| Calyptrion | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Calyptrion arboreum | |
Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Violaceae |
| Subfamily: | Violoideae |
| Tribe: | Violeae |
| Genus: | Calyptrion Ging.[1] |
| Type species | |
| Calyptrion arboreum (L.) Paula-Souza | |
| Species | |
| |
| Synonyms[2] | |
| |
Calyptrion is agenus offlowering plants in the violetfamilyViolaceae, with four knownspecies.
Lianas with oblong-lanceolate to ovateleaves. Theflowers are situated inaxillary or terminal racemes, rarely solitary, with whitecorollas, and are stronglyzygomorphic (bilaterally symmetrical), the bottompetal being slightly longer than the others and more weakly differentiated, and with a very long spur. Thestamens have free filaments, with the lowest two beingcalcarate (spurred) and possessing a large dorsal connective appendage that is entire and oblong-ovate. In thegynoecium, thestyle isfiliform (threadlike). The fruit is a thick-walledcapsule that is semi-dehiscent. There are numerousseeds percarpel, that are asymmetrically orbicular in outline and strongly flattened.[3][4][5]
ThegenusCalyptrion was first described byGingins in 1823,[6] that he renamed from the preexistingViola hybanthus described byAublet in 1775, as a distinct new genus. This is now referred to asCalyptrion arboreum, and is therefore thetype species. At that time it was the only known liana in the Violaceae. Gingins provided detailed descriptions of the Violaceae (then also known as Violarieae) in a number of subsequent texts, including theProdromus ofCandolle (1824), with eight species.[7] At the same time,Martius described the genus asCorynostylis,[8] and this name was erroneously used over the next 200 years, despite the earlier name, Gingins treating it as asynonym. The original name was restored in 2014.[9]
Earlytaxonomic schemes such asLindley (1846)[10] andBentham and Hooker (1862)[11] placed Corynostylis/Calyptrion withinsubfamily Violoideae,tribe Violeae, subtribe Violinae.[4][9]
Calyptrion is one of four lianescent genera in Violaceae, together withAgateaA.Gray,AnchieteaA.St.-Hil. andHybanthopsisPaula-Souza. In earlier classifications primarily based onfloral morphology these were distributed among separatesubtribes, butmolecular phylogenetic studies has now grouped them together into a single lianescentclade, one of four within the family. Earlier schemes placed Corynostylis/Calyptrion withinsubfamily Violoideae,tribe Violeae, subtribe Violinae.[9]
The genus is named from the Greek wordskalyptra, cover, andion, violet.[12][13]
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There are four accepted species.[14]
Calyptrion is native to theAmazon rainforest, althoughCalyptrion arboreum extends north up to Mexico. they are found along the margins ofblack water rivers.[9][2]
