Caput Castellae, camera regia, prima voce et fide Cabeza de Castilla, cámara real, primera en voz y fidelidad ("Head of Castile, royal chamber, first in voice and fidelity")[1]
Founded in 885 by the secondCount of Castile,Diego Rodríguez Porcelos, Burgos soon became the leading city of the embryonicCounty of Castile.[5] The 11th century chieftainRodrigo Díaz de Vivar (El Cid) had connections with the city: born near Burgos, he was raised and educated there. Burgos experienced a long decline from the 17th century onwards.[6]
Burgos became the headquarters of theFrancoist proto-government (1936–1939) following the start of theSpanish Civil War. Declared in 1964 as Pole of Industrial Promotion and in 1969 as Pole of Industrial Development,[7] the city has grown since then in terms of economic activity. At the regional level, Burgos forms part of an economic axis together with the cities ofValladolid andPalencia.[8] In 2008, the internationalBurgos Airport started to service commercial flights.
There are several possible origins for the toponymy. When the city was founded, the inhabitants of the surrounding country moved into the fortified village, whoseVisigothic name of Burgos signified consolidatedwalled villages[citation needed] (Gothicbaurgs).[11] The citiesBurgas inBulgaria and numerous cities containing theGermanicburg "city" such asHamburg have a similar literal composition. The city began to be calledCaput Castellae ("Cabeza de Castilla" or "Head of Castile").[12]
Early humans occupied sites around Burgos as early as 800,000 years ago.When the Romans took possession of what is now the province of Burgos, the site had been aCeltic city. In Roman times, it belonged toHispania Citerior ("Hither Spain") and then toHispania Tarraconensis. In the 5th century, theVisigoths drove back theSuebi, then the Berbers occupied almost all ofCastile in the 8th century, though only for a very brief period, and left little if any trace of their occupation. KingAlfonso III the Great ofLeón reconquered it about the middle of the 9th century, and built several castles for the defence of Christendom, which was then extended through the reconquest of lost territory. The region came to be known as Castile (Latincastella), i.e. "(land of) castles".[12]
Burgos was founded in 884 as an outpost of thisexpanding Christian frontier,[13] when Diego Rodríguez "Porcelos", count ofCastile, governed this territory with orders to promote the increase of the Christian population; with this end in view he gathered the inhabitants of the surrounding country into one fortified village. The city began to be calledCaput Castellae ("Cabeza de Castilla" or "Head of Castile"). Thecounty (condado) of Castile, subject to theKings of León, continued to be governed by counts and was gradually extended;[12] one of these counts, Fernán González, established his independence.[14]
In the 11th century, the city became the see of theRoman Catholic Diocese of Burgos and the capital of theKingdom of Castile. Burgos was a major stop for pilgrims on theFrench Way the most popular path toSantiago de Compostela[15] and a centre of trade between theBay of Biscay and the south, which attracted an unusually large foreign merchant population, who became part of the city oligarchy and excluded other foreigners.[16] Throughout the 13th and 14th centuries, Burgos was a favourite seat of thekings of León and Castile and a favoured burial site. Theconsejo orurban commune of Burgos was firmly in the hands of an oligarchic class ofcaballeros villanos, the "peasant knights" of Burgos, who provided the monarchs with a mounted contingent: in 1255 and 1266 royal charters granted relief from taxes to those citizens of Burgos who owned horses and could arm themselves, provided that they continue to live within the city walls.[17] The merchant oligarchy succeeded the cathedral chapter as the major purchasers of land after 1250; they carried on their mercantile business in common with municipal or royal functions and sent their sons to England and Flanders to gain experience in overseas trade. A few families within thehermandades or confraternities like the Sarracín and Bonifaz succeeded in monopolising the post ofalcalde, or mayor; a special court, thealcalde del rey was first mentioned at Burgos in 1281.[18] By the reign ofAlfonso X, the exemption of the non-noble knights and religious corporations, combined with exorbitant gifts and grants to monasteries and private individuals, placed great stress on the economic well-being of the realm.[citation needed]
