C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) also known asInterferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) orsmall-inducible cytokine B10 is an 8.7 kDaprotein that in humans is encoded by theCXCL10gene.[5][6] C-X-C motif chemokine 10 is a smallcytokine belonging to the CXCchemokine family.
The three-dimensional crystal structure of this chemokine has been determined under 3 different conditions to a resolution of up to 1.92 Å.[12] TheProtein Data Bank accession codes for the structures of CXCL10 are1lv9,1o7y, and1o80.
CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 have proven to be valid biomarkers for the development of heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction, suggesting an underlining pathophysiological relation between levels of these chemokines and the development of adverse cardiac remodeling.[13][14]
Baseline pre-treatment plasma levels of CXCL10 are elevated in patients chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) of genotypes 1 or 4 who do not achieve a sustained viral response (SVR) after completion of antiviral therapy.[15][16] CXCL10 in plasma is mirrored by intrahepatic CXCL10 mRNA, and both strikingly predict the first days of elimination of HCV RNA ("first phase decline") during interferon/ribavirin therapy for all HCV genotypes.[17] This also applies for patients co-infected with HIV, where pre-treatment IP-10 levels below 150 pg/mL are predictive of a favorable response, and may thus be useful in encouraging these otherwise difficult-to-treat patients to initiate therapy.[18] The pathogenLeishmaniamajor utilizes a protease, GP63, that cleaves CXCL10, implicating CXCL10 in host defense mechanisms of certain intracellular pathogens likeLeishmania.[19] Through binding to the CXCR3 receptor on CD8⁺ T lymphocytes, CXCL10 has been seen to drive their chemotaxis and infiltration through the blood-brain barrier where they have been implicated in neuroinflammation and the development of Alzheimer’s disease–related neurodegenerative features.[20]
^O'Donovan N, Galvin M, Morgan JG (1999). "Physical mapping of the CXC chemokine locus on human chromosome 4".Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics.84 (1–2):39–42.doi:10.1159/000015209.PMID10343098.S2CID8087808.
^Falconer K, Askarieh G, Weis N, Hellstrand K, Alaeus A, Lagging M (December 2010). "IP-10 predicts the first phase decline of HCV RNA and overall viral response to therapy in patients co-infected with chronic hepatitis C virus infection and HIV".Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases.42 (11–12):896–901.doi:10.3109/00365548.2010.498019.PMID20608766.S2CID28542340.
Neville LF, Mathiak G, Bagasra O (September 1997). "The immunobiology of interferon-gamma inducible protein 10 kD (IP-10): a novel, pleiotropic member of the C-X-C chemokine superfamily".Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews.8 (3):207–19.doi:10.1016/S1359-6101(97)00015-4.PMID9462486.
