| Founded | 1534; 491 years ago (1534) |
|---|---|
| Founder | King Henry VIII of England |
| Successor | Cambridge University Press and Assessment |
| Country of origin | Kingdom of England (since 1534) |
| Headquarters location | Cambridge, England |
| Distribution |
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| Key people |
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| Nonfiction topics | Humanities; social sciences; science; medicine; engineering and technology; English language teaching and learning; education; Bibles |
| Fiction genres |
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| Imprints | Cambridge University Press |
| Official website | cambridge |
Cambridge University Press was theuniversity press of theUniversity of Cambridge. Granted aletters patent byKing Henry VIII in 1534, it was the oldestuniversity press in the world. Cambridge University Press merged withCambridge Assessment to formCambridge University Press and Assessment underQueen Elizabeth II's approval in August 2021.
With a global sales presence, publishing hubs, and offices in more than 40countries, it published over 50,000 titles by authors from over 100 countries.[2] Its publications include more than 420academic journals,monographs,reference works, school and university textbooks, and English language teaching and learning publications.[3] It also published Bibles, runs a bookshop in Cambridge, sells through Amazon, and has a conference venues business in Cambridge at the Pitt Building and the Sir Geoffrey Cass Sports and Social Centre. It also served as theKing's Printer.[4]
Cambridge University Press, as part of the University of Cambridge, was a non-profit organization. Cambridge University Press joined TheAssociation of American Publishers trade organization in theHachette v. Internet Archive lawsuit which resulted in the removal of access to over 500,000 books from global readers.[5][6]
Cambridge University Press was the oldest university press in the world. It originated fromletters patent granted to theUniversity of Cambridge byHenry VIII in 1534. Cambridge was one of the twoprivileged presses (the other beingOxford University Press). Authors published by Cambridge have includedJohn Milton,William Harvey,Isaac Newton,Bertrand Russell, andStephen Hawking.[7]
University printing began in Cambridge when the first practising University Printer, Thomas Thomas, set up a printing house in 1584.[8] The first publication was a book,Two Treatises of the Lord His Holie Supper.[9][10] In 1591, the first Cambridge Bible was printed by John Legate and in 1629, Cambridge folio edition of theKing James Bible was printed by Thomas and John Buck.[9][10]
In July 1697, theDuke of Somerset made a loan of £200 to the university "towards the printing house and press" andJames Halman,Registrary of the university, lent £100 for the same purpose.[11]
A new home for the press, The Pitt Building, onTrumpington Street in the centre of Cambridge was completed in 1833, which was designed byEdward Blore. It became alisted building in 1950.[12]
In the early 1800s, the press pioneers the development ofstereotype printing, allowing successive printings from one setting.[13][9] The press began using steam-powered machine presses by the 1850s. It was in this period that the press turned down what later became theOxford English Dictionary – a proposal for which was brought to Cambridge byJames Murray before he turned to Oxford.[7]
The press journals publishing programme began in 1893 with theJournal of Physiology and then theJournal of Hygiene and Biometrika. By 1910 the press had become a well-established journal publisher with a successful list which includes its first humanities title,Modern Language Review. 1956 saw the first issue of theJournal of Fluid Mechanics.
The press has published 170+Nobel Prize winners, the first in 1895.
In 1913, theMonotype system of hot-metal mechanised typesetting was introduced at the press.
In 1949, the press opened its first international branch in New York.[8]
The press moved to its current site in Cambridge in 1963. Themid-century modern building, University Printing House, was constructed in 1961–1963. The building was designed by Beard, Bennett, Wilkins and Partners.[14]
In 1975, the press launched its English language teaching publishing business.[15]
In 1981, the press moved to a new site on Shaftsbury Road. The Edinburgh Building was purpose-built with an adjoining warehouse to accommodate the press's expansion. It was built in 1979–80 by International Design and Construction.[14] The site was demolished in 2017 to make way for the construction ofCambridge Assessment's Triangle Building.[16]
In 1989, the press acquired the long-established Bible and prayer-book publisherEyre & Spottiswoode, which gave the press the ancient and unique title of The Queen's Printer.[10]
In 1992, the press opened a bookshop at 1Trinity Street, Cambridge, which was the oldest-known bookshop site in Britain as books have been sold there since 1581.[17] In 2008 the shop expanded into 27 Market Hill where its specialist Education and English Language Teaching shop opened the following year.[citation needed] The press bookshop sells Press books as well as Cambridge souvenirs such as mugs, diaries, bags, postcards, maps.[18]
In 1993, the Cass Centre was opened to provide sports and social facilities for employees and their families.[14]
In 1999, Cambridge Dictionaries Online was launched.[15]
In 2012, the press sold its printing operation to MPG Books Group[19] and now uses third parties around the world to provide its print publications.
