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The C-212 was developed during the 1960s in response to theSpanish Air Force's need to replace much of its transport aircraft fleet; it was designed to perform numerous missions, includingair medical services,paratrooper transport, and utility roles. Three years after itsmaiden flight on 26 March 1971, an order was secured from theSpanish Air Force. Several other customers emerged, initially from the military sector; but interest from civilian airliners also led CASA to develop a dedicated civil version of the C-212. Production of the type at theSeville facility would continue for 40 years, with 485 aircraft produced there.[2]
Indonesia emerged as a key early customer for the C-212. In 1975, Indonesian aircraft companyIPTN successfully secured the rights tolicense-produce the aircraft inBandung, Indonesia. CASA assisted in the establishment of a production line there; by 2000, it had constructed 95 NC-212s. The majority of Indonesian-built aircraft were sold to domestic customers, although some exports were also recorded in theAsian market. In February 2013, it was announced thatAirbus (the successor company to CASA) had agreed on terms withPTDI (IPTN's successor) to fully transfer production of the C-212 to Indonesia. For a time, PTDI produced both the NC-212-200 and -400 upgrade. In 2014, PTDI stopped producing the -400 series to focus on the improved NC-212i model.[4]
By December 2012, there were 92 operators of the C-212 around the world.[5] These operators included numerous charter and short-haul aviation companies, as well as various national air services, which commonly used it fortransport,surveillance, andsearch and rescue.[6] The C-212 has been popular amongskydivers andsmokejumpers due to a rear ramp arrangement that is uncommon amongst its competitors. In particular, Australian airlineSkytraders has used a number of C-212s to support Australian scientific research teams acrossAntarctica and theSouthern Ocean.
During the late 1960s, theSpanish Air Force operated a number of outdated piston-engine transports, including the three-engineJunkers Ju 52 and two-engineDouglas C-47. Seeking to fulfil the service's transport modernisation needs,Spanish aircraft manufacturerConstrucciones Aeronáuticas SA (CASA) developed a proposed aircraft, designatedC-212. It was a twin-engine 18-seat transport aircraft capable of performing a variety of military roles, including passenger transport,air medical services, andparatrooper roles, while also being suitable for use by civil operators.[7] On 26 March 1971, the first prototype conducted itsmaiden flight. In 1974, the Spanish Air Force decided to purchase the C-212, which had acquired the nameAviocar, in order to update its fleet.
Several airlines expressed interest in the C-212, particularly in light of its success with military operators; CASA thus decided to pursue development of a dedicated commercial version. In July 1975, the first examples of the civilian version were delivered. In 1997, the improved -400 model was introduced, featuring aglass cockpit and more powerfulHoneywell TPE331 engines.[5] In August 2006, a total of 30 CASA-built C-212s of all variants reportedly remained in airline service with various operators around the world.[8]
In July 2010,Airbus Military CEO Domingo Urena-Raso stated that the company could no longer afford to produce the C-212 in Europe.[9][10] Production of the type at Airbus'Seville facility progressively slowed to only four aircraft in two years.[5] In December 2012, the final Spanish-assembled C-212 was delivered to its customer, theVietnam Coast Guard. By the time the line shut down, it had produced 477 aircraft for 92 operators.[5]
In 1975, Indonesian aircraft companyIPTN successfully negotiated terms with CASA to produce up to 108 C-212sunder license in Indonesia.[11] Accordingly, IPTN andNurtanio took part in the manufacture of the aircraft, with assembly taking place at IPTN's facility inBandung, Indonesia.[5] CASA provided technical assistance to set up the production line, sending a delegation of technicians to Bandung to train local personnel. The relative simplicity of the C-212's design was credited with aiding the process.[11]
Under the license terms, IPTN was permitted to sell the aircraft throughout the Asian market.[11] But the majority of Indonesian-made NC-212s were sold to domestic customers; by 1986, only six aircraft had reportedly been exported. By 2000, a total of 95 NC-212s had been produced,[11] though the type's production had become a secondary priority to other ventures such as the largerCASA/IPTN CN-235.[12] IPTN also undertook development of more advanced versions of the aircraft.[13] Between 2004 and 2008, all of thejigs and fixtures necessary to produce the NC212-400 were supplied by Airbus and installed at Bandung, enabling Indonesia to become the single-source manufacturer of this model.[5][4] The licensing agreement was extended in 2006.[14]
In July 2011, Airbus announced a strategic agreement to collaborate withPTDI (IPTN's successor) on the C-212.[9][15] Under the agreement, Airbus undertook an 18-month first phase of support to PTDI, after which it was to provide PTDI increasing high-value industrial activity, including C-212 upgrades and production transference. In February 2013, their arrangement was formally extended to transfer production of the C-212 to Indonesia.[5][16] For a time, PTDI produced both the NC-212-200 and -400 upgrade, which were equipped with new digitalavionics,autopilot, and a redesigned cabin that could accommodate up to 28 passengers.[5] In 2014, PTDI stopped producing the -400 series to focus on the improved NC-212i model.[4]
The CASA C-212 Aviocar is aturboprop-poweredSTOL-capablecargo aircraft. Its basic configuration includes a high-mounted wing, box-like fuselage, and conventional tail. The C-212 has been designed to operate in austere environments for extended periods without ground support apparatus.[17] Features such as STOL performance and ruggedlanding gear fitted with low-pressure tyres enables it to operate from unpaved fields and underhot-and-high conditions.[17] For greater simplicity, the aircraft'stricycle undercarriage is non-retractable.
