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During the worldwideCOVID-19 pandemic, many people began to spread false or un-confirmed data and information. This included politicians and other government officials from administrations in several countries.Misinformation about thevirus includes its origin, how it spreads, and methods of preventing and curing thedisease. Some downplayed the threat of the pandemic, and made false statements about preventative measures, death rates and testing within their own countries. Some have also spreadCOVID-19 vaccinemisinformation. Changing policies also created confusion and contributed to the spread of misinformation. For example, the World Health Organization (WHO) originally discouraged use of face masks by the general public in early 2020, advising "If you are healthy, you only need to wear a mask if you are taking care of a person with suspected 2019-nCoV infection," although the WHO later changed their advice to encourage public wearing of face masks.[1][2]
Argentina
In a radio interview, Argentinian presidentAlberto Fernández recommended drinking warm drinks since "heat kills the virus". Scientific studies proved that this information is false. Fernández, in response to criticism, later said: "It's a virus that, according to all medical reports in the world, dies at 26°C. Argentina was in a climatic scenario where temperature was around 30°C so it would be hard for the virus to survive." He later added: "TheWorld Health Organization (WHO) recommends us to drink warm drinks since heat kills the virus"; however, the WHO did not recommend that at all.[3]
In August 2020, in a press conference,Buenos Aires Province governorAxel Kicillof falsely stated that Spain was in an extremely strict lockdown at that time. A few hours later, the Spanish embassy in Argentina denied it.[4]
Brazil
Jair Bolsonaro
Brazilian presidentJair Bolsonaro openly attempted to force state and municipal governments to revoke social isolation measures they had begun by launching an anti-lockdown campaign called "o Brasil não pode parar" (Brazil can't stop). It received massive backlash both from the media and from the public, and was blocked by the Supreme Court justice.[5][6]
In spite of studies showing the ineffectiveness ofchloroquine andhydroxychloroquine to treat COVID-19, the Brazilian president continued to peddle the drug in posts and live webinars on social media.[10]
Some analysts have noted that Bolsonaro's positions mimic those of former US presidentDonald Trump, who during his administration also tried to downplay the pandemic and then pressured states to abandon social distancing.[11]
Cambodian Prime MinisterHun Sen downplayed the risk of the virus and demanded the public not wearface masks during a press conference while the initial outbreak in China was ongoing.[12][13]
Cuban presidentMiguel Díaz Canel claimed on Twitter that CubanInterferon alfa-2b was being used to treat and cure COVID-19 in China, linking to an article written by state-owned newspaperGranma.[a] The Chinese embassy in Cuba also made similar claims. Several Latin American news outlets[17][18] relayed the story, which was also relayed on social media, and the claims were eventually translated to Portuguese and French.[19] In reality, the interferon was made by a Chinese company, in China, using Cuban technology, and it was under clinical trials in China as a potential cure, but it was not actively being used as such, as the claims suggested.[19]
Egypt
Twitter suspended thousands of accounts linked toEl Fagr, anEgypt-based media group "taking direction from the Egyptian government" to "amplify messaging critical of Iran, Qatar and Turkey."[20][21]
Estonia
On 27 February 2020, theEstonian Minister of the InteriorMart Helme said at a government press conference that thecommon cold had been renamed as the coronavirus and that in his youth nothing like that existed. He recommended wearing warm socks and mustard patches as well as spreading goose fat on one's chest as treatments for the virus. Helme also said the virus would pass within a few days to a week, just like the common cold.[22]
Arvind Kejriwal, theChief Minister of Delhi, said in May 2021 that there was "a new variant of coronavirus found in Singapore" which "is being said to be very dangerous for children".[39] However, there is no known Singaporean variant of COVID-19; a recent report discussing the threat of COVID-19 to Singaporean children was discussing a variant of COVID-19 first detected in India:B.1.617.[39] Many of the recent COVID-19 cases in Singapore were of B.1.617.[40] Experts such as Gavin Smith, a viral evolutionary biologist in Singapore, and Chandrakanth Lahariya, an epidemiologist in India, state that a new Singapore variant is "unlikely" as the level of cases and transmission in Singapore has not been high as of May 2021.[41]
