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Thecalmecac ([kaɬˈmekak], fromcalmecatl meaning "line/grouping of houses/buildings" and by extension a scholarly campus) was a school for the sons ofAztec nobility (pīpiltin[piːˈpiɬtin]) in theLate Postclassic period ofMesoamerican history, where they would receive rigorous training in history,calendars, astronomy, religion, economy, law, ethics and warfare. The two main primary sources for information on thecalmecac andtelpochcalli are inBernardino de Sahagún'sFlorentine Codex of theGeneral History of the Things of New Spain (Books III, VI, and VIII) and part 3 of theCodex Mendoza.[1]
Thecalmecac of the Aztec capital,Tenochtitlan, was located in the ceremonial centre of the city and was dedicated toQuetzalcoatl.[2] It was situated conveniently close to the Templo Mayor, wherecalmecac graduates destined for priesthood would perform the rituals they had been trained in. The main shrine was judged to be 150 feet tall and was a larger structure than the Templo Mayor.[3] Thecalmecac's courtyard roof featured prominently visible motifs in the shape of spirals, each of which reached eight feet in height.[4] Aztec rulers built their own individual versions of thecalmecac upon the preceding one. These seven buildings were discovered in the mid 2000s when a team of archaeologists from the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) began working on the site as part of History's Urban Archaeology Program (PAU) after the 1985 earthquake damaged the area.[3]
Thecalmecac was typically reserved for sons of Aztec noblemen, while the young commoner men,macehualtin, received military training in theTēlpochcalli ([teːɬpot͡ʃˈkalːi] "house of youth").[5] The placement of noble youth in thetelpochcalli might have been by lesser wives' or concubines' sons or younger sons, perhaps of commoner status so that the boys did not have to compete with noble youths in thecalmecac.[6] However, although thecalmecac has been characterized as for elites only, Sahagun's account says that at times themacehualtin were assigned to thecalmecac as well and trained for the priesthood.[7][2] Codex Mendoza's account of thecalmecac emphasizes the possibilities of upward mobility for young commoner men, (macehualtin), educated in thetelpochcalli. Promising sons of nobles would be trained especially by the military orders of theJaguar warriors (ōcēlōmeh[oːseːˈloːmeʔ]) orEagle warriors (cuāuhtin[ˈkʷaːʍtin]) in their quarters, thecuāuhcalli ([kʷaːʍˈkalːi]).[8] Codex Mendoza's account largely ignores class distinctions between thecalmecac and thetelpochcalli.[9] EmperorMoctezuma II was educated at and graduated from Tenochtitlan'scalmecac.[10]
Students as young as five to seven years of age would enter thecalmecac, which would be their home for the duration of their training. The parents brought their children to thecalmecac to partake in a dedication ceremony in the presence of thecalmecac andtelpochcalli authorities.[11] In a series of rituals that lasted hours, the new students were bathed, named, and marked upon the hip and chest to "designate their adult role."[11] After the children's ears had been pierced and the ceremony was concluded, the Aztec temple held a celebratory feast.[11]
Instruction at thecalmecac did not begin gradually. Four-year-olds were immediately introduced to adult ceremonies, with discipline and punishment beginning at the age of seven.[11] The students received instruction in songs, rituals, reading and writing, thecalendar (tōnalpōhualli[toːnaɬpoːˈwalːi]) and all the basic training which was also taught in thetelpochcalli. The priests oversaw all aspects of the students' education, preparing the children for a variety of careers outside of priesthood. Elite students, in particular, could progress to multiple jobs within the Aztec government, including academic, economic, judicial, diplomatic, and administrative roles.[12] Students commenced formal military training around age fifteen.[13] While thecalmecac served primarily as a center for religious and military instruction in order to swell both ranks with diligent and skilled priests and soldiers, students also "learned various manual skills."[14]
The namecalmecac is a combination of the wordscalli, meaning "house," and the wordmecatl, meaning "cords, ropes, whips."[4] Taken together,calmecac can be read as "the house of whips or penitence."[4] It has also been directly translated as the Nahuatl word for school.[3] The cords were sometimes made of malinall grass and used in acts of penance. Piercing parts of the body with sharp grass or other implements was done to connect with the cosmos and preserve eternal unity. This unity was visibly symbolised by spirals, or cutaway shell motifs.[4] The spirals featured on the Tenochtitlancalmecac were designed to look like snails and symbolised the unity intrinsic to the Aztec religion.[3] After Spanish invaders destroyed the capital'scalmecac, their artwork misrepresented the spirals as much smaller. When archaeologist Raúl Barrera uncovered seven of the rooftop spirals during the PAU excavation, the ornaments became "one of the most distinctive motifs of ancient Mexico."[3]
Thecalmecac tied together the military, political and sacred hierarchies of the community.[15] Schools that qualified ascalmecacs furthered the Aztec religion and forms of government and ensured continued stability by training the society's youth in academic, political, and military skills. In addition to thecalmecac in Tenochtitlan, rural villages throughout the Aztec empire would have hadcalmecacs of their own, ensuring that all civilians had access to comprehensive instruction in religious practice.[16][14]