In the century following the conquest ofSeville (1248) from the Moors, Burgos became a testing ground for royal policies of increasing power against theconsejo, in part by encouraging the right to appeal from theconsejo to the king. In 1285,Sancho IV added a new body to theconsejo which came to dominate it: thejurado in charge of collecting taxes and overseeing public works; the king reserved the right to select its members. The city perceived that danger to its autonomy came rather from an uncontrolled aristocracy during royal minorities: Burgos joined thehermandades of cities that leagued together for mutual protection in 1295 and 1315. In the 14th century, official royal intrusion in city affairs was perceived as a palliative against outbreaks of violence by the large excluded class of smaller merchants and artisans, on whom the tax burden fell. Thealguacil was the royal official instituted to judge disagreements.[citation needed]
On 9 June 1345, sweeping aside the city government,Alfonso XI established direct royal rule of Burgos through theRegimiento of sixteen appointed men.[citation needed]
Illuminated manuscript of theTorah, Burgos, c. 1260
Historically, there was a large and thrivingJewish community in Burgos. Its first documentation dates to 974. In the 13th century, Burgos was the largest Jewish center in northern Castile. RenownedTalmudistsMeir Abulafia,Todros ben Joseph Abulafia, and poetTodros ben Judah Halevi Abulafia were born in Burgos. In the latter half of the 13th century, manykabbalists began moving to Burgos. After new restrictions were imposed on Jews, and they began to suffer from more violent acts of antisemitism, many converted to Christianity. The most well-known convert from Burgos,Paul of Burgos, was originally a Spanish Jew named Solomon Halevi. During theEdict of Expulsion in 1492, most Jews in Burgos becameconversos rather than fleeing Spain. Those who did went to Portugal.[19]
At an elevation of 865 metres (2,838 ft), the city of Burgos has awarm-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification:Csb, with somecontinental influence resulting from its distance from the sea and higher altitude. It features chilly and windy winters, due to altitude and an inland location, which always include snow and temperatures below freezing. Burgos is considered the coldest city inSpain, among cities with a population of more than 100,000 inhabitants.[20][21] Temperature ranges can be extreme and Burgos is drier than Spain's coastal regions, although there is year-round precipitation. Average annual precipitation is 546 mm (21.5 in) and the average annual relative humidity is 72%. In winter, temperatures very often (almost every day) drop below freezing, often reaching temperatures as low as −10 °C (14 °F), and snowfalls are common, while the summer months see average high temperatures of 27.5 °C (81.5 °F). The lowest recorded temperature in Burgos was −22 °C (−8 °F) on 3 January 1971. The highest recorded temperature was 39 °C (102 °F) on 13 August 1987.
River Arlanzón in spring
River Arlanzón in autumn
River Arlanzón in winter
Climate data for Burgos Airport 891 metres (2,923 ft) (1991–2020), extremes (1943-present)
As of 2024, the population of Burgos is 176,551, of whom 47.6% are male and 52.4% are female, compared to the nationwide average of 49.0% and 51.0% respectively. People under 16 years old make up 13.9% of the population, and people over 65 years old make up 24.5%, compared to the nationwide average of 14.3% and 20.4% respectively.[4]
As of 2024, the foreign-born population is 23,671, equal to 13.4% of the total population. The 5 largest foreign nationalities areColombians (3,937),Romanians (2,478),Ecuadorians (1,983),Venezuelans (1,830) andMoroccans (1,471).[4]
14th-century city gate Arco de Santa MaríaThe statue ofEl CidCathedral of Saint Mary of BurgosDetail of the façade of the 15th-century Palace of the Constables of Castile
Burgos is rich in ancient churches and convents. The three most notable are the cathedral, with its chapel of the Condestables de Castilla (Lords Constable of Castile), the monastery of Las Huelgas and theCarthusian monastery of Miraflores. Minor notable churches are San Esteban, San Gil (Sancti Aegidii), San Pedro, San Cosme y San Damián, Santiago (Sancti Jacobi), San Lorenzo and San Lesmes (Adelelmi). The Convento de la Merced, occupied by theJesuits, and the Hospital del Rey are also of historic and architectural interest.[12]
Among the other interesting architectural structures, in the walls of the city are thegateway of Santa María, erected for the first entrance of theEmperor Charles V, and the arch of Fernán González.[12]
Construction on Burgos'Gothic Cathedral began in 1221 and spanned mainly from the 13th to 15th centuries. It has been declared aUNESCO World Heritage Site. The Cathedral is the resting place forEl Cid (the famous knight from Medieval Spain's history) and his wife Doña Jimena. The west front is flanked by towers terminating in octagonal spires covered with open stonework traceries. The middle section, which serves as an entrance, has three alabaster pilasters, the intercolumnar spaces bearing panel-pictures representing the martyrdom of saints. The façade possesses ornate and fantastic surface decoration.[12]
