Uncharacterized protein Chromosome 16 Open Reading Frame 71 is aprotein in humans, encoded by the C16orf71gene.[1] The gene is expressed inepithelial tissue of therespiratory system,adipose tissue, and thetestes.[2] Predicted associated biological processes of the gene include regulation of thecell cycle,cell proliferation,apoptosis, andcell differentiation in those tissue types.[3] 1357 bp of the gene areantisense to spliced genesZNF500 and ANKS3, indicating the possibility of regulated alternate expression.[4]
The gene is located on the short arm ofchromosome 16 at 16p13.1.[5] Its genomic sequence begins on the plus strand at 4,734,242 bp and ends at 4,749,396 bp.[1]
Three different protein encoding transcript variants, orisoforms, have been identified for C16orf71.[7] One non-protein coding transcript variant was identified for the gene.[8]
| Name | Length (bp) | Protein (aa) | Mass (kDa) | Biotype |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uncharacterized protein C16orf71 (primary assembly)[7] | 2716 | 520 | 55.7 | Protein coding |
| Uncharacterized protein C16orf71 isoform X2[9] | 2324 | 136 | 14.6 | Protein coding |
| Uncharacterized protein C16orf71 isoform X3[10] | 2435 | 156 | 16.8 | Protein coding |
| Uncharacterized protein C16orf71 isoform X1[11] | 2562 | 537 | 57.5 | Protein coding |
| Uncharacterized protein C16orf71 Transcript-003[8] | 3705 | No protein | – | Retained intron |
The primary encoded protein consists of 520amino acid residues, 11 total exons, and is 15.14 kb long, with a molecular weight of approximately 55.68 kDa.[1] The predictedisoelectric point was reported to be 4.81, indicating it is relatively unstable.[13] The gene was reported to be well expressed, at 1.1 times the average gene level.[4]
Alanine was the most abundant amino acid, contributing to 11.54% of the molecular weight of the protein.[13]Serine was the second most abundant, contributing 10.19% to the overall molecular weight.[13] The average Alanine frequency in vertebrate proteins is approximately 7.4% and the average Serine frequency is approximately 8.1%.[14]
C16orf71 has one identifieddomain of unknown function, DUF4701, that is conserved in all mammals and some species of reptiles and birds.[1] DUF4701 spans from amino acid residue 21 to 520 in the protein.[1]
C16orf71 is predicted to undergo multiple post-translational modifications such asphosphorylation,N-glycosylation, andamidation.
Experimentation with C16orf71 has revealed interactions with four other proteins,ARHGAP1, ZNFX1,PLVAP, andMBTPS1.[15] ARHGAP1, ZNFX1, and MBTPS1 are associated with regulation insignaling andmetabolism while PLVAP is associated with the formation of smalllipid rafts in theplasma membrane of vertebrateendothelial andadipose cells.[3]
The majority of the predicted interactions involved with the protein related to regulation of mitotic processes, cellular differentiation, proliferation, metabolism, and signaling.[3] Additional related processes included the formation and differentiation ofB cells,T cells,endothelial cells,endoderm, andendocrine glands.[3]
| Interactor[3] | Function[3] |
|---|---|
| CREB1 (cAMP responsive element binding protein 1) | Induction of growth, differentiation, migration, adhesion, and cell survival in epidermal cells Mediation of growth, differentiation, survival, and migration in early developmental stages Mediation of metabolic functions, tissue repair, and regeneration in mature adult tissue |
| TYK2 (tyrosine kinase 2) | Cellular differentiation, migration, and proliferation in immune cells |
| TNIP2 (TNPAIP3 interacting protein 2) | Negative regulation of apoptosis for endothelial cells |
| OBSL1 (obscurin-like 1) | Mitotic regulation, cytoskeleton and microtubule organization and assembly |
| DUSP3 (dual specificity phosphatase 3) | Negative regulation of multiple enzymatic cascades and signaling pathways Positive regulation of the mitotic cell cycle |
| FGFRL1 (fibroblast growth factor receptor-like 1) | Fibroblast growth activity |
| GNPAT (glyceronephosphate O-acyltransferase) | Involved in multiple metabolic and biosynthesis processes for cellular lipids, ether lipids, glycerophospholipids, phosphatidic acid, and phospholipids |
| AURKA (aurora kinase A) | Regulation for G2/M transition, nuclear division, mitotic spindle organization, the centrosome cycle, cytokinesis, and spindle stabilization |
| NAMPT (nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase) | Adipose tissue development, regulation of nicotinamide metabolism, signal transduction, cell-cell signaling, and vitamin metabolism. |
C16orf71 was observed in nuclear speckles of thenucleus through experimental protocols involvingfluorescent in situ hybridization with antibodies.[2]Nuclear speckles, also known asinterchromatin granule clusters, are enriched in pre-mRNA splicing factors.[16] These highly dynamic structures are located in interchromatin regions of thenucleoplasm in mammalian cells and have been observed to cycle throughout various nuclear regions and activetranscription sites.[16]
Thesecondary structure of C16orf71 is predicted to consist primarily of coils, with small regions ofalpha helices and two segments ofbeta sheets throughout the span of the protein.[13][17]
Protein sequences of the gene's mammalian orthologs were analyzed to reveal similar results, while distant reptilian and avian ortholog sequences predicted more regions of beta sheets.[18][19]
Humanexpression for the gene has been observed primarily in respiratoryepithelial tissue, specifically thetrachea,larynx,nasopharynx, andbronchus.[2] C16orf71 is also moderately expressed inadipose tissue andtestes.[2]
DNA microarray analysis from various experiments provided information on the expression levels of C16orf71 in unique, varying conditions.
