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Abypass is aroad orhighway that avoids or "bypasses" a built-up area, town, or village, to let throughtraffic flow without interference from local traffic, to reducecongestion in thebuilt-up area, to improveroad safety and as replacement for obsolete roads that are no longer in use as a result of devastatingnatural disasters (earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, volcanic eruptions). A bypass specifically designated fortrucks may be called atruck route.
If there are no strong land use controls, buildings are often built in town along a bypass, converting it into an ordinary town road, and the bypass may eventually become as congested as the local streets it was intended to avoid. Many businesses are often built there for ease of access, while homes are often avoided for noise and pollution reasons.
Bypass routes are often on new land where no road originally existed. This creates a conflict between those who support a bypass to reduce congestion in a built-up area and/or as replacement for roads that became obsolete and those who oppose the development of (often rural) undeveloped land. A city may also oppose the project, because of the potential reduction in city core.
For other reasons (e.g. natural disasters), construction of bypass routes may be started if there was a research about natural disaster green (safe) zones using space satellite-based mapping first before building them.
InOntario, examples include theDonald Cousens Parkway (formerly named the Markham Bypass from 2004 to 2006) and the Box Grove Bypass in the city ofMarkham; and inToronto a section ofHighway 401 was called the Toronto Bypass in the 1950s when the highway was built as a bypass ofHighway 2,Ontario Highway 2A which was built to bypass Highway 2 between Toronto andNewcastle, and the Caledonia Bypass, a section ofHighway 6 in Caledonia.
InNova Scotia, the section ofHighway 104 betweenThomson Station andMasstown is colloquially named theCobequid Pass; this name is for a section of road that bypasses theWentworth Valley by crossing theCobequid Mountains.
The idea of bypasses predates the use of motor vehicles. The first (northern)London bypass, the presentMarylebone Road betweenPaddington andIslington, was started in 1756.
Bypasses can take many years to gain planning approval and funding. Many towns and villages have been campaigning for bypasses for over 30 years e.g.Banwell inNorth Somerset.[2]
There was large-scale protest during construction of theNewbury bypass—officially known as the Winchester–Bicester Trunk Road (A34) (Newbury Bypass)—a 9-mile (14 km) stretch ofdual carriageway which bypasses the town ofNewbury inBerkshire,England. The protest was popularly known as theThird Battle of Newbury, a name which was also adopted by one of the main protest groups. The name was chosen in reference to theFirst Battle of Newbury of 1643 and theSecond Battle of Newbury of 1644, both of which took place close to the town during theEnglish Civil War.
In theUnited States,bypass routes are a type ofspecial route used on an alternative routing of a highway around a town when the main route of the highway goes through the town. The original designation of these routes were "truck routes" to divert through truck traffic away from the town, but the designation was changed to "bypass" in 1959 byAASHTO.[citation needed] However, many "truck" routes remain where the mainline of the highway is prohibited for trucks.
In a few cases, both a bypass and abusiness route exist, each with auxiliary signs (e.g.U.S. Route 60 inLexington, Kentucky). Bypass routes are less common than business routes. Many of those that existed before the era ofInterstate Highways have lost their old designations. For example, inMissouri, the old bypass route ofU.S. Route 71 to the east ofKansas City, Missouri wasdecommissioned asInterstate 435 supplanted it; the remainder that existed as suburban surface route becameMissouri Route 291. AroundSt. Louis, Missouri, what had beenU.S. Route 50 Bypass was absorbed into a diversion ofU.S. Route 50 fromInterstate 44 andInterstate 64.
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In theInterstate Highway System in the United States, primary routes are designated with aone- or two-digit number, while bypasses and loops are generally designated with athree-digit number beginning with an even digit. However, there are many exceptions to this convention, where routes with three-digit numbers serve the main route through town while the routes with one- or two-digit numbers serve as the bypass. A few such examples can be found in the metropolitan areas ofDes Moines, Iowa (Interstate 235 goes through downtown, whileInterstate 35 andInterstate 80 bypass downtown),Omaha, Nebraska (Interstate 480 traverses thedowntown area, whileInterstate 80 is one of the bypasses), andPittsburgh, Pennsylvania (the city is served byInterstate 279 andInterstate 376, whileInterstate 70,Interstate 76, andInterstate 79 all bypass city limits).
Another meaning of the term bypass route (usually simply called abypass) is a highway that was constructed to bypass an area that is often congested with traffic. This includes Interstate Highwaybeltways andU.S. Highways constructed to circumvent downtown areas. Examples of these areU.S. Route 60 bypassingWilliamsburg, Virginia,Interstate 285 bypassing DowntownAtlanta,U.S. Route 20/U.S. Route 31 bypassing metroSouth Bend, Indiana (on theSt. Joseph Valley Parkway), andInterstate 75 bypassingTampa andSt. Petersburg, Florida. These bypasses usually carry mainline routes rather than auxiliary "bypass" routes.
The first bypass route in the United States was completed in 1958 asAlabama State Route 210 (Ross Clark Circle) inDothan, Alabama.[citation needed]
In the United States, the termshoofly – a borrowing from railroad jargon – is also sometimes used to refer to a short temporary roadway built to bypass a construction site or other temporary obstruction.[3] The U.S.Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices uses the term "diversion".[4]
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In Brazil the widest and busiest bypasses are located in the state of São Paulo, and many of them intersect and merge around large cities to form ring-like systems. Most notably theRodoanel Mário Covas, which encircles the city of São Paulo and passes through other cities in the metropolitan area, is the largest project of such type with a planned total length of 180 km upon completion. It is divided into sections and connected to major highways and while not being a toll road itself, accesses to other motorways are often placed through toll booths.
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Hong Kong contains several bypasses. The first are theIsland Eastern Corridor, theEast Kowloon Corridor, theWest Kowloon Corridor, and theLung Cheung andChing Cheung Roads. Later ones are named directly as bypasses, such asKwun Tong Bypass,Hung Hom Bypass, and theMa On Shan Bypass. Other bypasses include the Tai Po Section of theTolo Highway, the section within the Tuen Mun New Town of theTuen Mun Road, theYuen Long Highway, and theWest Kowloon Highway. TheCentral-Wan Chai Bypass, which costs HK$28.1 billion, is a series of tunnels betweenCentral andCauseway Bay.[5]
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Malaysia also contain several bypasses such asRawang Bypass,Kajang Bypass,Bidor Bypass andKuala Terengganu Bypass.
Bypass roads (or in other cases "diversion roads") in the Philippines are common onnational highways passing through densely populated city or municipal centers (poblacion). Local governments usually promote construction of bypasses where the existing highway through the city or town center becomes heavily congested and cannot be physically expanded economically without impacting buildings or utilities. Bypass roads are usually planned to ensure the original highway alignment is downgraded to primarily local access. Control of access to properties is taken in account to avoid uncontrolled land development.
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