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Cadfan ap Iago

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King of Gwynedd from c. 616 to c. 625

Not to be confused withSaint Cadfan.

Cadfan ap Iago (c. 569 – c. 625) wasKing of Gwynedd (reigned c. 616 – c. 625). Little is known of the history of Gwynedd from this period, and information about Cadfan and his reign is minimal.^[1]

The historical person is known only from his appearance in royal genealogies, from his grant toSaint Beuno for the monastery atClynnog Fawr, and from his inscribed gravestone inSt Cadwaladr's Church, Llangadwaladr.

Cadfan was the son and successor of KingIago ap Beli and is listed in the royal genealogies of theHarleian genealogies and inGenealogies from Jesus College MS 20.^[2]^[a]^[3]^[b] Cadfan came to the throne near the time of theBattle of Chester (Welsh:Gwaith Caerlleon) in 616, in which theNorthumbrians underÆthelfrith decisively defeated the neighboringWelsh Kingdom of Powys and then massacred the monks ofBangor Is Coed. However, there is no evidence that Gwynedd had any part in the battle,^[4] so Cadfan's accession at that time appears to be no more than coincidence.

Cadfan was succeeded as king by his son,Cadwallon ap Cadfan.

Gravestone

[edit]

Cadfan's gravestone is atLlangadwaladr (English:Cadwaladr's Church) onAnglesey, a short distance from the ancientllys (English:royal court) of the kings of Gwynedd, and reputed to be their royal burial ground. The inscription refers to him assapientisimus (English:most wise), and as this term is historically used forecclesiastics, it suggests that at some point, Cadfan had resigned as king to live aconsecrated life.^[5]^[c] The inscription is the subject of a "detective story" that interprets it as containing a series of coded messages, insulting to the deceased king.^[6]

Photographic image of the tombstone atSt Cadwaladr's Church, Llangadwaladr

The Catamanus stone in Llangadwaladr church, 2018

Enhanced image:

King Cadfan's gravestone in Llangadwaladr church^[7]

Inscribedc. 634 AD,Latin:Catamanus rex sapientisimus opinatisimus omnium regum, in English:King Cadfan, the Wisest and Most Renowned of All Kings.^[8]

Saint Beuno

[edit]

Saint Beuno and the monastery atClynnog Fawr are often cited in conjunction with Cadfan. An 1828 article by P. B. Williams in theCymmrodorion cited a manuscript stating that a local prince named 'Gwytheint' gave Clynnog Fawr to God and Saint Beuno, who was then Abbot at the monastery at Clynnog, and that the donation was free from taxes and obligations forever. It goes on to say that Beuno founded a convent at Clynnog in 616 and that Cadfan was Beuno's great patron, promising him extensive lands. The promise was carried out by Cadfan's son, KingCadwallon, and that Cadwallon was given agolden sceptre worth 60 cows as a token of acknowledgment.^[9]^[d]^[10] (Life of Saint Beino) (Rees was the editor of the 1828Cymmrodorion that published P. B. Williams' account.)

There are minor variations of these accounts, sometimes with the details rearranged, such as in Rice Rees' 1836,Essay on the Welsh Saints, where he says that Cadfan (rather than his son Cadwallon) was given the golden sceptre by Beuno.^[11]

Fictionalization by and after Geoffrey of Monmouth

[edit]

The largely fictional stories of ancient Britain written byGeoffrey of Monmouth use the names of many historical personages as characters, and the use of these names is a literary convenience made in order to advance the plot of Geoffrey's stories. One of these stories uses the names of Cadfan and other contemporary people, telling of how a certain Edwin spent his exiled youth at the court of King Cadfan, growing up alongside Cadfan's son, the future King Cadwallon. There is no historical basis for this story, as is readily acknowledged in the preface of works on the subject.^[12]

Nevertheless, a "traditional" story arose blending Geoffrey's fiction with known history, implying that the future KingEdwin of Northumbria had actually spent his youth at the court of King Cadfan, growing up alongside Cadfan's son, the future King Cadwallon. In point of fact, Cadwallon and Edwin were enemies with no known youthful connections: King Edwin invaded Gwynedd and drove King Cadwallon into exile, and it would be Cadwallon, in alliance withPenda of Mercia, who would ultimately defeat and kill Edwin in 633 at theBattle of Hatfield Chase (Welsh:Gwaith Meigen). The story that they had spent an idyllic youth together may have had a romantic appeal.

