By-elections to the 44th Canadian Parliament

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By-elections to the 44th Canadian Parliament were held to fill vacancies in theHouse of Commons of Canada between the2021 federal election and the2025 federal election. The44th Canadian Parliament began in 2021 with the membership of its House of Commons having been determined by the results of the 44thCanadian federal election held on September 20, 2021. TheLiberal Party of Canada had aminority government during thisParliament, supported by theNew Democratic Party in a (2022 to 2024)confidence-and-supply agreement.^[1] TheConservative Party of Canada forms theOfficial Opposition.^[2]

Eleven by-elections were held during the 44th Parliament. They took place in the following electoral districts:

• Mississauga—Lakeshore, following the resignation of Liberal MPSven Spengemann to take on a role at theUnited Nations on May 27, 2022.^[3]
• Winnipeg South Centre, left vacant following the death of Liberal MPJim Carr on December 12, 2022.^[4]
• Oxford, following the resignation of Conservative MPDave MacKenzie on January 28, 2023.^[5]
• Portage—Lisgar, following the resignation of Conservative MPCandice Bergen on February 28, 2023.^[6][7]
• Notre-Dame-de-Grâce—Westmount, following the resignation of Liberal MPMarc Garneau on March 8, 2023.^[8]
• Calgary Heritage, following the resignation of Conservative MPBob Benzen on December 31, 2022, to return to the private sector.^[9]
• Durham, following Conservative MPErin O'Toole's resignation on August 1, 2023.^[10]
• Toronto—St. Paul's, following Liberal MPCarolyn Bennett's resignation on January 16, 2024.^[11]
• LaSalle—Émard—Verdun, following the resignation of Liberal MPDavid Lametti on February 1, 2024.
• Elmwood—Transcona, following the resignation of New Democratic MPDaniel Blaikie on March 31, 2024.
• Cloverdale—Langley City, following the resignation of Liberal MPJohn Aldag on May 27, 2024.

A by-election was called in the following electoral district, but was cancelled due to the2025 Canadian federal election being called:

• Halifax, following the resignation of Liberal MPAndy Fillmore on August 31, 2024.^[12] The writ of election was dropped on March 2nd and Election Day would have been April 14, 2025, but a federal election was called before then.^[13]

Under theParliament of Canada Act, no byelection is held if the vacancy occurs within 9 months of the fixed date for the next general election.^[2] The following seats became vacant in the nine-month period prior to the fixed election date of October 20, 2025 and remained vacant until Parliament was dissolved on March 23, 2025:

• Honoré-Mercier, following the resignation of Independent MPPablo Rodriguez on January 20, 2025.
• Esquimalt—Saanich—Sooke, following the resignation of New Democratic MPRandall Garrison on January 30, 2025.
• Eglinton—Lawrence, following the resignation of Liberal MPMarco Mendicino on March 14, 2025.

The riding ofMississauga—Lakeshore was vacated on May 27, 2022, following the resignation ofLiberal MPSven Spengemann to accept a position with theUnited Nations.^[3] Spengemann had represented the riding since2015, when he defeatedConservative incumbentStella Ambler.

Running for theLiberals was former MPPCharles Sousa, who representedthe area provincially from 2007 to 2018 and previously served in the provincial cabinets ofDalton McGuinty andKathleen Wynne, including asMinister of Finance from 2013 to 2018.^[19][20][21] Alex Crombie, a formerQueen's Park staffer and son ofMississauga mayorBonnie Crombie, was seen as a potential candidate prior to Sousa's nomination.^[22]

Running for theConservatives was Ron Chhinzer, a police officer.^[20] Michael Ras, who finished second to Spengemann in2021, considered running for the nomination before declining.^[19]

TheNDP nominated Julia Cole, who ran for the seat'sprovincial counterpart in theprovincial election earlier in the year, while running for theGreens was Mary Kidnew, a past president of the Hillcrest Ratepayers Association.^[20][23]

Rhinoceros Party leader Sébastien CoRhino contested the by-election.^[24] As well, the Rhinoceros Party organized a protest againstthe Trudeau government's abandonment of electoral reform in 2017 by running thirty-two^{[citation needed]} independent candidates, breaking their own record for most candidates nominated in a singleriding in Canada, previously set in the riding ofSaint Boniface—Saint Vital in the2021 Canadian federal election.^[25]

The riding ofWinnipeg South Centre was vacated on December 12, 2022, following the death ofLiberal MP and former cabinet ministerJim Carr.^[4] Carr had represented the riding since2015, when he defeatedConservative incumbentJoyce Bateman, and had been battlingmultiple myeloma andkidney failure since 2019. Carr also defeated Bateman in rematches in2019 and2021.