The C-212 cabin has a maximum occupancy of 21 to 28 passengers. In a paratroop configuration, up to 24 paratroopers along with one jumpmaster can be accommodated on foldable sidewall seats, while in a mixed configuration, it can transport up to ten soldiers and a single vehicle.[17] Since the C-212 does not have apressurizedfuselage, it is limited to relatively low-flight-level airline use (below 10,000 ft (3,000 m) MSL), and is thus suited for short legs andregional airline services.
By 2013, 290 C-212s were reported to be flying in 40 countries; Indonesia had the most of the type, operating 70.[18] It has seen especially wide employment as a commuter airliner and a military aircraft, with operators including numerous charter and short-haul aviation companies, as well as several national air forces. The C-212 is commonly used intransport,surveillance, andsearch and rescue roles.[6]
One particularly ambitious use of the C-212 was undertaken by Australian airlineSkytraders, which has used its fleet to support Australia’s scientific research assets acrossAntarctica and theSouthern Ocean.[6] Various operators have elected to operate their aircraft out of inhospitable terrain, such asdesert andjungles.[17] The C-212's uncommon rear ramp arrangement is a unique selling point amongst competitors,[9] and it has been a popular aircraft forskydivers andsmokejumpers.[21][22]
Original military production version. Also known asC-212-5,C-212-5 series 100M, and by the Spanish Air Force as theT-12B andD-3A (formedevac aircraft), 129 built.
C-212AV
VIP transport version,T-12C.
C-212B
Six pre-production C-212As converted for photo-reconnaissance missions,TR-12A.
C-212C
Original civil version.
C-212D
Two pre-production C-212As converted for use as navigational trainers,TE-12B.
NC-212-100
Manufactured under licence in Indonesia since 1976. IPTN produced 28 NC-212-100s before switching to NC-212-200s.
Stretched version with updated engines (Honeywell TPE331-10R-511C or −512C, rated at 900shp (671 kW) each), introduced in 1979. The CASA C-212-200 is also a popular skydiving aircraft, known for its large capacity, fast climbing, and large tailgate exit ramp.
C-212 series 200M
Military version known asT-12D in the Spanish service andTp 89 for theSwedish Air Force. SpecialisedASW and maritime patrol aircraft have been built from this version.
Standard production version from 1987 on. Engines wereHoneywell TPE331-10R-513C, also rated at 900 shp (670 kW) continuous (925 shp maximum). The propellers were changed from four-bladed Hartzell composite blade propellers to four-bladed Dowty-Rotol all-metal propellers.Winglets and a larger vertical stabilizer area provided improved performance, and the addition of a nose baggage compartment gave the nose a more streamlined look than the 200 series. Various systems were incrementally upgraded, including the addition of an integrated autopilot system.
