G. Mokhtar places it just within the Roman province ofAfrica Proconsularis, to the east of Numidia,[2] but it is generally believed to have been in Numidia,[3][4][5][6] a province created probably in 198–199.[2]
Calama was founded by thePhoenicians and calledMalaka, similar[7] to their colonyMalake (Punic:𐤌𐤋𐤊𐤀,MLKʾ) atMálaga,Spain.[8] Malaka was situated in theBerber kingdom ofNumidia. When this area later came underRoman rule, the city was renamed Calama. Between the late republic and early empire, it was governed by aPunic-inspired twin magistracy ofsufetes.[9]
Whether Calama is identical with the town of Suthul which the Roman generalAulus Postumius Albinus unsuccessfully tried to take in 110 BC,[10] (cf.Battle of Suthul) is disputed, with some denying[11] and others cautiously affirming.[12][13]
In the 1st century AD, Calama, then part of theRoman province of Numidia, became a major urban centre. It was given the rank of a Romanmunicipium as early asHadrian, and of acolonia later.[12] The city was sponsored byVibia Aurelia Sabina, sister of the EmperorCommodus (late 2nd century). Calama was, with Setifis (Setif) andHippo Regius (Annaba), one of the granaries of Rome in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD. UnderSeptimius Severus, Calama became one of the most prosperous in the Roman empire, withthermae and a huge theatre.[14]
Calama became a Christianbishopric, four of whose bishops are named in extant documents:
Possidius wrote the first biography of Augustine,[18][19] in which he lets it be known that he himself was one of the clergy of Augustine's monastery when he was appointed bishop of Calama.[20] When Calama fell into the hands of theVandal kingGenseric in 429, Possidius took refuge with Augustine within the walled city of Hippo Regius.[18] He was present at Augustine's death in 430.
The invading Vandals captured and partially destroyed Calama and defeated CountBonifacius near the city in 431.[12]
After the conquest of Numidia by theByzantine Empire,Solomon (a general ofJustinian I) built a fortress there between 539 and 554. Calama's population was fully Christian in the 6th and 7th century.
With the spread of Islam, Byzantine rule of Calama ended (some Christians survived until the 9th century) and slowly Calama disappeared around the 11th century (seeGuelma).
Theatre.[22] It is difficult to reconstruct the plan and general appearance of theRoman theatre. The only other important monument discovered are the public baths. The theatre was built in the first or second year of the 3rd century AD through the generosity of a certain Annia Aelia Restituta, who spent 400,000 sesterces on it. It was restored, indeed virtually rebuilt, from 1902 to 1918, after having served as a quarry. It is on a slope and measures 58.05 m in width, with a stage 37 metres wide and 7.15 metres deep. It was built with a rubble core revetted with ashlar. The tiers of seats had virtually all disappeared; they must have numbered 10 in the lower zone and 12 in the second. The orchestra was paved in marble. The edge of the stage (pulpitum) is decorated with seven niches, alternately square and semi-circular, whose sculptures have disappeared. The stage wall was divided by three semi-circular niches. The central niche surrounded by a column is pierced by a door, while the side niches are closed, contrary to architectural custom, and are decorated with statues.
Roman thermae of Calama
Baths. The publicRoman baths were built of rubble and revetted with ashlar and brick. These "thermae" may date as early as the 2nd century AD. Only one large rectangular chamber (22 x 14 m), undoubtedly the tepidarium, can be described; it gave onto other rooms and onto the exterior by 11 passages. These baths were included within the Byzantine fortress, no doubt built on an earlier enclosure and defended by 13 towers. It measured 278 x 219 m.
Forum. The existence of aforum is attested by a single inscription. There are also remains of arcades, a small shrine of Neptune, cisterns and, outside the town, a Christian church. In 1953 a hoard of 7,499 coins was discovered; virtually all of them came from the mint at Rome; the most recent dated to the beginning of AD 257.[citation needed] Presumably the hoard was buried because of local disturbances. Most of the ancient objects recovered at Calama and from the region are preserved in the Guelma Museum.
Citadel and walls. Among its ruins are also a Byzantine citadel and walls built by the Byzantinepatricius Solomon during the Byzantine reoccupation.[12][23]
^Ilẹvbare, J.A. (June 1974). "The Impact of the Carthaginians and the Romans on the Administrative System of the Maghreb Part I".Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria.7 (2):187–197.JSTOR41857007.
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