Indonesia
Former Health MinisterTerawan Agus Putranto addressed the citizens to relax and avoid working overtime to avoid contracting the disease[42] and falsely claimed that flu had a higher mortality rate.[43] Several Indonesian civil society groups called for his dismissal.[44] In the beginning of 2020, Terawan also informed to the people that masks are only worn for sick people and healthy people are not obliged to.[45]
Iran
Iran'sSupreme Leader AyatollahAli Khamenei said the US created "a special version" of the virus that is "specifically built for Iran using the genetic data of Iranians which they have obtained through different means".[46][47]
Bahrain accused Iran of "biological aggression that is criminalised by international law" by lying about the extent of the outbreak in Iran.[48]
On 18 April 2021, the presidentAndry Rajoelina released a 17-minute documentary on national television and social networks retracing the travels of a Brazilian "phophet"[49] that came inMadagascar because that's where the cure to a future biological war will be.[50] A few days later, a herbal tonic made ofArtemisia annua called "Covid Organic" was distributed to the Madagascan public and promoted by several officials, included PresidentAndry Rajoelina, as a "miracle cure" for COVID-19. Medical experts, the country's national medical academy and the World Health Organization cautioned that there was no evidence to support the drink's efficacy against the disease.[51][52][53][54] Despite efforts from the WHO, orders of the herbal drink were sent to Niger, Equatorial Guinea, Niger and Guinea-Bissau.[54] The BBC reported in August 2020 that the President remained supportive of the tonic after it failed to stop the virus from spreading.[53]
In May 2021, the South African variant reach the island and the presidentAndry Rajoelina affirmed that no vaccine was effective against it[55] despite the scientific data available at the time saying otherwise.[56][57][58]
Malaysia
Newly appointed Health MinisterAdham Baba falsely claimed during his first television interview in the role on 19 March that drinking warm water could "flush" awaySARS-CoV-2, where it would be killed by stomach acid. The clip went viral and received widespread criticism.[59][60] His statements were refuted by Health Director-GeneralNoor Hisham Abdullah, who said "the practice of theMinistry of Health, whether for treatment or management, is based on evidence."[61] Noor Hisham later took over press briefings and leadership through thepandemic in Malaysia after Baba was sidelined by the government for his early statements.[60]
Mexico
In late March 2020, the governor of the Mexican state ofPuebla,Miguel Barbosa Huerta, caused controversy by claiming that COVID-19 affected only "wealthy people".[62] This came amid wider criticism of the federal government and PresidentAndrés Manuel López Obrador for their alleged downplayed response to the pandemic, threatening Mexicans' health and the Mexican economy.[63][64]
Myanmar
Chief Minister ofTanintharyi U Myint Mg shared a Burmese Facebook post on his account that falsely claimed that eating onions is a way to prevent spread of COVID-19, and that the Chinese government were encouraging this during their outbreak.[42]
North Korea
North Korean officials have continued to report that there are no confirmed cases in the country.[65] It was reported that doctors had been told to not discuss COVID-19 as to not damage the reputation and image ofKim Jong-un.[66]
The European Union watchdog groupEUvsDisinfo reported that Russia was pushing what they believe was false information related to theSARS-CoV-2 pandemic through "pro-Kremlin outlets".[67] On 18 March, Russian presidential spokesmanDmitry Peskov denounced the findings.[68]Mark Galeotti, aRUSI Senior Associate Fellow, questioned these claims and wrote that "it seems strange that the Kremlin itself would launch and push a disinformation campaign at the very time it is clearly launching a soft-power charm offensive on the back of the pandemic."[69]
A social media joke suggesting lions had been freed to keep people off the streets in Moscow was passed around as if it were true.[70][71]
Serbia
As the number of infections rose throughout Europe, on 26 February 2020 presidentAleksandar Vučić called a press conference where he addressed the possibility of the virus impactingSerbia. This news conference made headlines after apulmonologist, Dr. Branimir Nestorović, made joking statements about the virus, calling it "the most laughable virus in the history of mankind" and suggested that women should travel to then virus-affected Italy for shopping because "estrogen protects them". The president, who was visible in the background expressing amusement and chuckling at this during the TV broadcast, later denied any accusations of portraying the virus as such by Dr. Nestorović.[72]
