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Bus manufacturing, a sector of theautomotive industry,[1]manufacturesbuses andcoaches.
Bus manufacturing had its earliest origins incarriage building. Other bus manufacturers had their origins intruck manufacturing. Historically, chassis designs were shared between trucks and buses, but in later years specific bus chassis have been developed, and themidibus introduced a lighter weight bus chassis than normal trucks.
Bus manufacture historically developed as chassis andbody builds. Often, large bus operators or authorities would maintain separate stocks of bus bodies, and would routinely refurbish buses in acentral works, and refurbished chassis might receive a different body. One of the first integral type bus designs combining the body and chassis was theAEC Routemaster.
In the 1980s, manyminibuses were built by applying bus bodies tovan chassis, so calledvan-derived buses. Many of these have been replaced by purpose-built designs, although for smaller minibuses this is still an option.
In several parts of the world, the bus is still a basic chassis,front-engined, rear-wheel-drive vehicle; however, where manufacturers have sought to maximise theseating capacity within legal size constraints, the trend is now towardsrear- andmid-engined designs due to the lack of need for a transmission tunnel.
In the 1990s, bus manufacture underwent major change with the push towardlow-floor designs, for improvedaccessibility. Some smaller designs achieved this by moving thedoor behind the front wheels. On most larger buses, it was achieved with variousindependent front suspension arrangements, and kneeling technology, to allow an unobstructed path into the door and between the front wheel arches. Accordingly, these 'extreme front entrance' designs cannot feature a front-mounted-engined or mid-engined layout, and all use a rear-engined arrangement. Some designs also incorporate extendable ramps for wheelchair access.
Further accessibility is being achieved for high-floor coaches, whereby new designs are featuring built-inwheelchair lifts.
While the overwhelming majority of bus designs have been geared tointernal combustion engine propulsion, accommodation has also been made for a variety of alternative drivelines and fuels, as inelectric,fuel cell andhybrid bus technologies. Some bus designs have also incorporatedguidance technology.
There are three basic types of bus manufacturer:
Manufacturers may also be a combination of the above, offering chassis only or integral buses, or offering bodywork only as used on integral buses.
The splitting of body and chassis construction allows companies to specialise in two different fields. It also allows differing offerings of product to customers, who might prefer different chassis/body combinations. For the manufacturers, it lessens the exposure if one or the other goes out of business. Larger operators may also split orders between different body/chassis combinations for shorter delivery schedules.
Sometimes, a chassis and body builder will offer an exclusive combination of one body on one chassis, as a 'semi-integral'. This combines the expertise of the two companies, and saves the cost of making their chassis/body usable on different products.
Often builders, such asDuple Metsec will assemble products into kits, for export and local assembly at a partner site.
Large users oftransit buses, such as public transport authorities, may order special features. This practice was notable in theTransport for London bus specification, and predecessors. TheAssociation of German Transport Companies was defining aVöV-Standard-Bus concept that was followed between 1968 and 2000.
The chassis combines:
Chassis will often be built as complete units, up to the point of being drive-able around the factory, or on the public highway to a nearby bodybuilder. The chassis can be front-engined,mid-engined, orrear-engined. Most chassis will mount the radiator at the front, irrespective of engine position, for more efficient cooling.
Chassis products will often be available in different standard lengths, even produced inarticulated variants, and often be used for both bus and coach bodywork, such as theVolvo B10M. The same chassis may even be used forsingle- ordouble-decker bus bodywork. Chassis builders may also offer different options for gearbox and engine suppliers. Chassis may also be built inmultiple-axle configuration.
The bus body builder will build the body onto the chassis. This will involve major consideration of:
Bodywork is built for three general uses:
Bus bodywork is usually geared to short trips, with manytransit bus features. Coach bodywork is for longer-distance trips, with luggage racks and under-floor lockers. Other facilities may include toilets and televisions.
A dual-purpose design is usually a bus body with upgraded coach-style seating, for longer-distance travel. Some coach-body designs can also be available to a basic dual-purpose fitment.
In past double-deck designs, buses were built to alow-bridge design, due to overall height restrictions.
Bus manufacturers have to have consideration for some general issues common to body, chassis or integral builders.
In the 1990s onwards, some bus manufacturers have moved towards makingtransit bus interiors more comparable to private cars, to encouragepublic transport ridership. Other additions have seen multimedia andpassenger information systems, andCCTV systems. With these developments, bus designs have been increasing in weight, which is a concern for operators with the rising price of fuels in the 2000s (decade).[citation needed]
Specialist builders may also produce bodies forexecutive,sleeper bus,tour bus,airport bus, orschool bus uses, with special features for these uses. Builders may also adapt standard designs for these uses, and especially forparatransit use. InIsrael, due toterrorist attacks on buses, general bus builders have developedarmoured buses, and are investigating controlled boarding systems. Armoured buses are also used forprisoner transport.
Several manufacturers and operators have invested inarticulated bus designs, and evenbi-articulated buses, to increase capacity without using two decks.
The use of different body and chassis manufacturers can mean one bus can have up to four identifying badges – the chassis maker and model, and the bodywork maker and model, making non-expert recognition difficult compared to the identification of other vehicles, such as cars. Operators may also paint over, or completely remove, badges. Several bus companies have changed ownership and name many times, leading to the same bus design receiving many different name badges, most notablyTransbus International.
A further confusion can arise in the case where identical bodywork is applied to different chassis. This is sometimes truly identical, or only different in minor details. Mid-engined chassis designs are often identifiable by a mid mounted radiator and exhaust.
Radically different bus company liveries can cause problems in the application of a livery to a specific design. Many operators will apply a corporate design in the same way to any bus, leading to some odd sight lines. Some operators are more sympathetic, and tailor their liveries to the specific lines of each bus body design in use.
Often, a bus builder will embark on a rebody programme, such as theEast Lancs Greenway, where an existing chassis receives a new body to extend the usable life of the bus. Sometimes this is done by a manufacturer on a piecemeal basis, leading to odd one-off designs.
Sometimes, when a number of buses change hands, or operator requirements change, a bus builder may be required to refit them into the new owners preferred configuration. This can include adding or removing doors, or changing thedestination display equipment to or from LED, dot-matrix, or roller blind types.
Some operators will rebuild a buses bodywork after superficial crash damage, or abridge strike, again leading to odd one-off looking buses where the standard bodywork was not available. Bridge strike buses are often converted toopen top buses, or intosingle-decker bus. Older buses are often converted toshunters,tow trucks, tree-loppers, training buses, or canteens.
Often, large operators with different types of buses will settle on a standard bus design for their fleet, to produce savings in maintenance and driver training. These operators may either sell off non-standard types, or consolidate them in one operating location.
Operators are often concerned with the ease of replacement of consumable items, such as bulbs, and easily damaged parts, such as the lower panels of the body, or windows. This is to maximise the time in service for its buses, although now builders will offer whole life servicing contracts.
Operators may also make decisions on a particular bus type or components based on the particular terrain operated in. Some hillier areas may select differentpowertrain options. Areas with many low bridges may have more single-deckers than double-deckers. Operators in humid climates may select air-conditioning as standard. A particular difficulty with double-deckers is trees striking the kerb-side top front corner. Manufacturers, or operators – post delivery, may fit abull bar type arrangement to protect this part of the bodywork.
Bus manufacturers sometimes provide loans to operators in places where financial institutions are not able to said loans. These agreements usually hold the vehicles themselves as collateral.[2]
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