In 2019, the press released a new concept in scholarly publishing through Cambridge Elements where authors whose works are either too short to be printed as a book or too long to qualify as a journal article could have these published within 12 weeks.[20]
In 2021, Cambridge University Press merged withCambridge Assessment. The new organisation was calledCambridge University Press & Assessment.[21][22][23]
In 2022,Amira Bennison was elected chair of the Cambridge University Press academic committee, replacing Kenneth Armstrong.[24]
| Name | From | To |
|---|---|---|
| Thomas Thomas | 1583 | 1588 |
| John Legate | 1588 | before 1593 |
| John Porter | before 1593 | 1606 |
| Cantrell Legge | 1606 | before 1608 |
| Thomas Brooke | before 1608 | 1622 |
| Thomas Buck | 1625 | ? |
| John Buck | ? | 1630 |
| Francis Buck | 1630 | 1632 |
| Roger Daniel | 1632 | 1650 |
| John Legate | 1650 | 1655 |
| John Field | 1655 | 1669 |
| Matthew Whinn | 1669 | |
| John Hayes | 1669 | 1680 |
| John Peck | 1680 | 1682 |
| Hugh Martin | 1682 | 1683 |
| James Jackson | 1683 | 1686 |
| H Jenkes | 1693 | 1697 |
| Jonathan Pindar | 1697 | 1705 |
| Cornelius Crownfield | 1705 | 1730 |
| Mary Fenner, Thomas & John James | 1734 | 1740 |
| Joseph Bentham | 1740 | 1758 |
| John Baskerville | 1758 | 1766 |
| John Archdeacon | 1766 | 1793 |
| John Burges | 1793 | 1802 |
| John Deighton | 1802 | 1804 |
| Andrew Wilson | 1804 | 1809 |
| John Smith | 1809 | 1836 |
| John William Parker | 1836 | 1854 |
| George Seeley | 1854 | |
| Charles John Clay | 1854 | 1882 |
| John Clay | 1882 | 1886 |
| Charles Felix Clay | 1886 | 1916 |
| James Bennet Peace | 1916 | 1923 |
| Walter Lewis | 1923 | 1945 |
| Brooke Crutchley | 1945 | 1974 |
| Euan Phillips | 1974 | 1976 |
| Harris Myers | 1976 | 1982 |
| Geoffrey Cass | 1982 | 1983 |
| Philip Allin | 1983 | 1991 |
| Geoffrey Cass | 1991 | 1992 |
| Anthony K Wilson | 1992 | 1999 |
| Jeremy Mynott | 1999 | 2002 |
| Stephen Bourne | 2002 | 2012 |
| Peter Phillips | 2011 |
Cambridge University Press has stated its support for a sustainable transition toopen access.[27] It offers a range of open access publishing options under the heading of Cambridge Open, allowing authors to comply with theGold Open Access andGreen Open Access requirements of major research funders. It published Gold Open Access journals and books and works with publishing partners such as learned societies to develop Open Access for different communities. It supports Green Open Access (also called Green archiving) across its journals and monographs, allowing authors to deposit content in institutional and subject-specific repositories. It also supports sharing on commercial sharing sites through its Cambridge Core Share service.
In recent years it has entered into several Read & Publish Open Access agreements with university libraries and consortia in several countries, including a landmark agreement with the University of California.[28][29] In its 2019 Annual Report, Cambridge University Press stated that it saw such agreements "as an important stepping stone in the transition to Open Access".[30]
In 2019, the press joined with theUniversity of Cambridge's research and teaching departments to give a unified response toPlan S, which calls for all publications resulting from publicly funded research to be published in compliant open access journals or platforms from 2020. The response emphasized Cambridge's commitment to an open access goal which works effectively for all academic disciplines, was financially sustainable for institutions and high-quality peer review, and which leads to an orderly transition.[31]
The press was a member of theOpen Access Scholarly Publishers Association and the International Association of STM Publishers.
In 2023, more than 50 per cent of Cambridge University Press research articles are in open access mode.[32]
Cambridge University Press was a non-teaching department of the University of Cambridge. The press has, since 1698, been governed by the press 'Syndics' (originally known as the 'Curators'),[34] 18 senior members of the University of Cambridge who, along with other non-executive directors, bring a range of subject and business expertise.[35] The chair of the syndicate was currently ProfessorStephen Toope (Vice-Chancellor of theUniversity of Cambridge). The syndicate has delegated its powers to a Press & Assessment Board; and to an Academic Publishing Committee and an English Language Teaching & Education Publishing Committee.[36]
The Press & Assessment Board was responsible for setting overarching strategic direction.[36] The Publishing Committees provide quality assurance and formal approval of the publishing strategy.[36]
The operational responsibility of the press was delegated by the Syndics to the secretary of the syndicate and chief executive.