In April 2020, a decree that limited access topublic information about COVID-19 was announced and a journalist was arrested for writing an article on alleged shortages ofmedical equipment and neglect of medical staff, but after public outcry and reactions from the EU,RSF, andIPI, charges were dropped and the journalist released.[73][74][75] The declared goal of the decree was to limit the spread of fake news about SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 in Serbia. On 21 April 2020, Dr. Predrag Kon, a guest on theĆirilica TV show onHappy TV, confirmed the lack of medical supplies.[76][77]
On 22 June, theBIRN (Balkan Investigative Reporting Network) released an official document from thegovernment's COVID-19 database stating that from 19 March to 1 June, there were 632 COVID-19-related deaths, compared to 244–388 more than officially reported. The database also showed there to have been more new daily cases, between 300 and 340 compared to the official 97. Throughout the pandemic, many government critics and opposition leaders have accused the government of purposely downscaling the numbers so the vote turnout would surpass the 50% percent for theparliamentary elections.[78]
During an interview onRTS 1, Vučić showed pictures of hospital beds,oxygen canisters andventilators,[79] accusing political opponents of spreadingfake news to the effect that hospitals inNovi Pazar andTutin did not have the medical equipment they needed. On 5 July, a syndicate of pharmacists and doctors accused the president of spreading untrue statements regarding the equipment and of taking credit for combating the pandemic, denying facts fromRaška oblast, and presenting a false impression of the state of the Serbian healthcare system. They state that the photographs were taken on 6 April when Vučić personally had the ventilators delivered to the region. None of those photographs show ventilators in use, or the 10 ventilators claimed.[80]
Sweden
Officials from Sweden misrepresented data from a 7 July 2020 report comparing Sweden to Finland to claim that the "closing of schools had no measurable effect on the number of cases of COVID-19 among children," neglecting that testing among Swedish children was almost non-existent when compared to Finnish children.[81] However, the Public Health Agency and the Minister of Education still cited this report as justification for not closing schools.[81]
In April 2020, scientists and physicians criticized the Swedish government for the 105 deaths per day in the country at the time, but the Public Health Agency andAnders Tegnell (the Public Health Agency epidemiologist in charge of the country's pandemic response) wrongly claimed that the actual number was 60 deaths per day in response.[81] The revised government figures later showed that the critics were right.[81]
Authorities stopped reporting case numbers in May 2020 afterPresident John Magufuli alleged that the national laboratory was returning false positives. On 4 May, PresidentJohn Magufuli suspended the head of testing at Tanzania's national health laboratory and fired its director after accusing the lab of returningfalse positive test results. Magufuli said he'd deliberately submitted biological samples from a papaya, a quail and a goat to test the laboratory's accuracy; he claimed that the lab diagnosed these samples as positive for coronavirus.[82] In June 2020, he declared that COVID-19 has been "eliminated by God" as the government stopped publishing data on the spread of the disease in the country.[83] In January 2021 the President also falsely describedvaccines as "dangerous".[84]
Turkmenistan
Reporters Without Borders reported that thegovernment of Turkmenistan had banned the word "coronavirus" and that people could be arrested for wearing masks or discussing the pandemic.[85][86] The organization later corrected their report, clarifying that the word itself was not banned, but maintaining it had been removed from informational brochures and the government was restricting information about the virus and providing "very one-sided information".[87] According toChronicles of Turkmenistan, state media did not begin reporting on the measures that had been taken until 25 March.[88] The BBC quoted an anonymous Turkmen citizen who said citizens may get into trouble for suggesting that COVID-19 had spread to Turkmenistan. The BBC article also states that the Turkmen government is working to control a possible outbreak.[89]
United Kingdom
In April 2020, theUK Statistics Authority criticisedSecretary of State of Health and Social CareMatt Hancock for claiming that the target of 100,000 tests per day had been reached, when this was only achieved through changing the method by which tests were counted.[90][91][92] In June 2020, the independent body renewed its criticism, with ChairDavid Norgrove saying "the aim seems to be to show the largest possible number of tests, even at the expense of understanding".[93][94]