Upgraded version with 925 shp (690 kW) TPE331-12JR-701C engines, increased payload, and upgraded avionics moved from under the floor to the nose. First flew 4 April 1997, replacing 300 series in production from 1998.[23] The C-212-400 received Spanish certification in 1998. Between 2004 and 2008, production jigs and fixtures for the NC-212-400 were relocated to Bandung from San Pablo, Spain, andPTDI became the sole manufacturer of the NC-212 family. In 2014, NC-212-200 and NC-212-400 production ended and production was shifted to the improved NC-212i version.[4]
Improved version of -400 series, using twoHoneywell TPE331-12JR-701C turboprop engines, with a maximum output of 970 hp (723 kW). The rotor is the four-bladedDowty Rotol R334/4-82-F/13constant speed propeller with a 2.75 m (110-inch) diameter.[24]
On 3 November 2022,Indonesian Aerospace andMT Propeller signed the General Purchase Agreement (GPA) for the Procurement of MTV-27 Propellers for the NC-212i Aircraft.[25] MTV-27 propellers are produced by MT Propeller, Germany and have been certified byEASA.[26]
Angolan Air Force - twelve aircraft ordered in 1985; eight delivered that same year, and the remaining four in 1986.[38] Two aircraft operational as of December 2021.[39]
Royal Jordanian Air Force – four delivered 1975–1976,[27] with two attrition replacement aircraft delivered 1983–84 and a further, surveillance-configured example purchased in 1985.[54] One operational 2015.[55]
Philippine Air Force - 2 units NC212i ordered in 2014[61]delivered in 2018.[62] Both of them are operational as of December 2021.[63] Six more NC-212is were ordered by the PAF on 13 April 2023, totalling eight aircraft.[64][65]
As of September 2011, CASA C-212s have been involved in 71 hull-loss incidents with a total of 558 fatalities.[80][81]
2 January 1984
A Royal Jordanian Air Force CASA 212-A3 Aviocar 100 crashed near Al Qatrana, Jordan due to mechanical problems. All 13 people on board the plane were killed.[82]
Operated by Geoterrex ofOttawa, Canada, the aircraft crashed on approach toReykjavik, Iceland with the loss of all 3 people on board. The cause was that "the crew lost control of the aircraft, most probably because of large fluctuations in the power output of the right engine caused by the shift of an incorrectly installed speeder spring in the right propeller governor."[83]
1 December 1989
A U.S. Army C-212-200 crashed into the Patuxent River while trying to land at the Naval Air Test Center, Patuxent River, Maryland, killing all five people on board.[84]
A Spanish Air Force C-212, part of theAla 37 deployed inVicenza,Italy, was hit in the tail by anSA-7 missile, allegedly fired by Serb rebels.[86] This occurred east ofRijeka while ferryingUNPROFOR personnel fromZagreb toSplit. The tail control surfaces were damaged, the left engine failed and four passengers were injured by splinters. The crew managed to land the aircraft atRijeka Airport. Spanish technicians were able to repair the damage and had the aircraft back in service within 48 hours.[87][88][89][90]
27 August 1994
ADEA-operated aircraft (reg. N119CA) crashed into a mountain (or at the end of abox canyon) north of Puerto Pizana in theAmazonian jungle department ofSan Martín,Peru. The crash occurred while flying from Santa Lucia toPucallpa in theHuallaga River Valley region, and killed the CASA's five occupants, all DEA Special Agents. The accident reportedly took place under bad weather and low-visibility conditions during a counter-narcotics reconnaissance operation.[91][92][93] The accident precipitated the end ofOperation Snowcap, under which the ill-fated flight took place.[94]
17 June 1995
AnAngolan Air Force C-212 carrying members of a local football club crashed while on approach toCatumbela Airport, killing 48 of the 53 people aboard.[95]
27 November 2004
"Blackwater 61" Presidential Airways CASA C-212-200 (registration N960BW / serial number 231) was contracted by the U.S. Department of Defense to supply American forces deployed in remote areas of Afghanistan. The aircraft entered abox canyon and struck the 14,650-foot (4,470 m) level of Baba Mountain, which has a peak elevation of 16,739 feet (5,102 m). The flight was about 25 nmi (46 km) north of the typical route between Bagram and Farah.[96][97][98][99]
22 February 2005
AnIndonesian National Police C-212 experienced engine trouble during landing, causing it to crash into the sea. Of the 18 police officers on board, 15 were killed.