In 2020 the university announced its decision to merge Cambridge University Press withCambridge Assessment.[21]
Until August 2021, Cambridge University Press had three publishing groups:
From 1 August 2021 onwards, Cambridge University Press became solely the academic and bible publishing division ofCambridge University Press & Assessment. The English and education arms of the organisation merged with the equivalent departments of Cambridge Assessment to form new, merged divisions.
In 2011, Cambridge University Press adoptedSAP software. Cambridge University Press works closely with IT services firm Tech Mahindra on SAP, and with Cognizant and Wipro on other systems.[44][45]
In 2016, Cambridge Books Online and Cambridge Journals Online were replaced byCambridge Core – a single platform to access its publishing ("the home of academic content from Cambridge University Press"[46]). It provided significantly enhanced interfaces and upgraded navigation capabilities, as well as article-level and chapter-level content selection.[47] A year after Cambridge Core went live, the press launched Cambridge Core Share, functionality to allow users to generate and share links with free access to selected journal articles, an early sign of the press's commitment to open research.[48][unreliable source?]
In 2020, partnered with online libraryPerlego to offer students access to digital textbooks.[42]
In 2021, the press acquired CogBooks. The technology adapts and responds to users, "recommending course material needed to optimise learning".[49]
In 2021, the press began migrating its website ontoDrupal.[50]
In May 1940, CUP applied to the Inland Revenue for the exemption of its printing and publishing profits from taxation, equivalent to charitable status. After a November 1940 Inland Revenue hearing, CUP's application was refused "on the ground that, since the Press was printing and publishing for the outside world and not simply for the internal use of the University, the Press's trade went beyond the purpose and objects of the University and (in terms of the Act) was not exercised in the course of the actual carrying out of a primary purpose of the University".[51] In November 1975, with CUP facing financial collapse,[52] CUP's chief executive Geoffrey Cass wrote a 60-page "preliminary letter" to the Inland Revenue again seeking tax-exemption. A year later Cass's application was granted in a letter from the Inland Revenue, though the decision was not made public.[53][54] After consulting CUP, Cambridge's 'sister' press, the giantOxford University Press presented their own submission and received similar exemption. In 2003 OUP's tax exemption was publicly attacked by Joel Rickett ofThe Bookseller inThe Guardian.[55] In 2007, with the new 'public benefit' requirement of the revised Charities Act, the issue was re-examined[56] with particular reference to the OUP.[57] In 2008 CUP's and OUP's privilege was attacked by rival publishers.[58][59] In 2009The Guardian invited authorAndrew Malcolm to write an article on the subject.[60]
In 2007, from the National Archives at Kew, Malcolm obtained scans of CUP's unsuccessful applications for tax-exemption made in the 1940s and 1950s and their later successful applications in the 1970s. He then indexed and posted these on the Akmedea website.[61][62] Late in 2020, the papers held at Kew were withdrawn from public access and ruled closed for 50 years until 1 January 2029.[63] This rendered the scans on the website their only public source.
In 2021, the documents were cited in a discussion on the formation ofCambridge University Press & Assessment reported in theCambridge University Reporter. D.D.K.Chow of Trinity College, expressed concerns about the lack of academic leadership of the new body:
"For 323 years, the Press has been tightly controlled under the University's academic leadership through the Press Syndicate (formerly Curators)...However, the Council's report proposes a Press and Assessment Syndicate, without such academic leadership....The proposed change in composition of the Syndicate...is in stark contrast to the arguments used by the Press to obtain its current tax exemption. In a landmark letter to the Inland Revenue in 1975, Sir Geoffrey Cass, then Chief Executive of the Press, wrote: "The Press of Cambridge University is actually no more than a department of the University, with no independent status of its own, governed by academic senior members of the University" and that it was not "an almost semi-independent 'international publisher'....Without adequate academic leadership, it would be all too easy for commercial concerns to override academic values, removing public benefit....If the Regent House does zippo to provide leadership on the Press and Assessment Syndicate, treating Cambridge University Press and Cambridge Assessment as cash cows, there is little reason for the University to continue owning them."[64]
In 2007, controversy arose over the press's decision to destroy all remaining copies of its 2006 bookAlms for Jihad: Charity and Terrorism in the Islamic World, by Burr and Collins, as part of the settlement of a lawsuit brought by Saudi billionaireKhalid bin Mahfouz.[65] Within hours,Alms for Jihad became one of the 100 most sought after titles onAmazon.com andeBay in the United States. The press sent a letter to libraries asking them to remove copies from circulation. The press subsequently sent out copies of an "errata" sheet for the book.
