 | |
 | |
| Names | |
|---|---|
| IUPAC name Cadmium oxide | |
| Other names Cadmium(II) oxide, Cadmium monoxide | |
| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol) | |
| ChemSpider |
|
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.013.770 |
| EC Number |
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| RTECS number |
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| UNII | |
| UN number | 2570 |
| |
| |
| Properties | |
| CdO | |
| Molar mass | 128.413 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | colorless powder (alpha form) red-brown crystal (beta form)[1] |
| Odor | odorless |
| Density | 8.15 g/cm3(crystalline), 6.95 g/cm3 (amorphous)[2] solid. |
| Melting point | 900–1,000 °C (1,650–1,830 °F; 1,170–1,270 K) decomposition of amorphous form[3] |
| Boiling point | 1,559 °C (2,838 °F; 1,832 K)sublimation[3] |
| 4.8 mg/L (18 °C)[4] | |
| Solubility | soluble in dilute acid slowly soluble inammonium salts insoluble in alkalies |
| Vapor pressure | 0.13 kPa (1000 °C) 2.62 kPa (1200 °C) 61.4 kPa (1500 °C)[5] |
| Band gap | 2.18 eV |
| Electron mobility | 531 cm2/V·s |
| −3.0·10−5 cm3/mol | |
| Thermal conductivity | 0.7 W/m·K |
Refractive index (nD) | 2.49 |
| Structure | |
| cubic,cF8 | |
| Fm3m, No. 225 | |
a = 4.6958 Å | |
| Thermochemistry | |
| 43.64 J/mol·K[4] | |
Std molar entropy(S⦵298) | 55 J/mol·K[6] |
Std enthalpy of formation(ΔfH⦵298) | −258 kJ/mol[5][6] |
Gibbs free energy(ΔfG⦵) | −229.3 kJ/mol[4] |
| Hazards | |
| GHS labelling: | |
   [7] | |
| Danger | |
| H330,H341,H350,H361,H372,H410[7] | |
| P201,P260,P273,P281,P284,P310[7] | |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |
| Flash point | Non-flammable |
| Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |
LD50 (median dose) | 72 mg/kg (oral, rat)[9] 72 mg/kg (oral, mouse)[10] |
LC50 (median concentration) | 500 mg/m3 (rat, 10 min) 2500 mg/m3 (rabbit, 10 min) 3500 mg/m3 (guinea pig, 10 min) 4000 mg/m3 (dog, 10 min) 780 mg/m3 (rat, 10 min) 340 mg/m3 (mouse, 10 min) 3000 mg/m3 (rabbit, 15 min) 3000 mg/m3 (guinea pig, 15 min) 400 mg/m3 (dog, 10 min)[10] |
| NIOSH (US health exposure limits): | |
PEL (Permissible) | [1910.1027] TWA 0.005 mg/m3 (as Cd)[8] |
REL (Recommended) | Ca[8] |
IDLH (Immediate danger) | Ca [9 mg/m3 (as Cd)][8] |
| Safety data sheet (SDS) | [1] |
| Related compounds | |
Otheranions | Cadmium sulfide Cadmium selenide Cadmium telluride |
Othercations | Zinc oxide Mercury oxide |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in theirstandard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). | |
Cadmium oxide is aninorganic compound with theformulaCdO. It is one of the main precursors to other cadmium compounds. It crystallizes in a cubic rocksalt lattice likesodium chloride, withoctahedralcation andanion centers.[11] It occurs naturally as the rare mineral monteponite. Cadmium oxide can be found as a colorless amorphous powder or as brown or red crystals.[12] Cadmium oxide is ann-type semiconductor[13] with a band gap of 2.18 eV (2.31 eV) at room temperature (298 K).[14]
Since cadmium compounds are often found in association withzinc ores, cadmium oxide is a common by-product of zincrefining.[15] It is produced by burning elemental cadmium in air. Pyrolysis of other cadmium compounds, such as thenitrate or thecarbonate, also affords this oxide. When pure, it is red, but CdO is unusual in being available in many differing colours due to its tendency to formdefect structures resulting from anion vacancies.[16] Cadmium oxide is prepared commercially by oxidizing cadmium vapor in air.[17]Nanoparticles of cadmium oxide have been prepared fromcadmium sulfite throughcalcination.[18]
Cadmium oxide is used in cadmium plating baths, electrodes for storage batteries, cadmium salts, catalysts, ceramic glazes, phosphors, and nematocide.[12] Major uses for cadmium oxide are as an ingredient for electroplating baths, optoelectronic devices, and in pigments.[19]
CdO is used as a transparent conductive material,[20] which was prepared as atransparent conducting film as early as 1907 byKarl Baedeker.[21] Cadmium oxide in the form of thin films has been used in applications such as photodiodes, phototransistors, photovoltaic cells, transparent electrodes, liquid crystal displays, IR detectors, and anti reflection coatings.[22] CdO microparticles undergo bandgap excitation when exposed toUV-A light and is also selective in phenol photodegradation.[23]
Most commercial electroplating of cadmium is done by electrodeposition from cyanide baths. These cyanide baths consist of cadmium oxide andsodium cyanide in water, which likely formcadmium cyanide andsodium hydroxide. A typical formula is 32 g/L cadmium oxide and 75 g/L sodium cyanide. The cadmium concentration may vary by as much as 50%. Brighteners are usually added to the bath and the plating is done at room temperature with high-purity cadmium anodes.[24]
CdO is a basic oxide and is thus attacked by aqueous acids to give solutions of [Cd(H2O)6]2+. Upon treatment with strong alkaline solutions,[Cd(OH)
4]2−
forms.A thin coat of cadmium oxide forms on the surface of cadmium in moist air at room temperature.[12] Cadmium will oxidize at room temperatures to form CdO.[24] Cadmium vapor and steam will form CdO and hydrogen in a reversible reaction.[24]
