| CA-23 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| General information | |
| Type | All-weather fighter |
| National origin | Australia |
| Manufacturer | Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation |
| Status | Cancelled |
| Primary user | Royal Australian Air Force (intended) |
TheCAC CA-23 was a plannedsupersonic,twinjet, two-seat,all-weather fighter aircraft designed by theCommonwealth Aircraft Corporation of Australia.
In 1949, theRoyal Australian Air Force (RAAF) began assessing replacements for its locally-builtCommonwealth Aircraft Corporation (CAC)Mustangs andDe Havilland Australia (DHA)Vampires.[1] US and British designs were considered, including theHawker P.1081 (which had been developed with the RAAF in mind) and theGrumman F9F Panther. TheCommonwealth Aircraft Corporation (CAC), which had developed an extensive and proven in-house design capability duringWorld War II, submitted a detailed proposal for a twin-jet,all-weather fighter with a two-seat cockpit, the CA-23. On the basis of CAC's track record, the Department of Defence Production granted funds to CAC for further development of its concept.
The CAC CA-23 concept included two then-unconventional features. Firstly, itsplanform combined adelta wing with low-set horizontal stabilisers. Secondly, a distinctive, wide nose air intake for the jet engines. It was originally conceived as powered by twoRolls-Royce Tay engines; the final version was however designed for the more powerfulRolls-Royce Avon turbojet engines. The aircraft was to be fitted with the most up to date radar and electronic equipment. Its anticipated top speed was to be about Mach 1.5, which was much faster than any then-existing aircraft.[2]
Over the life of the project, many mock-up models were made at different scales, with hundreds of detailed drawings, plus wind tunnel tests proving thedelta wing was more than satisfactory. The program was described by a contemporary British visitor to CAC as "a most ambitious design for a fighter and as advanced as anything yet seen in any other part of the world."[3]
The four-year project was cancelled in 1953 after the expenditure of £163,195 with extensive aeronautical R&D testing in wind tunnels in Australia and at theRoyal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) in the UK. The testing results were so promising and ground breaking for a delta wing design that RAE requested permission to distribute the data to major UK aircraft manufacturers andAvro Canada.[4]
The decision to cancel the CAC CA-23 project was controversial at the time among the Australian political elite and aircraft industry insiders. The official reason given for the cancellation for the project was that it had failed to meet key design criteria as an all-weather jet fighter, in failing to incorporate a working radar design into the nose cone.[5] However, the change of the Federal Australian Government had brought about a significant change in policy and priorities around indigenous aircraft design and production. This new policy arose from the November 1951 British mission to Australia on developing aircraft (Aircraft Development Mission) design and cooperation.[6] Further, the appointment of a British officer, Sir James Donald Hardman, as Chief of the Air Staff for the Royal Australian Air Force on 14 January 1952, with supervision of aircraft procurement, saw a fundamental policy shift occur.[7] Hardman deemed that aircraft design costs were prohibitive and advanced aeronautical R&D design work should be centralised and resources pooled with Britain, in Britain. From this point forward the policy was to adapt proven aircraft for Australian conditions, not start from scratch. Along with this decision, a series of negative reports by the U.K. Ministry of Supply were cited about the CA-23, which contained false assumptions and data comparisons, that led to terse rebuttal letter from Sir Lawrence J Wackett to U.K. Govt.[8] However, in time, the preference for British designed aircraft was subsequently overturned by the following Australian Chief of Air StaffJohn McCauley, who once again switched back to American designed and Australian built aircraft.
The CA-23 design work was abandoned in the early 1950s by theCommonwealth Aircraft Corporation, after the government asked CAC to produce an up-engined variant of theNorth American F-86 Sabre: theCAC Sabre was also powered by the Rolls-Royce Avon. In correspondence CAC stated "It is not possible to make significant changes to the Sabre for installation Avon engine area without a team of engineers that has been extended to work on a long-range fighter aircraft".[9] The CAC Sabre used a British jet engine that required extensive redesign work beyond what had been originally expected.
The decision by the Australian Department of Defence Production to grant permission for the distribution of the detailed design drawings and wind tunnel tests of the CA-23 by the U.K. Swept Wing Advisory Committee to 15 British Aircraft manufacturers andAvro Canada has always raised questions and theories around the similarities with theEnglish Electric Lightning and especially theSukhoi Su-7. The wind tunnel tests carried out by theRoyal Aircraft Establishment on the CA-23 and the history of Soviet Agents (Wilfred Vernon and others) associated with the Royal Aircraft Establishment prior to 1953 have led to this conjecture on the similarities.[10] However, no firm conclusions have been made about the design similarities or links.
Data from Australian Military Experimental and Prototype Aircraft[11]
General characteristics
Performance
Armament