Running for theLiberals was Carr's sonBen Carr, an educator and former staffer toMélanie Joly.^[28][29][30] Winnipeg city councillor Sherri Rollins briefly ran for the nomination before withdrawing and throwing her support behind Carr.^[31][32]

TheConservatives nominated Damir Stipanovic, an air traffic controller and member of the Royal Canadian Air Force Reserve.^[30]

Running again after previously running in2021 wereNDP candidate Julia Riddell, a clinical psychologist, andGreen candidate Doug Hemmerling, a local educator.^[30]

TheLongest Ballot Committee chose Winnipeg South Centre as its target for this group of byelections; the group protests the first-past-the-post election method by registering large numbers of independents in one riding in an election or group of byelections.^[33]

The riding ofOxford was vacated on January 28, 2023, following the resignation ofConservative MPDave MacKenzie, who had held the seat since2004.^[5]

Arpan Khanna, the party's national outreach chair and2019 candidate inBrampton North^[35] defeatedWoodstock city-county councillor Deb Tait, MacKenzie's daughter and former ministerial staffer Rick Roth for theConservative nomination.^[36][37] Gerrit Van Dorland, executive assistant toCypress Hills—Grasslands MPJeremy Patzer was running for the nomination until he was disqualified by theConservatives over a dispute about whether he disclosed information to the party.^[38] In February 2023, MacKenzie accused the party of supporting Khanna, which he argues is a violation of the party nomination rules based on theConservative's code of conduct, during the race.^[39][40]

Running for theLiberals is local realtor, former educator, and pastWoodstock mayoral candidate David Hilderley.^[41][42] Citing concerns with the Conservative nomination process, previous MP Dave MacKenzie endorsed Hilderley in April 2023.^[41]

Western University professorCody Groat defeated Matthew Chambers, the party candidate for the riding in the 2019 and2021 elections for the NDP nomination.^[43][44]

The riding ofPortage—Lisgar was vacated on February 28, 2023, following the resignation ofConservative MPCandice Bergen.^[46][7] Bergen, a cabinet minister inthe government ofStephen Harper and the interim leader of the Conservative Party andLeader of the Opposition from February to September 2022, had held the seat since2008.

Bergen's former campaign managerBranden Leslie defeated Rejeanne Caron, the party's2019 candidate inSaint Boniface—Saint Vital and2021 candidate inElmwood—Transcona; Winkler resident Don Cruickshank,^[47]Morden-Winkler MLA and formerProgressive Conservative Party of Manitoba cabinet ministerCameron Friesen;^[48] andLawrence Toet, the MP for Elmwood—Transcona from 2011 to 2015 for theConservative nomination.^[6][49][50] Liz Reimer, a Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba staffer and former assistant to Friesen, and Josh Okello were previously running for the nomination, however after Friesen announced his campaign they withdrew their bids in order to run for theProgressive Conservative nomination in Morden-Winkler.^[51][52][53]

Maxime Bernier, who is the former MPBeauce and the current leader of thePeople's Party of Canada, announced on May 12, 2023, that he would run for the seat.^[54][55][56]

TheLiberals announced Kerry Smith as their candidate on May 13.^[57]

The riding ofNotre-Dame-de-Grâce—Westmount was vacated on March 8, 2023, following the resignation ofLiberal MPMarc Garneau.^[8] Garneau, previously theMinister of Transport andMinister of Foreign Affairs inthe government ofJustin Trudeau, had held the seat since2008.

Running for theLiberals is Anna Gainey, former president of the party and daughter of formerMontreal Canadiens General ManagerBob Gainey.^[59][60] Gainey won the Liberal nomination on May 15, 2023, defeating Fred Headon, vice president and general counsel ofAir Canada, and2021La Pointe-de-l'Île candidate Jonas Fadeu.^[61][60]

Human rights activist andGreen Party deputy leader Jonathan Pedneault was announced as the party's candidate on May 15, 2023.^[62]

The riding ofCalgary Heritage was vacated on December 31, 2022, following the October 20 announcement fromConservative MPBob Benzen that he would resign his seat by the end of the year in order to return to the private sector. Benzen had held the seat since a2017 by-election in which he was elected to replace former Prime Minister and former Conservative leaderStephen Harper.^[9][64] The by-election was called for July 24, 2023, following the conclusion of the2023 Alberta general election.^[65]

Shuvaloy Majumdar, global director for Harper's international consulting firm Harper & Associates defeated former parliamentary staffer Quinn Heffron for theConservative nomination.^[66][67][36] Elliot Weinstein was acclaimed as the candidate for theLiberal Party.^[68]

The riding ofDurham, represented by formerConservative leaderErin O'Toole, was vacated on August 1, 2023, following his resignation and retirement from politics.^[70][10] O'Toole, who led the party from 2020 to 2022 and served asMinister of Veterans Affairs inthe government ofStephen Harper, has held the seat since a2012 by-election.

