largest urban and industrial area in Cornwall with the town ofRedruth three miles (five kilometres) east. It is the ecclesiastical centre of a largecivil parish and has atown council. Camborne-Redruth is on the northern side of theCarn Brea/Carnmenellis granite upland which slopes northwards to the sea. The two towns are linked by the A3047 road which wasturnpiked in 1839 and the villages along the road (from the west) were Roskear, Tuckingmill, Pool and Illogan. Running north-south are a number of small streams with narrow river valleys which have been deeply-cut following centuries oftin streaming and other industrial processes. An example is theRed River valley which crosses the A3047 at Tuckingmill. To the north, theA30 (road) forms a boundary between the urban area and the agricultural land on the other side.[7][8]
Camborne has anoceanic climate typical of Cornwall with particularly narrow temperature ranges even byBritish standards. The absence of a large landmass nearby means that warm air from the continent gets cooled down over the sea in summer. In winter, cold air masses get moderated by the same effect. Rainfall is frequent all year due to moist air from theGulf Stream.
| Climate data for Camborne, elevation: 87 m or 285 ft (1991–2020 normals), extremes 1973–present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 15.5 (59.9) | 16.0 (60.8) | 18.5 (65.3) | 22.3 (72.1) | 24.5 (76.1) | 27.7 (81.9) | 30.4 (86.7) | 30.4 (86.7) | 27.1 (80.8) | 23.8 (74.8) | 18.8 (65.8) | 15.3 (59.5) | 30.4 (86.7) |
| Mean maximum °C (°F) | 12.4 (54.3) | 12.1 (53.8) | 14.1 (57.4) | 16.9 (62.4) | 20.1 (68.2) | 22.4 (72.3) | 23.5 (74.3) | 22.6 (72.7) | 21.5 (70.7) | 18.1 (64.6) | 15.1 (59.2) | 12.9 (55.2) | 24.7 (76.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9.2 (48.6) | 9.2 (48.6) | 10.2 (50.4) | 12.1 (53.8) | 14.5 (58.1) | 16.9 (62.4) | 18.7 (65.7) | 19.0 (66.2) | 17.5 (63.5) | 14.6 (58.3) | 11.8 (53.2) | 9.9 (49.8) | 13.6 (56.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 7.1 (44.8) | 6.9 (44.4) | 7.8 (46.0) | 9.4 (48.9) | 11.7 (53.1) | 14.1 (57.4) | 16.0 (60.8) | 16.2 (61.2) | 14.8 (58.6) | 12.3 (54.1) | 9.6 (49.3) | 7.8 (46.0) | 11.1 (52.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 4.9 (40.8) | 4.6 (40.3) | 5.4 (41.7) | 6.6 (43.9) | 8.8 (47.8) | 11.3 (52.3) | 13.2 (55.8) | 13.4 (56.1) | 12.0 (53.6) | 10.0 (50.0) | 7.4 (45.3) | 5.6 (42.1) | 8.6 (47.5) |
| Mean minimum °C (°F) | −0.5 (31.1) | −0.5 (31.1) | 0.8 (33.4) | 1.9 (35.4) | 4.6 (40.3) | 7.3 (45.1) | 9.4 (48.9) | 9.6 (49.3) | 8.0 (46.4) | 5.2 (41.4) | 2.1 (35.8) | 0.3 (32.5) | −2.2 (28.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −9.4 (15.1) | −6.3 (20.7) | −5.2 (22.6) | −2.3 (27.9) | 0.3 (32.5) | 4.8 (40.6) | 7.0 (44.6) | 7.4 (45.3) | 4.8 (40.6) | −0.3 (31.5) | −3.8 (25.2) | −4.7 (23.5) | −9.4 (15.1) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 120.6 (4.75) | 94.6 (3.72) | 71.8 (2.83) | 72.8 (2.87) | 61.2 (2.41) | 62.9 (2.48) | 69.0 (2.72) | 78.5 (3.09) | 77.5 (3.05) | 111.2 (4.38) | 129.8 (5.11) | 126.1 (4.96) | 1,075.8 (42.35) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) | 16.6 | 13.6 | 12.1 | 11.6 | 9.8 | 9.5 | 9.8 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 15.0 | 17.5 | 17.0 | 155.3 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 61.1 | 84.5 | 125.3 | 187.5 | 216.2 | 214.6 | 198.9 | 187.2 | 159.7 | 111.6 | 70.2 | 55.4 | 1,672.1 |
| Source 1:Met Office[9] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2:KNMI[10] Infoclimat[11] | |||||||||||||
TheUK Met Office operate an Upper Air Station in Camborne.