What is known from history is that in 588 KingÆlla of Deira died, andÆthelfrith of Bernicia took the opportunity to invade and conquerDeira, driving Ælla's 3-year old infant son, the futureEdwin of Northumbria, into exile. Edwin would eventually ally himself withRædwald of East Anglia in 616, defeating and killing Æthelfrith and becoming one ofNorthumbria's most successful kings. Edwin's life in exile is unknown but there is no historical basis for placing him at the court of King Cadfan.^[13]

Notes

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^the pedigree is given as:... map Rotri map mermin map etthil merch cinnan map rotri map Intguaul map Catgualart map Catgollaun map Catman map Iacob map Beli map Run ..., and from there back toCunedda and his ancestors.
^Phillimore, The pedigree is given as... Cynan tintaeth6y. M. Rodri mol6yna6c. M. Idwal I6rch. M. Kadwaladyr vendigeit. M. Katwalla6n. M. Kad6ga6n. M. Iago. M. Beli. M. Run hir. M. Maelg6n g6yned ..., and from there back to Cunedda.
^In the footnote.Sapientisimus here applied to him means simply, in theLatin of the period, a "highly learned man", and presumably, therefore, an ecclesiastic. Compare the epithet ofGildas (Gildas Sapiens), implying clerical status, not natural wisdom.
^A consistent version is given inWilliam Jenkins Rees' 1853,Lives of the Cambro-British Saints

References

[edit]

^Tout, Thomas Frederick (1885–1900)."Cadvan" .Dictionary of National Biography. London:Smith, Elder & Co. p. 190.
^Phillimore 1888, pp. 169–170.
^Phillimore 1887, pp. 87.
^Lloyd 1911:181,A History of Wales, Vol. I.
^Chadwick 1959, pp. 156.
^Whispering Reeds, or, The Anglesey Catamanus Inscription Stript Bare. A detective story by Antony Charles Thomas. Oxbow Books 2002.ISBN 1 84217 085 6
^Lloyd 1911:182,A History of Wales, Vol. I.
^Lloyd 1911:182,A History of Wales, Vol. I.
^Williams 1828:236,Clynog Vawr
^Rees 1853, pp. 300.
^Rees 1836:268,Essay on the Welsh Saints
^Menzies, Louisa L. J. (1864),"The Legend of Cadwallon",Legendary Tales of the Ancient Britons, Rehearsed from the early Chronicles of Geoffrey of Monmouth, London: John Russell Smith, pp. 167–190
^Hunt, William (1899), Stephens, W. R. W.;Hunt, William (eds.),The English Church: From Its Foundation to the Norman Conquest (597–1066), vol. I, London: Macmillan and Co. (published 1901), p. 52

Sources

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Chadwick, Nora K. (1959), "The Conversion of Northumbria: A Comparison of Sources",Celt and Saxon: Studies in the Early British Border, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (published 1963), p. 138–166,ISBN 0-521-04602-5{{citation}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Davies, John (1990),A History of Wales (First ed.), London: Penguin Group (published 1993),ISBN 0-7139-9098-8
Lloyd, John Edward (1911),A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest, vol. I (2nd ed.), London: Longmans, Green, and Co. (published 1912)
Phillimore, Egerton, ed. (1887), "Pedigrees from Jesus College MS. 20",Y Cymmrodor, vol. VIII, Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, pp. 77–92
Phillimore, Egerton (1888),"The Annales Cambriae and Old Welsh Genealogies, from Harleian MS. 3859", in Phillimore, Egerton (ed.),Y Cymmrodor, vol. IX, Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, pp. 141–183
Rees, Rice (1836),An Essay on the Welsh Saints, London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longman, Rees
Rees, William Jenkins (1853),Lives of the Cambro-British Saints, Llandovery: William Rees
Rhys, John (1904),Celtic Britain (3rd ed.), London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge
Williams, P. B. (1828),"Historical Account of the Monasteries and Abbeys in Wales", in Rees, William Jenkins (ed.),Transactions of the Cymmrodorion, vol. II, London: Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, pp. 203–262, Part 4
Williams, John (1844),The Ecclesiastical Antiquities of the Cymry, London: W. J. Cleaver