Jamil Jivani, conservative commentator and former president of theCanada Strong and Free Network, won the Conservative Party nomination, defeating Theresa Corless, a former Durham Catholic School Board chair.^[71]

Robert Rock, aScugog township councillor, was acclaimed as the candidate for theLiberal Party.^[72] Rock previously sought the nomination for the Conservatives,^[73] but was not a contestant when the riding association chose its candidate.^[74]

The Rhinoceros Party announced its candidate on January 13.^[75]

On January 28, 2024, Prime Minister Trudeau announced that the by-election would be held on March 4, 2024.^[76]

The riding ofToronto—St. Paul's was vacated on January 16, 2024, following the resignation ofLiberal MPCarolyn Bennett.^[11][78] Bennett, most recently theMinister of Mental Health and Addictions andAssociate Minister of Health inthe government ofJustin Trudeau, had held the seat since1997.

Running for theLiberal nomination was Leslie Church, former chief of staff toChrystia Freeland.^[79] She later received formal approval to run for Liberal nomination in Toronto—St. Paul's in April 2024.^[80] She ran against Emma Richardson, a senior advisor withGlobal Affairs Canada's United Nations division.^[81]The Liberal nomination was held on May 1 with Church winning the nomination.^[82][83]

Other prospective candidates for the Liberal nomination who declined to run, included former Toronto city councillorJosh Colle; former Ontario MPPEric Hoskins, who representedthe area provincially from 2009 to 2018 and previously served in the provincial cabinets ofDalton McGuinty andKathleen Wynne, including asMinister of Health and Long-Term Care from 2014 to 2018; and Toronto city councillorJosh Matlow, who has representedthe area municipally since 2010; Matlow ultimately decided not to run.^[79][84][85] With his riding set to merge withScarborough Centre at the next election,Don Valley East MPMichael Coteau was seen as a potential candidate, in order to avoid a nomination battle with fellow Liberal MPSalma Zahid; Coteau ultimately declined to run.^[84][86]

The Rhinoceros Party announced that Sean Carson would be the candidate on January 13.^[75]

The Conservative Party nominated Don Stewart on January 24. He works for theCanadian Investment Regulatory Organization.^[87][88]

The NDP announced on April 17 that Amrit Parhar would be the candidate. She works as the Director of Programs at the Institute for Change Leaders, an organization that was founded by Toronto mayor,Olivia Chow.^[89]It was previously reported two days earlier byThe Hill Times that MPP forToronto—St. Paul's,Jill Andrew was considering seeking the nomination.^[90]

On May 17, the Centrist Party announced Ali Mohiuddin as their candidate.^[91]

On May 24, the Green Party announced that Christian Cullis, a constituent coordinator for Ward 11 city councillorDianne Saxe, would be their candidate.^[92] Emma Richardson, who previously lost the Liberal nomination, also sought the Green Party nomination.^[93]

On May 28, the People's Party announced that Dennis Wilson would be their candidate.^[94]

TheLongest Ballot Committee chose to target the riding,^[95] resulting in dozens of independent candidates on the ballot.

The riding ofLaSalle—Émard—Verdun was vacated on February 1, 2024, following the resignation of Liberal MPDavid Lametti.^[96] Lametti, who previously served asMinister of Justice and Attorney General inthe government ofJustin Trudeau, won the seat in2015.

On July 19, Montreal city councillor Laura Palestini was selected by the Liberals as their candidate despite others seeking the nomination^[97] such as Eddy Kara, a political strategist,^[98] Christopher Baenninger,Quebec Liberal candidate inSainte-Marie–Saint-Jacques in2022 andSaint-Henri–Sainte-Anne in2023,^[99] and Lori Morrison, Electoral Division 1 Commissioner of theLester B. Pearson School Board.^[99]

On March 28,Craig Sauvé, independent city councillor for the district of Saint-Henri—Little-Burgundy—Pointe-Saint-Charles announced that he was standing for nomination for theNew Democratic Party's candidate.^[100] He was officially nominated as the candidate on April 28.^[101]

On July 19, the Conservative Party announced that their candidate would be Louis Ialenti, a small business owner. He was previously the Conservative candidate forSaint-Léonard—Saint-Michel in 2021.^[102]

The Bloc Québécois candidate will be Louis-Philippe Sauvé, the communications and administration coordinator at the Institute for Research in Contemporary Economics.^[103]

Gregory Yablunovsky will be the PPC candidate. He was previously the party's candidate inSaint-Laurent in 2021 andLa Prairie in 2019.^[104]

