Inkinematics,Burmester theory comprisesgeometric techniques for synthesis oflinkages.^[1] It was introduced in the late 19th century byLudwig Burmester (1840–1927). His approach was to compute the geometric constraints of the linkage directly from the inventor's desired movement for a floating link. From this point of view afour-bar linkage is a floating link that has two points constrained to lie on two circles.

Burmester began with a set of locations, often calledposes, for the floating link, which are viewed as snapshots of the constrained movement of this floating link in the device that is to be designed. The design of acrank for the linkage now becomes finding a point in the moving floating link that when viewed in each of these specified positions has atrajectory that lies on a circle. The dimension of the crank is the distance from the point in the floating link, called the circling point, to the center of the circle it travels on, called the center point.^[2] Two cranks designed in this way form the desired four-bar linkage.

This formulation of the mathematical synthesis of a four-bar linkage and the solution to the resulting equations is known as Burmester Theory.^[3][4][5] The approach has been generalized to the synthesis of spherical and spatial mechanisms.^[6]

Burmester theory seeks points in a moving body that have trajectories that lie on a circle called circling points. The designer approximates the desired movement with a finite number of task positions; and Burmester showed that circling points exist for as many as five task positions. Finding these circling points requires solving five quadratic equations in five unknowns, which he did using techniques in descriptive geometry. Burmester's graphical constructions still appear in machine theory textbooks to this day.

Two positions: As an example consider a task defined by two positions of the coupler link, as shown in the figure. Choose two points A and B in the body, so its two positions define the segments A¹B¹ and A²B². It is easy to see that A is a circling point with a center that is on the perpendicular bisector of the segment A¹A². Similarly, B is a circling point with a center that is any point on the perpendicular bisector of B¹B². A four-bar linkage can be constructed from any point on the two perpendicular bisectors as the fixed pivots and A and B as the moving pivots. The point P is clearly special, because it is a hinge that allows pure rotational movement of A¹B¹ to A²B². It is called the relative displacement pole or alsoinstant centre of rotation.

Three positions: If the designer specifies three task positions, then points A and B in the moving body are circling points each with a unique center point. The center point for A is the center of the circle that passes through A¹, A² and A³ in the three positions. Similarly, the center point for B is the center of the circle that passes through B¹, B² and B³. Thus for three task positions, a four-bar linkage is obtained for every pair of points A and B chosen as moving pivots.

Four positions: Graphical solution to the synthesis problem becomes more interesting in the case of four task positions, because not every point in the body is a circling point. Four task positions yield six relative displacement poles, and Burmester selected four to form the opposite pole quadrilateral, which he then used to graphically generate the circling point curve (Kreispunktcurven). Burmester also showed that the circling point curve was a circularcubic curve in the moving body.

Five positions: To reach five task positions, Burmester intersects the circling point curve generated by the opposite pole quadrilateral for a set of four of the five task positions, with the circling point curve generated by the opposite pole quadrilateral for different set of four task positions. Five poses imply ten relative displacement poles, which yields four different opposite pole quadrilaterals each having its own circling point curve. Burmester shows that these curves will intersect in as many as four points, called theBurmester points, each of which will trace five points on a circle around a center point. Because two circling points define a four-bar linkage, these four points can yield as many as six four-bar linkages that guide the coupler link through the five specified task positions.

Burmester's approach to the synthesis of a four-bar linkage can be formulated mathematically by introducing coordinate transformations [T_i] = [A_i, d_i],i = 1, ..., 5, where [A] is a 2×2 rotation matrix andd is a 2×1 translation vector, that define task positions of a moving frameM specified by the designer.^[6]

The goal of the synthesis procedure is to compute the coordinatesw = (w_x, w_y) of a moving pivot attached to the moving frameM and the coordinates of a fixed pivotG = (u, v) in the fixed frameF that have the property thatw travels on a circle of radiusR aboutG. The trajectory ofw is defined by the five task positions, such that

${\displaystyle {\mathbf{W}}^i=[T_i]\mathbf{w}=[A_i]\mathbf{w}+{\mathbf{d}}_i,i=1,\dots ,5.}$

Thus, the coordinatesw andG must satisfy the five equations,

${\displaystyle ({\mathbf{W}}^i-\mathbf{G})\cdot ({\mathbf{W}}^i-\mathbf{G})=R^2,i=1,\dots ,5.}$

Eliminate the unknown radiusR by subtracting the first equation from the rest to obtain the four quadratic equations in four unknowns,

${\displaystyle ({\mathbf{W}}^i-\mathbf{G})\cdot ({\mathbf{W}}^i-\mathbf{G})-({\mathbf{W}}^1-\mathbf{G})\cdot ({\mathbf{W}}^1-\mathbf{G})=0,i=2,\dots ,5.}$

These synthesis equations can be solved numerically to obtain the coordinatesw = (w_x, w_y) andG = (u, v) that locate the fixed and moving pivots of a crank that can be used as part of a four-bar linkage. Burmester proved that there are at most four of these cranks, which can be combined to yield at most six four-bar linkages that guide the coupler through the five specified task positions.