The first mention of themedieval Camborne churchtown is in 1181 although in 1931 the ruins of a probableRomano-Britishvilla were found at Magor Farm, Illogan, near Camborne, and excavated that year under the guidance of theRoyal Institution of Cornwall.[8][12]
There are also early Christian sites such as an inscribedaltar stone, (now in the Church ofSt Martin andSt Meriadoc), and dated to the 10th or 11th centuries, which attests to the existence of a settlement then.[13]
Langdon (1896) records seven stone crosses in the parish of which two are at Pendarves. By the late Middle Agesmanorial holdings developed in the surrounding area, and church-paths linked the churchtown to the outlying hamlets.Cornish medieval mystery plays were held in aplaying place and the churchyard is said to have had a pilgrimage chapel and holy well.John Norden visited in 1584 and described Camborne as "A churche standinge among the barrayne hills". At this time there would have been moors and rough grazing as well as small fields in the surrounding countryside.[8]
By 1708 Camborne had rights to hold markets and three fairs a year. A sign of increasing industrial activity and increasing industrial population is the first chapel built in 1806 and the development of a localMethodist community. In 1823 the population was around 2,000 and in 1841 it was 4,377, with 75smiths recorded and over two-thirds of the working population employed in the mining industry. In the expanding towngasworks were opened in 1834, theHayle Railway was built (1834–37) andHolmans opened a small foundry in 1839.[8] The currentMarket House was completed in 1866.[14]
Mining is first recorded locally in the 1400s with early exploitation of the small streams cutting through the mineralised area and from shallow mines following lodes.Adit mining was first recorded in the 16th century.[8] The town is best known as a centre for the former Cornishtin and copper mining industry, having its working heyday during the later 18th and early 19th centuries. Camborne was just a village until transformed by the mining boom which began in the late 18th century and saw the Camborne and Redruth district become the "richest square mile in the old world".[15]
As the economic recession of the 1870s led to the first years of mining decline in Camborne, social tensions mounted. In October 1873 thousands of miners, aided and abetted by the townspeople, rioted against a hated, authoritarian police force. One of the greatest shows of mining defiance in Cornish history left the Town Hall vandalised, the Police Station ransacked, and the estimated fifty constables present in the town beaten and scattered. The militia were called in from Plymouth to quell the insurrection, and the Home Secretary,Robert Lowe, asked to be kept informed of events. The Camborne riots were reported in the national newspapers andSir Colman Rashleigh, JP for Cornwall, had to address the Grand Jury regarding the tumult. The entire Camborne police force was found to be at fault and either removed from duty or transferred as a result. No rioter was ever convicted.[16]
Dolcoath Mine, (English:Old Ground Mine), the 'Queen of Cornish Mines' was, at a depth of 3,500 feet (1,067 m), for many years the deepest mine in the world, not to mention one of the oldest before its closure in 1921. Thelast working tin mine in Europe,South Crofty, which closed in 1998, is also to be found in Camborne.[15]
Apart from the mines themselves, Camborne was also home to many important related industries, including the once world-renownedfoundry ofHolman Bros Ltd (CompAir). Holmans, a family business founded in 1801, was for generations, Camborne's, and indeed Cornwall's largest manufacturer of industrial equipment, even making the famousStensubmachine gun for a stint during theSecond World War. TheHolman Projector was used by theRoyal Navy. At its height Holmans was spread over three sites within Camborne, employing some three and half thousand men. Despite Britain'sindustrial decline, Compair Holmans Camborne factory finally closed in 2003.[17]
A modest quantity of South Crofty tin was purchased by a local enterprise and this gradually dwindling stock is used to make specialist tin jewellery, branded as the South Crofty Collection. Tin originally mined at South Crofty was used to form the bronze medals awarded in the 2012 London Olympics.[18]
Because of the prior importance of metal mining to the Cornish economy, theCamborne School of Mines (CSM) developed as the only specialist hard rock education establishment in the United Kingdom, until theRoyal School of Mines was established in 1851. Plans for the school were laid out in 1829, leading to the current school in 1888. It now forms part of theUniversity of Exeter; it moved to the university's Tremough campus (now known asPenryn Campus) in 2004.[19]
On Christmas Eve 1801, thePuffing Devil – a steam-powered road locomotive built by Camborne engineerRichard Trevithick – made its way upCamborne Hill in Cornwall.[20] It was the world's first self-propelled passenger carrying vehicle. The events have been turned into a local song:[21]