On May 27, it was announced that Jency Mercier had won the nomination race for the Green Party.^[105]

Alain Paquette will be theChristian Heritage Party candidate.^[106]

On July 17, theRhinoceros Party announced that party leaderSébastien CoRhino would be the candidate.^[107]

TheLongest Ballot Committee announced LaSalle—Émard—Verdun as their next target following theToronto—St. Paul's byelection, changing the name on their X.com account to reflect this.^[108]

On August 14, the newly announced^[109]Canadian Future Party announced that its candidate would be business strategist and entrepreneur Mark Khoury.^[110]

The riding ofElmwood—Transcona was vacated on March 31, 2024, following the resignation of NDP MPDaniel Blaikie.^[112]

On May 22, Leila Dance, the executive director of the Transcona Business Improvement Zone won the NDP nomination over Leilani Esteban, the executive director of the Chalmers Neighbourhood Renewal Corporation.^[113][114]

On July 19, Conservative Party announced Colin Reynolds, a construction electrician as their candidate.^[115][116]Lawrence Toet, MP for Elmwood—Transcona, from 2011 to 2015 was considered a potential candidate for the Conservatives.^[117]

On July 25, the Liberal Party nominated Ian MacIntyre, a retired teacher andunion leader.^[118]

Russ Wyatt,Winnipeg city councillor forTranscona, 2002 to 2018, and 2022 to present was pondering a run for either the NDP or the Conservatives. He said that he liked the NDP's domestic policies, but disliked their "woke nonsense," and he aligns with the Conservatives on international views and foreign policy.^[119] Ultimately, he decided not to run.^[120]

On July 2, the Green Party announced that Nic Geddert had won the nomination race to be their candidate.^[121]

The People's Party originally chose Byron Gryba as their candidate.^[122][123] However, the party later registered Sarah Couture as the candidate.^[124]

The riding ofCloverdale—Langley City was vacated on May 31, 2024, upon the resignation of Liberal MPJohn Aldag to successfully seek theBC NDP nomination forLangley-Abbotsford in the2024 British Columbia general election.^[126]

Former MPTamara Jansen, who defeated Aldag in 2019 before losing a rematch in 2021 was the Conservative candidate.^[127] She won the nomination on October 21, 2024.^[128]

Running for the PPC was Ian Kennedy, who was the candidate for the party in 2021 and 2019.^[129]

On November 10, 2024, the writ for the by-election was issued. The by-election was scheduled to be held on December 16, 2024.^[130] Nominations closed on November 25, 2024.^[131]

The riding ofHalifax was vacated on August 31, 2024, upon the resignation of Liberal MPAndy Fillmore who ran in the2024 Halifax mayoral election.^[12]

On November 26, 2023,Lisa Roberts was nominated to represent the NDP in the next general election.^[133] She was the previous candidate for the NDP in Halifax in 2021 and is the former MLA for the provincial district ofHalifax Needham, having held office from 2016 to 2021.

On October 3, 2024, The Conservative Party nominated Mark Boudreau as their candidate. He is the Director of Communications for theGovernment of Nova Scotia.^[134] He is also the Communications Chair for theProgressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia.^[135] Also seeking the Conservative nomination was Rahul Tiwari.^[136]

Jonah Morgan was the PPC candidate.^[137] He replaced Kelsey Green, an earlier candidate who withdrew sometime before late February.

The Liberal Party announced Shannon Miedema as their candidate on March 1, 2025.^[138] She is the director of environment and climate change for Halifax Regional Municipality.^[139]

The Canadian Future Party announced Megan Harris as their candidate on March 19, 2025.^[140]

On March 2, 2025, a byelection was scheduled to he held on April 14, 2025. The by-election was cancelled on March 23, 2025 when the2025 Canadian federal election was called for April 28, 2025.

The riding ofHonoré-Mercier was vacated on January 20, 2025, upon the resignation of Liberal-turned-Independent MPPablo Rodriguez to run in the2025 Quebec Liberal Party leadership election.^[141] As the vacancy occurred within nine months of the fixed election date of October 20, 2025, the seat remained vacant until the dissolution of the 44th Parliament.^[2]

The riding ofEsquimalt—Saanich—Sooke was vacated on January 30, 2025, upon the resignation of New Democratic MPRandall Garrison.^[142] As the vacancy occurred within nine months of the fixed election date of October 20, 2025, the seat remained vacant until the dissolution of the 44th Parliament.^[2]

The riding ofEglinton—Lawrence was vacated on March 14, 2025, upon the resignation of Liberal MPMarco Mendicino. As the vacancy occurred within nine months of the fixed election date of October 20, 2025, the seat remained vacant until the dissolution of the 44th Parliament.^[2]

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• 44th Canadian Parliament

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