It is useful to notice that the synthesis equations can be manipulated into the form,

${\displaystyle ({\mathbf{W}}^i-{\mathbf{W}}^1)\cdot \left(\frac{{\mathbf{W}}^i+{\mathbf{W}}^1}{2}-\mathbf{G}\right)=0,i=2,\dots ,5,}$

which is the algebraic equivalent of the condition that the fixed pivotG lies on the perpendicular bisectors of each of the four segmentsWⁱ − W¹,i = 2, ..., 5.

One of the more common applications of afour-bar linkage appears as a rod that connects twolevers, so that rotation of the first lever drives the rotation of the second lever. The levers arehinged to a ground frame and are called theinput andoutputcranks, and theconnecting rod is the called thecoupler link. Burmester's approach to the design of a four-bar linkage can be used to locate the coupler so that five specified angles of the input crank result in five specified angles of the output crank.

Letθ_i,i = 1, ..., 5 be the angular positions of the input crank, and letψ_i,i = 1, ..., 5 be the corresponding angles of the output crank. For convenience locate the fixed pivot of the input crank at the origin of the fixed frame,O = (0, 0), and let the fixed pivot of the output crank be located atC = (c_x, c_y), which is chosen by the designer. The unknowns in this synthesis problem are the coordinatesg = (g_x, g_y) of the coupler attachment to the input crank and the coordinatesw = (w_x, w_y) of the attachment to the output crank, measured in their respective reference frames.

While the coordinates ofw andg are not known their trajectories in the fixed frame are given by,

${\displaystyle {\mathbf{G}}^i=[A({\theta }_i)]\mathbf{g},{\mathbf{W}}^i=[A({\psi }_i)]\mathbf{w}+\mathbf{C},i=1,\dots ,5,}$

where [A(•)] denotes the rotation by the given angle.

The coordinates ofw andg must satisfy the five constraint equations,

${\displaystyle ({\mathbf{W}}^i-{\mathbf{G}}^i)\cdot ({\mathbf{W}}^i-{\mathbf{G}}^i)=R^2,i=1,\dots ,5.}$

Eliminate the unknown coupler lengthR by subtracting the first equation from the rest to obtain the four quadratic equations in four unknowns,

${\displaystyle ({\mathbf{W}}^i-{\mathbf{G}}^i)\cdot ({\mathbf{W}}^i-{\mathbf{G}}^i)-({\mathbf{W}}^1-{\mathbf{G}}^1)\cdot ({\mathbf{W}}^1-{\mathbf{G}}^1)=0,i=2,\dots ,5.}$

These synthesis equations can be solved numerically to obtain the coordinatesw = (w_x, w_y) andg = (g_x, g_y) that locate the coupler of the four-bar linkage.

This formulation of the input-output synthesis of a four-bar linkage is an inversion of finite-position synthesis, where the movement of the output crank relative to the input crank is specified by the designer. From this viewpoint the ground link OC is a crank that satisfies the specified finite positions of the movement of the output crank relative to the input crank, and Burmester's results show that its existence guarantees the presence of at least one coupler link. Furthermore, Burmester's results show that there may be as many as three of these coupler links that provide the desired input-output relationship.^[6]

• Ian R. Porteous (2001)Geometric Differentiation, § 3.5 Burmester Points, page 58,Cambridge University PressISBN 0-521-00264-8 .
• M. Ceccarelli and T. Koetsier, Burmester and Allievi:A Theory and Its Application for Mechanism Design at the End of the 19th Century, ASME 2006

• R. E. Kaufman provides links to videos of KINSYN which is the original interactive graphics software implementing Burmester's four position synthesis.
• The University of Minnesota Lincages software implements Burmester's four position synthesis.
• The Synthetica 3.0 software applies Burmester's approach to the synthesis of spatial linkages.
• Linkage synthesis on mechanicaldesign101.com provides a Mathematica notebook for Burmester's five position synthesis.

• Linkages (mechanical)

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