Insoftware engineering,CI/CD orCICD is the combined practices ofcontinuous integration (CI) andcontinuous delivery (CD) or, less often,continuous deployment.^[1] They are sometimes referred to collectively as continuous development or continuous software development.^[2]

Continuous integration

Frequent merging of several small changes into amain branch.

Continuous delivery

Producing software in short cycles with high speed and frequency so that reliable software can be released at any time, with a simple and repeatable deployment process when deciding to deploy.

Continuous deployment

Automatic rollout of new software functionality.

When these three processes occur in order, they may be described as a "CI/CD pipeline".^[3]

CI/CD bridges the gaps between development and operation activities and teams by enforcing automation in building, testing and deployment of applications. CI/CD services compile the incremental code changes made by developers, then link and package them into software deliverables.^[4] Automated tests verify the software functionality, and automated deployment services deliver them to end users.^[5] The aim is to increase early defect discovery, increase productivity, and provide faster release cycles. The process contrasts with traditional methods where a collection of software updates were integrated into one large batch before deploying the newer version.

Modern-dayDevOps practices involve:

• continuous development,
• continuous testing,
• continuous integration,
• continuous deployment, and
• continuous monitoring

of software applications throughout its development life cycle. The CI/CD practice, orCI/CDpipeline, forms the backbone of modern day DevOps operations.

The following practices can enhance productivity of CI/CD pipelines, especially in systems hosted in thecloud:^[6][7][8]

• Number of Pipelines: Small teams can be more productive by having onerepository and one pipeline. In contrast, larger organizations may have separate repositories and pipelines for each team or even separate repositories and pipelines for each service within a team.
• Permissions: In the context of pipeline-related permissions, adhering to theprinciple of least privilege can be challenging due to the dynamic nature ofarchitecture. Administrators may opt for more permissive permissions while implementing compensatingsecurity controls to minimize the blast radius.

• Continuous integration (CI)
• Continuous delivery (CD)
• Continuous deployment (CD)

• El Khalyly, B.; Belangour, A.; Banane, M.; Erraissi, A. (2020). "A new metamodel approach of CI/CD applied to Internet of Things Ecosystem".2020 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Electronics, Control, Optimization and Computer Science (ICECOCS). pp. 1–6.doi:10.1109/ICECOCS50124.2020.9314485.ISBN 978-1-7281-6921-7.S2CID 231645681.
• Sane, P. (2021). "A Brief Survey of Current Software Engineering Practices in Continuous Integration and Automated Accessibility Testing".2021 Sixth International Conference on Wireless Communications, Signal Processing and Networking (WiSPNET). pp. 130–134.arXiv:2103.00097.doi:10.1109/WiSPNET51692.2021.9419464.ISBN 978-1-6654-4086-8.S2CID 232076320.

• Software development

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