Regnal titles

Preceded by

Iago ap Beli

King of Gwynedd
c. 616 – c. 625

Succeeded by

Cadwallon ap Cadfan

Legendary titles

Vacant

Interregnum

Title last held by

Keredic

King of Britain

Succeeded by

Cadwallon ap Cadfan

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‹ Thetemplate below (Rulers of medieval England) is being considered for deletion. Seetemplates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›

Rulers ofmedieval Wales

Territories/dates ^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]	Powys		Dogfeiling	Gwynedd	Dunoding	Ceredigion	Ystrad Tywi	Dyfed	Brycheiniog	Glywysing	Gwent	Ergyng
400–600	Sub-Roman Britain
	Kingdom of Powys Gwrtheyrn CatigernCadell DdyrnllwgRhuddfedel Frych Cyngen GlodryddBrochwel Ysgithrog Cynan Garwyn Selyf ap Cynan Manwgan ap Selyf		Kingdom of Gwynedd				Kingdom of Dyfed Triffyn Farfog Aergol Lawhir Vortiporius		Brycheiniog Anlach mac CormacBrychan	Glywysing Mor Solor Glywys Gwynllŵg Gwynllyw Cadoc	Kingdom of Gwent Ynyr Gwent Caradoc Vreichvras	Ergyng Peibio Clafrog Cynfyn Gwrfoddw Gwrgan Fawr
			Dogfeiling Dogfael ap Cunedda Wledig Elno ap Dogfael Glas ap Elno Elgud ap Glas ap Elno Elaeth ab Elgud Meurig ap Elaeth	House of Gwynedd Cunedda Wledig Einion Yrth ap Cunedda Cadwallon Lawhir Maelgwn Gwynedd Rhun Hir ap Maelgwn Beli ap Rhun Iago ap Beli Cadfan ap Iago Cadwallon ap Cadfan (Canu Cadwallon)Cadafael Cadwaladr	Dunoding Dunod ap Cunedda Eifion ap Dunod Dingad ab Eifion Meurig ad Dingad Eifion ap Meurig Issac ap Eifion ap Meurig Pobien Hen ap Isaac Pobddelw ap Pobien Hen Eifion ap Pobddelw Brochwel ap Eifion Eigion ap Brochwel ab Eifion Ieuanawl ab Eigion Caradog ap Ieuanawl Bleiddud ap Caradog Cuhelyn ap Bleiddud	Kingdom of Ceredigion Ceredig ap CuneddaUsai ap Ceredig Serwyl ab Usai Boddw ap Serwyl Arthfoddw ap Boddw Athrwys ab Arthfoddw Clydog ab Athrwys			Brycheiniog Anlach mac CormacBrychan		Kingdom of Gwent Ynyr Gwent Caradoc Vreichvras
600–613							Cloten Cathen ap Gwlyddein Cadwgan ap Caten Rhain ap Cadwgan			Tewdrig Meurig ap Tewdrig
613–642	Eluadd ap Glast (Eiludd Powys)
642–645	Manwgan ap Selyf Beli ab Eiludd Gwylog ap Beli Elisedd ap Gwylog Brochfael ab Elisedd Cadell ap Brochfael Cyngen ap Cadell
645–682										Athrwys ap Meurig Morgan ab Athrwys Ithel ap Morgan Meurig ab Ithel
682–740			Idwal Iwrch Rhodri Molwynog Caradog ap Meirion Cynan Dindaethwy Hywel ap Caradog
730–745						Seisyllwg Seisyll ap Clydog Arthen ap Seisyll Dyfnwallon ab Arthen Meurig ap Dyfnwallon Gwgon ap Meurig		Dyfed Tewdos (Tewdwr)Maredudd ap Tewdws Rhain ap Maredudd Owain ap Maredudd Triffyn ap Rhain Bleddri (Bledrig)Hyfaidd ap Bleddri Llywarch ap Hyfaidd Rhodri ap Hyfaidd Hywel Dda	Brycheiniog
745–825										Glywysing Rhys ab Ithel Rhodri ab Ithel Meurig ab Ithel Rhys ap Arthfael Hywel ap Rhys Owain ap Hywel	Gwent Brochfael ap Meurig Ffernfael ap Meurig Brochwel ap Meurig Arthfael ap Hywel Ithel ab Athrwys ap Ffernfael	Mercia
825–854			House of Aberffraw Merfyn Frych Rhodri Mawr
854–872	Rhodri Mawr