The government's official response to an April 2020 investigation byThe Sunday Times, which criticised thegovernment's pandemic preparation during the early months of the pandemic and revealedBoris Johnson had not attended fiveCOBR meetings, was accused of misrepresentation by the investigation's authors, as well as the editor ofThe LancetRichard Horton and scientist Martin Hibberd which the response quoted. The journalistsGeorge Arbuthnott and Jonathon Calvert critiqued the government's response point-by-point in a follow-up article. Horton described the government's response as "Kremlinesque".[95]
Seriously people- STOP BUYING MASKS! They are NOT effective in preventing general public from catching #Coronavirus, but if healthcare providers can't get them to care for sick patients, it puts them and our communities at risk! bit.ly/37Ay6Cm
In a 27 February 2020 announcement,Nicolás Maduro warned that the COVID-19 disease might be a "biological weapon" created againstChina and the rest of the world.[102][103]
Through social media, Maduro has supported the use of herbal infusions to cure COVID-19. In March, Twitter deleted a tweet by Maduro that quoted the works of Sergio Quintero, a Venezuelan doctor that claims having found a natural antidote against the sickness, as well as argued that the virus was created by the United States as a biological weapon. TheVenezuelan Institute for Scientific Research (IVIC) rejected his publication, and bothAgence France-Presse and otherfact checking sites have described Quintero's publications as false and misleading.[104][105][106]
Maduro's administration has authorized the use ofchloroquine, a medication to treat malaria that can cause heart problems if not used properly,[107] andinterferon alfa-2b,[107] an antiviral used on a small scale in China that has been promoted by Cuba's government, labeled sometimes even as a "vaccine".[108] Chloroquine and interferon alfa-2b's efficacy against COVID-19 has not been demonstrated by international organizations.[107]
On 24 March, Maduro accusedColombia of promoting the "intentional infection" of Venezuelan migrants that returned to their country, saying they were "biological weapon" and threatening them with quarantine. Local authorities have repeated the accusations since.[109]
Notes
^Granma is owned by the ruling political party in Cuba, the Communist Party of Cuba.
^Tuomela, R (1987). "Science, Protoscience, and Pseudoscience". In Pitt JC, Marcello P (eds.).Rational Changes in Science. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science. Vol. 98. Springer. pp. 83–101.doi:10.1007/978-94-009-3779-6_4.ISBN978-94-010-8181-8.
^Baran GR, Kiana MF, Samuel SP (2014). "Science, Pseudoscience, and Not Science: How do They Differ?".Healthcare and Biomedical Technology in the 21st Century. Springer. pp. 19–57.doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8541-4_2.ISBN978-1-4614-8540-7.within the traditional medical community it is considered to be quackery
^Ladyman J (2013). "Chapter 3: Towards a Demarcation of Science from Pseudoscience". In Pigliucci M, Boudry M (eds.).Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem. University of Chicago Press. pp. 48–49.ISBN978-0-226-05196-3.Yet homeopathy is a paradigmatic example of pseudoscience. It is neither simply bad science nor science fraud, but rather profoundly departs from scientific method and theories while being described as scientific by some of its adherents (often sincerely).
^Grimes D (2012). "Proposed mechanisms for homeopathy are physically impossible".Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies.17 (3):149–55.doi:10.1111/j.2042-7166.2012.01162.x.
^Beall J (2018). Kaufman AB, Kaufman JC (eds.).Pseudoscience: The Conspiracy Against Science. MIT Press. p. 293.ISBN978-0-262-03742-6.Archived from the original on 2023-09-07. Retrieved2022-02-21.Ayurveda, a traditional Indian medicine, is the subject of more than a dozen, with some of these "scholarly" journals devoted to Ayurveda alone..., others to Ayurveda and some other pseudoscience....Most current Ayurveda research can be classified as "tooth fairy science", research that accepts as its premise something not scientifically known to exist....Ayurveda is a long-standing system of beliefs and traditions, but its claimed effects have not been scientifically proven. Most Ayurveda researchers might as well be studying the tooth fairy. The German publisher Wolters Kluwer bought the Indian open-access publisher Medknow in 2011....It acquired its entire fleet of journals, including those devoted to pseudoscience topics such asAn International Quarterly Journal of Research in Ayurveda.
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