26 October 2006
Swedish Coast Guard CASA C-212-200 (registration SE-IVF / serial number KBV 585) crashed in theFalsterbo Canal during a surveillance mission, killing all four on board.[100][101] Eyewitness accounts suggested the accident was caused by the right wing somehow detaching.[102] The Swedish Accident Investigation Board's preliminary report suggested that the wing detached due to a fatigue crack which had developed in its load-bearing structure.[103]
Mexican Navy CASA 212-200 Maritime Patrol (serial number AMP-114) crashed in the sea on theCampeche coast over theGulf of Mexico during a surveillance mission. All crew members survived; the cause of the accident is still unknown.[104]
26 June 2008
Indonesian Military CASA C-212 was flying from the Jakarta to Bogor, carrying 12 military personnel and six civilians, and was due to test a digital mapping camera, but it disappeared in the Salak Mountain region, about 90 km (56 mi) south of the capital. An air force spokesman said the aircraft was assumed to have crashed.[105]
A Cameroon Aéro-Service CASA C-212 chartered bySundance Resourcescrashed in dense jungle after departing Cameroon for the Congo, killing all 11 people on board, including Australian mining magnateKen Talbot and Sundance personnel: Chairman Geoff Wedlock, Chief Executive Officer Don Lewis, company secretary John Carr-Gregg and non-executive directors John Jones and Craig Oliver. At the time of the accident, Talbot was a director of Sundance and its largest shareholder.[108][109][110]
12 February 2011
Sabang Merauke Raya Air Charter CASA C-212, PK-ZAI, carrying five crew, crashed after takeoff from Batam,Indonesia, during a test flight following engine maintenance. All five crew members were killed.[111]
1 April 2011
FUGRO Aviation Canada Limited CASA C-212, C-FDKM, carrying three crew, crashed while attempting to land atSaskatoon Airport,Saskatoon,Saskatchewan, Canada, after declaring an emergency with an engine failure. The aircraft crashed on Wanuskewin Drive in Saskatoon and hit a concrete barrier, resulting in one death and two injuries aboard.[112]
2 September 2011
AChilean Air Force CASA C-212, carrying 21 people,crashed 500 miles (800 km) from Chile's Pacific coastline in theJuan Fernández Islands, with no survivors.Felipe Camiroaga, a highly popular Chilean TV presenter, was one of the passengers, along with businessman Felipe Cubillos, who had been working on post-earthquake reconstruction efforts.[113]
29 September 2011
An Indonesian Aerospace CASA C-212 (registration PK-TLF, built in 1989) was carrying 18 people fromMedan,North Sumatra toKutacane,Aceh. Operated byNusantara Buana Air, the aircraft crashed into Gunung Kapur, a 1,600-metre-high (5,200 ft) mountain in theBukit Barisan range, near the village ofBukit Lawang,Bohorok District. There were no survivors among the 14 passengers, three crew and pilot. The accident occurred between 07:28 and 08:05 local time, approximately 58 km (36 miles) northwest ofMedan, North Sumatra.[114][115][116]
16 June 2016
AVietnam Coast Guard CASA C-212-400 fromGia Lam Airport en route to theGulf of Tonkin crashed during a search for aSu-30MK2 and its pilots downed a few days before. All nine C-212 crew members were lost.[117] The crash site was initially reported to be located 44 nautical miles (81 km) south-southwest ofBach Long Vi Island. By 18 June 2016, some debris had been found, but there was no sign of the crew. The Vietnamese Coast Guard andNavy announced that the airframe and black box had been found 15 nautical miles (28 km) southwest ofBach Long Vi, only 5 nm from the Vietnamese-Chinese border on the gulf.
9 February 2017
ABotswana Defence Force CASA C-212 crashed in the vicinity of Thebephatshwa village in the evening, minutes after leaving Thebephatshwa Air Base. All three people aboard died in the crash. The aircraft was on its way to the capital,Gaborone, 90 kilometres (56 mi) away.[118]
29 July 2022
The pilot of a CASA C-212 experienced a runway excursion on touchdown, ending up on the grass infield ofRaleigh–Durham International Airport in North Carolina after the loss of the right landing gear wheel incurred during an earlier hard landing. The crew had attempted to land at another site near Raeford after flying skydivers when it made the hard landing, then diverted to Raleigh-Durham due to its longer runway. En route to the airport, the pilot reported that the copilot had jumped from the aircraft's rear ramp at 3,500 feet (1,100 m) without a parachute. The body of the 23-year old male flight crewmember, who had taken an unregulated herbal supplement, was found in a residential area later that evening.[119][120][121][122]
Max takeoff weight: 8,000 kg (17,637 lb) military 7,700 kg (16,976 lb) standard
Fuel capacity: 2,040 L (540 US gal; 450 imp gal) / 1,600 kg (3,527 lb) internal and 1,000 L (260 US gal; 220 imp gal) auxiliary fuel tanks in the cabin or 2x 750 L (200 US gal; 160 imp gal) auxiliary fuel tanks in the cabin and/or 2x 500 L (130 US gal; 110 imp gal) underwing auxiliary fuel tanks
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