871–878	Rhodri Mawr					Rhodri Mawr
878–900	Powys Merfyn ap Rhodri		Gwynedd Anarawd ap Rhodri			House of Dinefwr Cadell ap Rhodri
900–909	Anarawd ap Rhodri Idwal Foel					House of Dinefwr Cadell ap Rhodri
909–913						Hywel Dda
913–916												Kingdom of England Archenfield
916–925										Owain ap Hywel
925–930	Idwal Foel									Owain ap Hywel
930–942	Idwal Foel									Glywysing Gruffydd ab Owain Cadwgan ab Owain	Gwent Morgan Hen ab Owain
942–950	Hywel Dda									Morgannwg Morgan Hen ab Owain Hywel ab Owain ap Morgan Hen Rhydderch ab Iestyn Gruffudd ap Rhydderch
950–986	Owain ap Hywel Dda		Gwynedd Ieuaf Iago ab Idwal Hywel ap Ieuaf Cadwallon ab Ieuaf			Owain ap Hywel Dda
988–999	Maredudd ab Owain
999–1022	Llywelyn ap Seisyll		Gwynedd Cynan ap Hywel Aeddan ap Blegywryd			Rhain the Irishman Cadell ab Einion
1018–1023	Llywelyn ap Seisyll
1023–1033	Rhydderch ab Iestyn		Gwynedd Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig			Rhydderch ab Iestyn Gruffudd ap Rhydderch
1033–1039	Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig Gruffudd ap Llywelyn					Rhydderch ab Iestyn Gruffudd ap Rhydderch
1045–1055	Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig Gruffudd ap Llywelyn					Gruffudd ap Rhydderch
1055–1063	Gruffudd ap Llywelyn
1063–1075	House of Mathrafal Bleddyn ap Cynfyn					Deheubarth Maredudd ab Owain ab Edwin Rhys ab Owain Rhys ap Tewdwr				Glywysing Caradog ap Gruffudd	Gwent Cadwgan ap Meurig
1075–1081	Iorwerth ap Bleddyn Cadwgan ap Bleddyn Owain ap Cadwgan Maredudd ap Bleddyn Madog ap Maredudd		Gwynedd Trahaearn ap Caradog							Morgannwg Caradog ap Gruffudd Iestyn ap Gwrgant
1081–1093			Gruffudd ap Cynan Owain Gwynedd Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd Llywelyn ab Iorwerth
1088–1116						Norman occupation
1095–1160						Deheubarth Gruffydd ap Rhys Anarawd ap Gruffydd Cadell ap Gruffydd Maredudd ap Gruffydd Rhys ap Gruffydd Gruffydd ap Rhys II Maelgwn ap Rhys Rhys Gryg			Lordship of Brecknock	Lordship of Glamorgan
1160–1216	Powys Fadog Gruffydd Maelor I Madog ap Gruffydd Maelor Gruffydd II ap Madog Madog II ap Gruffydd Gruffudd Fychan I	Powys Wenwynwyn Owain Cyfeiliog Gwenwynwyn
1216–1241		Principality of Wales Llywelyn ab Iorwerth
1241–1283		Gruffudd ap Gwenwynwyn	Dafydd ap Llywelyn Owain Goch ap Gruffudd Llywelyn ap Gruffudd Dafydd ap Gruffudd
1283–1287	(English conquest of Wales)
Rulers of medieval England
^Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional ^Bartrum, Peter Clement (1993).A Welsh Classical Dictionary: People in History and Legend Up to about A.D. 1000. National Library of Wales.ISBN 0907158730. ^biography.wales (Dictionary of Welsh Biography) ^Davies, John (1994).A History of Wales. Penguin Books.ISBN 9780140145816. ^Encyclopaedia of Wales. University of Wales Press. 2008.ISBN 978-0-7083-1953-6. ^Lloyd, John Edward (1912).A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest. Longmans, Green, and Co. ^Turvey, Roger (2010).Twenty-One Welsh Princes. Conwy: Gwasg Carreg Gwalch.ISBN 9781845272692.