The octagonal chapel of the Condestable, in florid, thus highly sculpted,Gothic design, has a roof finished with balustraded turrets, needle-pointed pinnacles and statues. In the lower portion, coats of arms, shields and crouching lions have been worked into the ensemble. The exterior of the sacristy is decorated with carved traceries, figures of angels and armoured knights. The elaboratetabernacle is composed of two octagonal sections inCorinthian style.[12]
TheMonasterio de las Huelgas Reales (Monastery of the Royal Retreats) on the outskirts of the city, was founded in 1180 by kingAlfonso VIII, and was begun in a pre-Gothic style, although almost every style has been introduced over many additions. The remarkable cloisters have been described as "unrivalled for beauty both of detail and design, and perhaps unsurpassed by anything in its age and style in any part of Europe" (1911Encyclopædia Britannica). One cloister has semicircular arches with delicate and varied columns; the other has an ogival style of early Gothic. The interior of the church has enormous columns supporting its magnificent vault; the entrance is modern. This convent historically benefited from extraordinary privileges granted to its abbess by kings and popes.[12]
TheCarthusian monastery, Miraflores Charterhouse (Cartuja de Miraflores) is situated about four kilometres from the historic city center. Among the treasures of the Charterhouse are the wooden statue ofSt. Bruno, the wooden choir stalls in the church and the tombs of KingJuan II and of his spouse, QueenIsabella of Portugal, constructed of marble and with theirrecumbent effigies sculpted inalabaster. Around the top frieze are statues of angels in miniature. The French soldiers in theSpanish War of Independence (1814) mutilated this work, cutting off some of the heads and carrying them away to France.[12] King Juan II's daughters by his first wife, heiresses PrincessesCatherine andEleanor ofAsturias, are also buried in the monastery.
Located on a hill 75 meters above the city, it is a medieval defensive fortress built during the time of the reconquest. Used by Castilian kings as accommodation and a place for celebrations, it later became an artillery fort and then a weapons factory. After its destruction by the French during the War of Independence in 1813, there are hardly any buildings left standing. From the Castle it is possible to see fantastic views of the city.
It summarizes the history of theprovince of Burgos. It has important objects and documents from all the ages, starting from Atapuerca, passing to the Romans and Iberians, and finishing in the contemporary period. These include the traditionalsword of El Cid.
The museum is located in the renaissances palaces, the House of Íñigo Angulo and the House of Miranda, which has a main patio that structures the museum.
Between the Main Square "Plaza Mayor" and the Promenade of the Espolón "Paseo del Espolón," on the side street, Travesía del Mercado nº3, you find the Fadrique de Basilea Book Museum "Museo del Libro Fadrique de Basilea", of the Burgos publisher, Siloé, a cosy museum that shows the history of the book from its first written form to its modern electronic form.
Often abbreviated 'UBU', the University of Burgos is a public university with about 10,000 students studying over 30 different undergraduate degrees, over 20 PhD Programmes, as well as several Official Masters and other graduate courses. It was established in 1994 when it was divided from theUniversity of Valladolid.[25]
UBU cooperates with theErasmus Project, aEuropean Union (EU) student-exchange programme, and each semester hosts students from various countries across the 15-state European Union, as well as Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Malta and associated countries in Eastern Europe.[26] Additionally, university students from various regions around the world including China, Latin and North America are able to participate in exchange programmes to study abroad at the University of Burgos. In total, the University of Burgos has education agreements with over 100 international academic institutions.[27]
Isabella I of Castile University
Isabella I of Castile University, established in 2008, is a private state-recognized university located in Burgos. It was fully accredited by the Spanish Government in 2011.
Most of the parks in the city of Burgos can be found along the river Arlanzón. Indeed, the banks of the river itself constitute a green corridor along the city. In total, there are nearly 3 square miles (1,878 acres) of parks in Burgos and one tree for every 3 inhabitants.