The gene appears to have higher levels of expression in the omental adipose tissue of obese subjects compared to non-obese subjects.[20]
C16orf71 was also observed to have decreased expression when there was a depletion ofHIF-1 alpha, HIF-2 beta, or both. HIF, orhypoxia-inducible factors, are responsible for the mediation ofhypoxia effects within the body.[23] In addition, HIFs promote clotting and restoration of various epithelial tissues and are vital in the development of mammalian embryos, sperm, and ova.[24]
Data from an experiment also indicated noticeably lower expression of the gene in sperm affected withteratozoospermia, a condition where sperm have abnormal morphology affecting the fertility in males, compared to normal sperm.[22]
C16orf71 was observed to be present in all stages of development, with similar levels of expression throughout.[25]
Three chemicals,bisphenol A,butyraldehyde, andpolychlorinated biphenyls, have been experimentally tested with C16orf71 for evidence of interaction.[26]
Bisphenol A is suspected to cause impairment in male reproduction.[27] An experiment utilizingseminiferous tubule culture was conducted to observe the effects on meiosis and potential germ-line abnormalities.[27] Gene expression analysis revealed decrease expression for C16orf71 when exposed to the chemical.[27]
Butyraldehyde has been observed to affect inflammatory responses in bronchial airway tissue on a genetic level.[28] Microarray analysis was used to determine levels of expression in humanalveolar epithelial cells after exposure to the compound.[28] Results indicated decreased expression for C16orf71 when exposed to the chemical.[28]
Polychlorinated biphenyl was used in an experiment to determine its effects on external male genital development.[29] Human fetalcorpora cavernosa cells were used as the model tissue.[29]Toxicogenomic analysis indicated the chemical affected all genes involved withgenitourinary development and revealed lowered expression levels for C16orf71.[29]
1357 bp of the gene areantisense to spliced genesZNF500 and ANKS3, indicating possibility of regulated alternate expression.[4] AZNF500 transcription factor binding domain was found on the minus strand within the promoter region of the gene.[30]ZNF500 is predicted to play a role in gene regulation, transcription, and cellular differentiation.[31]
The beginning of thepromoter region was predicted to be 117 bp upstream from the 5' UTR of C16orf71 and is 1371 bp long.[30] The region was analyzed for predicted transcription factors and regulatory elements. Predictedtranscription factors in the promoter region related to the regulation of thecell cycle,proliferation,apoptosis, anddifferentiation of sperm and epithelial tissue components.[3]
| Transcription factor[30] | Associated functions[30] |
|---|---|
| Ascl1 (Mammaliam achaete scute homolog 1) | B-cell differentiation, maturation, and development Negative regulation of transcription and apoptosis Positive regulation of cell cycle and cellular differentiation Response to hypoxia and epidermal growth factor Regulation of epithelial cell differentiation |
| ZNF500 (Zinc finger with KRAB and SCAN domains 3) | Cartilage development Negative regulation of gene expression and cellular senescence T-cell and stem cell differentiation Positive regulation of transcription |
| SMAD4 transcription factor involved in TGF-beta signaling | Regulation of apoptosis, T-cell and endothelial cell activation Endoderm formation and development Negative regulation of cell growth and death Response to hypoxia Thyroid gland development Tissue morphogenesis |
| Cysteine-serine-rich nuclear protein 1 | TGF-beta induced apoptosis Regulation of early development and differentiation Extracellular matrix formation |
No humanparalogs for the gene were found.[32]
Orthologs have been identified in most mammals for which complete genome data is available.[32] C16orf71 and its domain of unknown function, DUF4701, was present in mammals.[32] The most distant orthologs identified were reptilian.[32][33]
Them value, or number of corrected amino acid changes per 100 residues, for the gene C16orf71 was plotted against the divergence of species in millions of years. When compared to the data ofhemoglobin,fibrinopeptides, andcytochrome C, it was determined that the gene has the closest progression to fibrinopeptides, suggesting a relatively rapid pace ofevolution.M values for C16orf71 were derived from percentage of identity of species mRNA sequences compared to the human sequence using the formula derived from theMolecular Clock Hypothesis.