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Caland system

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Word derivation rule in Proto-Indo-European
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TheCaland system is a set of rules in the reconstructedProto-Indo-European language which describes how certain words, typicallyadjectives, are derived from one another.[1] It was named after Dutch IndologistWillem Caland (1859–1932), who first formulated part of the system.

Thecognates derived from these roots in different daughter languages often do not agree in formation, but show certain characteristic properties:[2][3]

Examples

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Example 1

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*h₁le(n)gʷʰ- 'light (in weight)':

Example 2

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*h₂erǵ- 'white':

  • ro-stems: Ancient Greekargós <*argrós 'white'; Sanskritṛjrá- 'brilliant'
  • u-stems:Tocharian Bārkwi 'white'
  • i-stems: Ancient Greekargi-kéraunos 'with bright lightning'
  • nt-stems: Old Irishargat, Old Welshargant, Latinargentum

Example 3

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*h₁rewdʰ- 'red':

  • ro-stems: Ancient Greekeruthrós 'red'; Latinruber 'red'; Tocharian Bratre 'red';Old East Slavicродръ (rodrŭ) 'red'
  • i-stems:Sanskritrudhiras (mixed withro-stem)
  • -eh₁ verbs:Latinrubeō 'be red', Old High Germanrōtēn 'shine red';Old East Slavicръдѣти сѧ (rŭděti sę) 'become red, be red'

Example 4

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*bʰerǵʰ- 'high':

  • ro-stems: Tocharian Bpärkare 'high'
  • u-stems:Hittiteparku- 'high';Armenianbarjr 'high' <*-u-[3]
  • i-stems: Avestanbǝrǝzi- 'high' in compounds
  • nt-stems: Sanskritbṛhánt- 'high', Avestanbǝrǝzant- 'high', Germanic nameBurgund-, Old Irish nameBrigit, Tocharian Akoṃ-pärkānt 'sunrise'[3]

Example 5

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*dʰewb- 'deep':

  • ro-stems: Tocharian Btapre 'high' <*dʰub-ro-
  • u-stems: Lithuaniandubùs 'hollow'

References

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  1. ^Benjamin W. Fortson (2004).Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 121, 123.ISBN 1-4051-0316-7.
  2. ^Meier-Brügger, Michael; Fritz, Matthias;Mayrhofer, Manfred (2003).Indo-European Linguistics. Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter. W 206.ISBN 3-11-017433-2.
  3. ^abcdLowe, John J. (2011).Caland Adjectives and Participles in Sanskrit and Proto-Indo-European(PDF).
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