El Parque del Castillo (or the Castle Park) is one of the lungs of the city. The city grew from the southern foot of the hill of the castle. Gradually, some of the upper neighborhoods began disappearing. After the destruction of the castle, military installations were established there. In the 1950s, the engineer Jaquotot Mariano, who later became mayor of the city, decided to leave the hill completely bare. Besides the ruins of the castle, this park contains theBird Conservation Center, as well as play areas for children and spaces for exercise. Also, there is a terraced area with gardens and an ornamental fountain. The highlight of the park is the viewpoint from which you get a great view of the city, especially the cathedral. A metal plaque on the rail at the vista point helps to identify the most characteristic places of the city. The park contains the unique view of the city of Burgos from the viewpoint of the Castle. During special events throughout the year, visitors can see fireworks displays from that same view point. The park can be reached by car where there is parking, and on foot by climbing a series of stairs starting from the church of San Esteban.
Panoramic of Burgos; view facing south-east
Fuentes Blancas is Burgos' most visited large park extending east from the city along the river Arlanzón. It contains a network of walking and biking paths and includes camping and various outdoor recreational activities.Weir andbeach of Fuentes Blancas
El Paseo del Espolón is the tree-lined promenade that is the most emblematic of Burgos. It's situated along the banks of the river Arlanzón, and consists of a landscaped walk that goes from the theater square to the Arc de Santa Maria, passing shops and cafes.
Summer on the "Paseo del Espolón"
El Paseo de la Isla is another one of Burgos' tree-lined garden walks. It passes by the Palacio de la Isla which served as one of Franco's headquarters during theSpanish Civil War and is currently the Language Institute of Castilian and Leonese.
Parque de El Parral is located at the old "Hospital del Rey", a former hospital for pilgrims of the "Way of Saint James", now part of theUniversity of Burgos campus.
El paseo de la Quinta is located on the south bank of the Arlanzón River, on the old and new path of the Cartuja de Miraflores. In the natural area of Las Veguillas, the Municipal Nurseries and the Fuentes Blancas Park, a wooded area near the city and close to the extensive pine forests of La Cartuja. It gets its name from old property of Burgos prelates, known as Quinta del Arzobispo.
View of a 1950s-era building in theEl Crucero district1960s-era urbanisation in the working-class district of GamonalModern urbanisation developments
Burgos is one of Spain's richest cities, with a GDP above the Spain average. It is an important trade and tourist center with a sizeable manufacturing base.
Burgos is a very industrial city, with a secondary sector widely developed. The city has the biggest industrial park of north Spain, calledVillalonquéjar.
The city is the headquarters ofGrupo Antolin, designer and manufacturer of interior automotive components.
It employs the bigger percentage in the city and is represented by the public sector (production, delivery and allocation of goods and services), due to the capital status.
Spanish, also called Castilian, originated inCastile and spread throughout the Crown of Castile's possessions following thereconquista. It was eventually dispersed throughout the Spanish empire following the conquest and colonization of the Americas, and Spain after the union of theCatholic Monarchs's kingdoms being co-spoken with other languages. Of the many different variations and dialects found throughout the world, it's argued that the purest Spanish can be found in the region of Burgos due to the fact that the language first developed here in the 10th century.
The Spanish language can be traced back to the monastery of Valpuesta located 100 km (62 mi) north-east of the city of Burgos. TheValpuesta cartularies are significant in the history of the Spanish language, and their status as manuscripts containing the earliest words written in Spanish has been officially recognised.The first utterings of Spanish continued in the "Silos Glosses", recorded in the Burgos monastery of Santo Domingo de Silos.[29]
Queso de Burgos, a white cheese which is soft and unctuous (because it is made withwhey). Although originally made with sheep's milk, now cow's milk or mixtures are more common. Eachcomarca (rural district) produces a minor variation, and the major dairies produce an industrial product that is acceptable for people with sensitive digestion.
Burgos is blessed with a moderate climate and this fresh cheese was able to be conserved there without the need for curing of more than 10 days. With the improvement of aseptic industrial production processes this can be extended to about 30 days at a cool 6 °C. Its production reaches 35,000 tons annually.
Morcilla de Burgos, a pig's-blood sausage (black pudding), is a staple country food known across the Iberian peninsula. Spiced with onions and herbs its most noticeable content is rice (often mistaken for fat) which makes it one of the lightest and healthiest products of its kind. Oral tradition says that it must be "salty, smooth and piquant" (see Spanish pagesBurgos (desambiguación) [es] for details). As with the Queso de Burgos, several comarcas or towns in the province (Cardeñadijo,Sotopalacios, Aranda de Duero,Briviesca,Covarrubias,Villarcayo,Trespaderne,Miranda de Ebro...) made their own morcillas, with minor variations between them.