TheAmerican Library Association issued a recommendation to libraries still holdingAlms for Jihad: "Given the intense interest in the book, and the desire of readers to learn about the controversy first hand, we recommend that U.S. libraries keep the book available for their users." The publisher's decision did not have the support of the book's authors and was criticized by some who claimed it was incompatible with freedom of speech and with freedom of the press and that it indicated thatEnglish defamation laws were excessively strict.[66][67] In theNew York Times Book Review (7 October 2007),United States CongressmanFrank R. Wolf described Cambridge's settlement as "basically a book burning".[68] The press pointed out that, at that time, it had already sold most of its copies of the book.
The press defended its actions, saying it had acted responsibly and that it was a global publisher with a duty to observe the laws of many different countries.[69]
In this case, originally filed in 2008, CUP et al. accusedGeorgia State University of infringement of copyright.[70] The case closed on 29 September 2020, with GSU as the prevailing party.[71]
On 18 August 2017, following an "instruction" from a Chinese import agency, Cambridge University Press used the functionality that had been built into Cambridge Core to temporarily delete politically sensitive articles fromThe China Quarterly on its Chinese website. The articles focused on topics China regards as taboo, including the 1989Tiananmen Square massacre,Mao Zedong'sCultural Revolution, the 2014 Hong Kongprotests, and ethnic tensions inXinjiang andTibet.[72][73][74][self-published source?][75] On 21 August 2017, in the face of growing international protests, Cambridge University Press announced it would immediately repost the articles to uphold the principle of academic freedom on which the university's work was founded.[76][77]
In a discussion reported in theCambridge University Reporter, D.K.K.Chow declared, "Without academic leadership on the matter, the University's basic ethical values were cast aside by commercial considerations. This instigated public debate, which would have been avoided had academic leadership been more vigilant, causing unnecessary damage to the University's reputation. The Press statement[78] explained that lack of academic leadership was to blame: 'This decision was taken as a temporary measure pending discussion with the academic leadership of the University.'"[64]
In February 2021, the forthcomingCambridge Handbook of Privatization was found to have included a chapter byJ. Mark Ramseyer in which he described Koreans murdered in theKantō Massacre of 1923 as "gangs" that "torched buildings, planted bombs, [and] poisoned water supplies". Editors Avihay Dorfman andAlon Harel acknowledged the historical distortions of the chapter, but gave Ramseyer a chance to revise. Harel described the inclusion of the original chapter as an "innocent and very regrettable" mistake on the part of the editors.[79][80]
The press undertakes community engagement in Cambridge and around the world where there are Press employees. Annually, the press selects a UK Charity of the Year, which has included local charities Centre 33 (2016 and 2017), Rowan Humberstone (2018), and Castle School (2019). In 2016, some of the press's community works included its continued support toWestchester Community College in New York, the installation of hygienic facilities in an Indonesian rural school, raising funds to rehabilitate earthquake-stricken schools inNepal, and guiding students fromColeridge Community College, Cambridge in aCV workshop. OnWorld Book Day 2016, the press held a digitalShakespeare publishing workshop for students and their teachers. Similarly, their Indian office conducted a workshop for teachers and students in 17 schools in Delhi to learn the whole process of book publishing. The press donated more than 75,000 books in 2016.[81]
An apprenticeship programme for people interested in careers in publishing was established in 2016;[82] by 2022 it had 200 active apprentices in the UK in a wide range of roles.[83][84]
The press monitors its emissions annually, has converted to energy-saving equipment, minimizes plastic use and ensures that their paper was sourced ethically.[85]
In 2019, theWorld Wildlife Fund awarded its highest score to the press of Three Trees, based on the press's timber purchasing policy, performance statement and its responsible sourcing of timber.[86] The press won theIndependent Publishers Guild Independent Publishing Awards for sustainability in 2020 and in 2021.[87][88] Its public commitments to sustainability include being a signatory of theUN Global Compact[89] and to the goals of theCambridge Zero initiative run by the University of Cambridge – to being carbon zero on all energy-related emissions by 2048.[90]
Cambridge University Press was a signatory of theSDG Publishers Compact,[91][92] and has taken steps to support the achievement of theSustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the publishing industry. These include publishing a new set of open access journals known as Cambridge Prisms, relevant to the SDGs, that includesCoastal Futures,Precision Medicine,Global Mental Health,Extinction,Plastics,Water andDrylands.[93] Cambridge also worked with theAssociation of Learned and Professional Society Publishers (ALPSP) to create the University Press Redux Sustainability Award in 2020.[94] The inaugural award was given to theOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) for its SDG Pathfinder, an open-access digital discovery tool for finding content and data relating to the SDGs.[95][96]
52°11′18″N0°07′55″E / 52.1882°N 0.1320°E /52.1882; 0.1320
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