This gene encodes an intracellular calcium-binding protein belonging to thetroponin C superfamily. Members of this protein family have sixEF-hand domains which bind calcium. This protein plays a role in diverse cellular functions, including message targeting and intracellular calcium buffering.[6]
Calretinin has an important role as a modulator of neuronal excitability including the induction oflong-term potentiation.[9] Loss of expression of calretinin in hippocampal interneurons has been suggested to be relevant in temporal lobe epilepsy.[10]
It is expressed in a number of other locations including hair follicles.[11]
Usingimmunohistochemistry, calretinin can be demonstrated in both benignmesothelium and in malignantmesothelioma[12][13] and can be used to help differentiate differentlung tumours.[14] Antibodies to calretinin can also be used to distinguish between different types ofbrain tumour, demonstrating only those withneuronal rather thanglial, differentiation.[15] Furthermore, the essential function of calretinin in mesothelioma cell lines has been demonstratedin vitro and may be an interesting target for therapeutical approaches.[16]
InHirschsprung disease, calretininimmunohistochemistry offers additional diagnostic value in specimens with inadequate amount ofsubmucosa and rarely seenganglion cells. The presence of ganglion cells consistently correlated with calretinin-positive thin nerve fibrils in thelamina propria,muscularis mucosae and superficial submucosa. These calretinin-positive thinneurofibrils are absent in the aganglionic segments ofbowel and in the areas without ganglion cells from the junction of normal with diseasedrectum. Calretinin is strongly expressed in the submucosal andsubserosal nerve trunks in the ganglionic segment. No calretinin expression is seen in the nerve trunks in the rest of the aganglionic segment. It has faint expression in the thick nerve trunks from the areas without ganglion cells. Faint positivity of the thick submucosal and subserosal nerves in the absence of ganglion cells and calretinin positive nerve fibrils, is characteristic of the junction of the aganglionic-to-normal rectum.[17]
^Parmentier M, Passage E, Vassart G, Mattei MG (1991). "The human calbindin D28k (CALB1) and calretinin (CALB2) genes are located at 8q21.3----q22.1 and 16q22----q23, respectively, suggesting a common duplication with the carbonic anhydrase isozyme loci".Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics.57 (1):41–3.doi:10.1159/000133111.PMID1906795.
^Poblet E, Jimenez F, de Cabo C, Prieto-Martin A, Sánchez-Prieto R (Jun 2005). "The calcium-binding protein calretinin is a marker of the companion cell layer of the human hair follicle".The British Journal of Dermatology.152 (6):1316–20.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06603.x.PMID15948999.S2CID23551756.
^Saydan N, Salicio V, Cappelli-Gotzos B, Gotzos V (2001). "Expression of calretinin in human mesothelioma cell lines and cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry".Anticancer Research.21 (1A):181–8.PMID11299732.
^Gotzos, V.; Vogt, P.; Celio, M. R. (1996-02-01). "The calcium binding protein calretinin is a selective marker for malignant pleural mesotheliomas of the epithelial type".Pathology, Research and Practice.192 (2):137–147.doi:10.1016/S0344-0338(96)80208-1.ISSN0344-0338.PMID8692714.
^Leong, Anthony S-Y; Cooper, Kumarason; Leong, F Joel W-M (2003).Manual of Diagnostic Cytology (2 ed.). Greenwich Medical Media, Ltd. pp. 45–46.ISBN978-1-84110-100-2.
Alaeddini M, Etemad-Moghadam S, Baghaii F (Feb 2008). "Comparative expression of calretinin in selected odontogenic tumours: a possible relationship to histogenesis".Histopathology.52 (3):299–304.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2007.02948.x.PMID18269580.S2CID205299356.
Seress L, Abrahám H, Czéh B, Fuchs E, Léránth C (2008). "Calretinin expression in hilar mossy cells of the hippocampal dentate gyrus of nonhuman primates and humans".Hippocampus.18 (4):425–34.doi:10.1002/hipo.20403.PMID18189312.S2CID36785826.
Zhang H, Bu H, Chen H, Wei B, Liu W, Guo J, Li F, Liao D, Tang Y, Zhang Z (Jan 2008). "Comparison of immunohistochemical markers in the differential diagnosis of adrenocortical tumors: immunohistochemical analysis of adrenocortical tumors".Applied Immunohistochemistry & Molecular Morphology.16 (1):32–9.doi:10.1097/PAI.0b013e318032cf56.PMID18091323.S2CID10136695.
Vonlanthen S, Kawecki TJ, Betticher DC, Pfefferli M, Schwaller B (2007). "Heterozygosity of SNP513 in intron 9 of the human calretinin gene (CALB2) is a risk factor for colon cancer".Anticancer Research.27 (6C):4279–88.PMID18214032.
Iio K, Nagasawa Y, Iwatani H, Yamamoto R, Horii A, Okuzaki D, Furumatsu Y, Inohara H, Nojima H, Imai E, Isaka Y, Rakugi H (Mar 2010). "Microarray analysis of tonsils in immunoglobulin A nephropathy patients".Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.393 (4):565–70.doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.01.120.PMID20138841.
DeVilliers P, Liu H, Suggs C, Simmons D, Daly B, Zhang S, Raubenheimer E, Larsson A, Wright T (Feb 2008). "Calretinin expression in the differential diagnosis of human ameloblastoma and keratocystic odontogenic tumor".The American Journal of Surgical Pathology.32 (2):256–60.doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181452176.PMID18223328.S2CID19045101.
Barinka F, Druga R, Marusic P, Krsek P, Zamecnik J (Jan 2010). "Calretinin immunoreactivity in focal cortical dysplasias and in non-malformed epileptic cortex".Epilepsy Research.88 (1):76–86.doi:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2009.09.021.PMID19854615.S2CID22595044.
Mai KT, Teo I, Al Moghrabi H, Marginean EC, Veinot JP (Aug 2008). "Calretinin and CD34 immunoreactivity of the endometrial stroma in normal endometrium and change of the immunoreactivity in dysfunctional uterine bleeding with evidence of 'disordered endometrial stroma'".Pathology.40 (5):493–9.doi:10.1080/00313020802197897.PMID18604736.S2CID24627207.
Massouh M, Wallman MJ, Pourcher E, Parent A (Dec 2008). "The fate of the large striatal interneurons expressing calretinin in Huntington's disease".Neuroscience Research.62 (4):216–24.doi:10.1016/j.neures.2008.08.007.PMID18801393.S2CID23242064.
Rougemont AL, Sartelet H, Oligny LL, Bensoussan A, Yazbeck S, Fournet JC (2007). "Accessory liver lobe with mesothelial inclusion cysts in an omphalocele: a new malformative association".Pediatric and Developmental Pathology.10 (3):224–8.doi:10.2350/06-08-0148.1.PMID17535091.S2CID41971082.
Clements RJ, McDonough J, Freeman EJ (May 2008). "Distribution of parvalbumin and calretinin immunoreactive interneurons in motor cortex from multiple sclerosis post-mortem tissue".Experimental Brain Research.187 (3):459–65.doi:10.1007/s00221-008-1317-9.PMID18297277.S2CID18256420.
