Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 16 (CXCL16) is a smallcytokine belonging to the CXCchemokine family. Larger than other chemokines (with 254amino acids), CXCL16 is composed of a CXC chemokine domain, amucin-like stalk, atransmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic tail containing a potentialtyrosinephosphorylation site that may bindSH2.

^[1] These are unusual features for a chemokine, allowing CXCL16 to be expressed as a cell surface bound molecule, as well as a soluble chemokine.^[2] CXCL16 is produced bydendritic cells found in theT cell zones oflymphoid organs, and by cells found in thered pulp of thespleen.^[1] Cells that bind and migrate in response to CXCL16 include several subsets of T cells, andnatural killer T (NKT) cells.^[1]

CXCL16 interacts with the chemokine receptorCXCR6, also known as Bonzo.^[1][3] Expression of CXCL16 is induced by the inflammatory cytokinesIFN-gamma andTNF-alpha.^[2] Thegene for human CXCL16 is located onchromosome 17.^[1]

The administration of folinic acid, which forces the methylation of CXCL 16, induces high levels of methylation of the CXCL 16 gene promoter in colon, ileum and lung and causes iNKT cells accumulation in these tissues. Colonization of neonatal GF mice, but not in adult mice, with a conventional microbiota decreases hypermethylation levels of CXCL 16.^[4]

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