TheCornish language was the language of the area around Camborne until the beginning of the 18th century and it is recorded that everyone living west of Truro spoke Cornish in 1644.[22]Nicholas Boson wrote that Cornish was spoken as far east as Redruth and Falmouth circa 1700.[22] In 1700 the pioneering Celtic linguistEdward Lhuyd came to Cornwall to study the language and visited Camborne, detailing many aspects of the parish.[23]
One of the most important surviving works of medieval Cornish literature isBeunans Meriasek, the Life ofSt Meriadoc the patron saint of Camborne.[24] In the 19th century the nickname for Camborne people was Mera-jacks, or Merry-geeks, and those who washed in St Meriasek's well were called Merrasicks, Merrasickers, Moragicks or Mearagaks.[25]
In the 20th century several Cornish words and phrases were noted as still in use amongst the inhabitants of Camborne. These includetaw tavas (silent tongue) andallycumpoester (all in order).[24][26]
Although a limited amount of Cornish was taught in some schools in west Cornwall during the 19th and early 20th centuries the first school to properly dedicate itself to teaching revived Cornish was the Mount Pleasant House school run byE. G. Retallack Hooper in the post-Second World War period.[24] By 1984 Cornish was being taught in Troon and Camborne primary schools as well as Camborne secondary school and there was a Cornish language playgroup. In 2000 Roskear and Weeth schools were teaching Cornish.[27]
In the2011 United Kingdom census, although there was no specific Cornish language question, thirty people living in the parish of Camborne declared that Cornish was their main language at home, thirteen in Troon and Beacon.[28]
TheCamborne and Redruthconstituency was created for the2010 general election, following a review of parliamentary representation inCornwall by theBoundary Commission for England, which increased the number of seats in the county from five to six.[29]It is primarily a successor to the formerFalmouth and Camborne seat.
In the2024 United Kingdom general election the results were:
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labour | Perran Moon | 19,360 | 40.5 | +6.3 | |
| Conservative | Connor Donnithorne | 11,554 | 24.2 | −29.1 | |
| Reform UK | Roger Tarrant | 8,952 | 18.7 | +18.7 | |
| Liberal Democrats | Thalia Marrington | 4,113 | 8.6 | +0.1 | |
| Green | Catherine Hayes | 2,840 | 5.9 | +3.1 | |
| Liberal | Paul Holmes | 624 | 1.3 | 0.0 | |
| Socialist Labour | Robert Hawkins | 342 | 0.7 | +0.7 | |
| Majority | 7,806 | 16.3 | +2.3 | ||
| Turnout | 48,007 | 64.6 | −7.1 | ||
| Labourgain fromConservative | Swing | +17.7 | |||
.jpg)
The Camborne Local Board was established in 1873; the seal was a mine shaft and engine house depicted with the date 1873 and the legend "The Local Board for the District of Camborne".[31] This was replaced by theCamborne Urban District in 1895 which commissioned thecouncil offices in 1903.[8] The urban district was merged with that of Redruth and parts ofRedruth Rural District andHelston Rural District (both of which were being abolished) in 1934 to form theCamborne-Redruth Urban District. The urban district persisted until it was merged into theKerrier district of Cornwall under theLocal Government Act 1972.[32]
Until May 2021, Camborne was represented by five electoral divisions:Camborne Pendarves,Camborne Roskear,Camborne Trelowarren,Camborne Treslothan, andCamborne Treswithian. From the2021 Cornwall Council election, Camborne will be covered by four divisions: Four Lanes, Beacon and Troon; Camborne Roskear and Tuckingmill; Camborne Trelowarren; and Camborne West and Treswithian.[33]
| Member | Party | Date | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zoe Fox | Mebyon Kernow | 2021[34] | |
Political composition of Town Council
| Party | Councillors | |
|---|---|---|
| Mebyon Kernow | 7 | |
| Independent | 3 | |
| Conservative | 4 | |
| Green | 1 | |
| Labour | 3 | |
| Total | 18 | |
| Source:[35] | ||
Camborne's parish church is dedicated toSt Martin andSt Meriadoc: it is entirely of granite, of 15th century date, but incorporating earlier structural features, including a Norman chevron stone in the west wall of the north aisle found in 2009 and islisted Grade I. St Martin was added to the original dedication to St Meriadoc in the 15th century. There is a western tower about 60 feet high containing eight bells (with a clock before 1882) and the aisles are identical in design: the building was gutted and restored in 1861-62 and an outer south aisle was added in 1878–79 to a design byJames Piers St Aubyn.[36] The church was re-opened on 7 August 1879 byEdward Benson, theBishop of Truro.[37]
An inscribedaltar stone found at Chapel Ia, Troon (now set up as the Lady Chapel altar in the parish church), and dated to the 10th or 11th centuries, attests to the existence of a settlement then.[13] It is inscribed 'Leuiut iusit hec altare pro anima sua'. The chapel of St Ia was recorded in 1429 and a holy well was nearby. The site was called Fenton-ear (i.e. the well of Ia). The stone is very similar to one now used as the mensa of the Lady Chapel altar at Treslothan Parish Church, formerly used from c.1841 to 1955 as the base for a sundial in the grounds of Pendarves House.[38]