Even though Burgos is not on a D.O. wine is a fundamental piece in local gastronomy thanks to nearby wine cellars from Ribera de Duero, Rioja andArlanza D.O.
The city's main festival is San Pedro y San Pablo (also referred to locally as "Sampedros") celebrated on June 29. Every year, for about two weeks, the city celebrates with fireworks, concerts, sports, folklore, games for children, theater and other activities.[30]
The city is considered a first-class rail route through which one rail lines circulate, operated byRenfe:Madrid–Hendaye railway. The faster trains use the AVE line between Madrid and Valladolid.
2010 marked 150 years since the arrival of the first railway to the city; the first train was present on 25 October 1860. Madrid was joined with the French border and this was considered the main route of railway communication between Spain and Europe. Located at the halfway point, Burgos soon become an important hub of communications between the centre and the north.
Since December 2007, the city has been connected to the main provincial capitals by high-speed serviceAlvia. It also provides other services, middle and long distance, which connect with the main population centres of the country. 18 long distance trains and 12 middle distance trains circulate through the station each day, which results in around 330,000 yearly users.
The new railway station was opened on 12 December 2008 under the nameBurgos-Rosa de Lima, belonging to ADIF. It is located in the neighbourhood of Villímar, northeast of the city, and was adapted for the arrival ofAVE. Bus 25 takes travellers direct to the city centre.
In July 2022,AVE high speed trains started serving the city, connecting it to cities such asMadrid in 1 hour and 33 minutes with a stop inValladolid,[31] orBilbao in 70 minutes. Starting in January 2023, AVE will connect Burgos to Valencia in 3 hours and 30 minutes without the need to transfer in Madrid.[32]
A project to implement a tram for the city has been planned, which would run the length of the Boulevard, officially called the Avenida de Valencia. It would consist of a line of about 12 km (7 mi) long and will originate from the Burgos-Rosa de Lima railway station and end at theUniversity of Burgos. Its cost is estimated between 80 and 120 million euros.
Due to the economic crisis and real estate, the project has been postponed temporarily until further funding becomes available. In February 2010 work began on the development of the Boulevard, which reserves a lane for public transport: first buses, and eventually the tram.
The city has its own public bicycle rental system, calledBicibur. It has been designed by a local company and has more than 20 points of distribution throughout the city. A network of over 100 km (62 mi) of bicycle lanes net the city making it the 6th largest bicycle lane network in Spain and the first in kilometres per resident.
The first football team in the city,Burgos CF, was founded in 1936, reaching the top division for six seasons in the late 1970s, before disappearing due to serious economic debts in 1983. It was replaced as the main football team of the city by its reserve team, renamedReal Burgos CF, which itself ceased to compete in 1994, after three successful seasons at the top flight. A new incarnation ofBurgos CF was immediately refounded, but didn't start to compete until the 1994 season, in the sixth-tierPrimera Provincial division. The team gradually transformed into professionalism, and since 2021 it plays in the second division of the Spanish football pyramid, hosting games at theEl Plantío stadium.[33]
The city has two professional basketball teams,CB San Pablo andCB Tizona, both playing (as of 2024) in the second division of the Spanish basketball league system.
^Rilova Pérez, Isaac (1997). "Burgos durante la guerra civil española (1936-1939). El año 1936".Boletín de la Institución Fernán González (214): 126.ISSN0211-8998.
^Wright, Joseph, 1892,A Primer of the Gothic Language, glossary & section 182.
^abcdefghi One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Burgos".Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^Teofilo F. Ruiz, "The Transformation of the Castilian Municipalities: The Case of Burgos 1248–1350"Past and Present77 (November 1977, pp. 3–32), p. 5.
^It later became theKingdom of Castile, being sometimes united with Navarre and sometimes with Leon. In the reign ofSt. Ferdinand III (c. 1200–1252), Leon and Castile were united, but they continued to be called respectively the Kingdom of Leon and the Kingdom of Castile until the 19th century.
^TheCamino de Santiago passed directly through the city, where an urban section of it was called the "French Road" (Ruiz 1977:13).
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