Camborne churchyard contains a number of crosses collected from nearby sites: the finest is one found in a well at Crane in 1896 but already known fromWilliam Borlase's account of it when it was at Fenton-ear. Arthur Langdon (1896) records six crosses in the parish, including two atPendarves, two at Trevu and one outside the institute.[39] There is a cross at Camborne Park Recreation Ground.[40]
Two other chapels are known to have existed in the medieval period: one not far from the parish church was dedicated to Our Lady and St Anne and one at Menadarva (derived from Merther-Derwa) was one of Celtic origin dedicated to St Derwa, Virgin, but mentioned in 1429.[38]
TheA30trunk road now by-passes the town around its northern edge. The old A30 through the town has become the A3047.[41]
The railway station is a half-mile south from the town centre, with alevel crossing andfootbridge at its eastern end.Camborne railway station used to be famous for its short platforms, which meant that passengers on main line services betweenLondon Paddington andPenzance could only board and alight from certain carriages. Partly because of this not all services stopped at Camborne, preferring nearbyRedruth (which is also classed byGreat Western Railway (GWR) as a short station stop). The platforms have been upgraded but the memory lives on, again partly in stories by the comedianJethro. Camborne railway station is served byCrossCountry and GWR trains. CrossCountry provide one service in each direction from Plymouth-Penzance.[42]
Camborne was, for a quarter of a century, one of the termini ofCornwall's only tram service. This system was opened in November 1902 and ran a regular service to Redruth until it closed in September 1927.[43]
Camborne RFC were established in 1878 and are one of the most famous clubs in Cornwall, having produced numerous Cornwall players over the years. In 1987 Camborne were the highest placed Cornish club in the newly formed National leagues when they entered at1987–88 Courage Area League South (equivalent toNational League 2 South today). Camborne is one of the grounds used by theCornish rugby team and has hosted many notable international sides including theNew Zealand 'All Blacks' in 1905, 1924 and 1953,Australia in 1908, 1947 and 1967,South Africa 1960,United States 1977 and numerous other touring sides such as theSouth African Barbarians andCanterbury (NZ). Since 2006 it was agreed to ground share the Recreation Ground with localDivision One team theCornish Pirates and the ground has undergone major refurbishment including a new stand for the 2007–08 and 2008–09 seasons.[44]
Notable local rugby players includeJosh Matavesi 18-year-old debut forFiji againstScotland in 2010, his younger brother Sam, debut againstCanada in 2013.[45][46]
Camborne has been a major centre forCornish wrestling for many centuries. There were various venues where tournaments were held including: the field adjoining the Pendarves Arms Inn at Beacon,[47][48] the Unicorn Inn,[49] the White Hart Inn[50] and the recreation ground.[51] There were various local cups that were competed for including the "Mrs Bramble Cup",[52] the "Allen Cup"[53] and the "Moreing Cup".[54]
Sam Ham (1880–1946),[55] was born inCondurrow near Camborne, was the 1910 middleweight Cornish wrestling champion of South Africa.[56][57]
SeeCornish wrestling in Roskear andCornish wrestling in Pool
A Church of England National School was built in College Street in 1844 (replaced by a newer building further up the street towards the parish church in 1896-now demolished); in the following year a school for four hundred boys was opened in the Centenary Methodist Chapel and in 1847 the Basset Road British (Methodist) School was opened. ASchool of Mines started in 1872 with theBasset family paying for chemistry laboratories.[8] The town now has a number of schools covering all age ranges, notably the main secondary school,Camborne Science and International Academy (founded in 1956 as Treswithian School), and a campus ofCornwall College.[58]
A private girls' school was founded in 1877 as Redbrook College with about 20 pupils. It became a state grammar school for girls in 1908 asCamborne Grammar School, and merged with Treswithian School in the change to comprehensive education in the 1970s.
Camborne istwinned with two places:Santez-Anna-Wened in Brittany, France, andPachuca, Hidalgo in Mexico. Camborne was twinned with Pachuca at a ceremony in Mexico on 3 July 2008.[59]
The town name inspired the name ofCamborne, New Zealand, a seaside suburb ofPorirua City developed by an investment company headed by an Arthur Cornish. Most of its street names are of Cornish origin. It adjoins the suburb ofPlimmerton.[60]
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain.
| Unitary authorities | |
|---|---|
| Major settlements (cities in italics) |
|
| Rivers | |
| Topics | |
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Geographic | |
