Burayr برير Bureir Ibreir | |
|---|---|
| Etymology: "The little wilderness"[1] | |
.jpg) 1870s map.jpg) 1940s map.jpg) modern map.jpg) 1940s with modern overlay mapA series of historical maps of the area around Burayr (click the buttons) | |
  Burayr Location withinMandatory Palestine | |
| Coordinates:31°34′14″N34°38′29″E / 31.57056°N 34.64139°E /31.57056; 34.64139 | |
| Palestine grid | 116/108 |
| Geopolitical entity | Mandatory Palestine |
| Subdistrict | Gaza |
| Date of depopulation | May 12, 1948[4] |
| Area | |
• Total | 46.1 km2 (17.8 sq mi) |
| Population (1945) | |
• Total | 2,740[2][3] |
| Cause(s) of depopulation | Military assault byYishuv forces |
| Current Localities | Bror Hayil,[5][6]Tlamim,[6]Zohar,[6]Sde David,[6]Heletz[6] |
Burayr (Arabic:برير) was aPalestinian Arab village in theGaza Subdistrict, 18 kilometers (11 mi) northeast ofGaza City. Its population in 1945 was 2,740 and it was depopulated during the1948 Palestine war as part of the1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight. It had an average elevation of 100 meters (330 ft).
In 2013, an archaeological survey was conducted on the site by Hardin W. James, Rachel Hallote, and Benjamin Adam Saidel, on behalf ofMississippi State University.[7] On the basis of Philistine pottery from the 10th or 9th centuries BCE found in excavations of thetell, archaeologist Jeffrey Blakely of University of Wisconsin-Madison believes that Burayr may be the site of aPhilistine village contemporary with the nearby Judaean hill forts.[8]
It has been suggested that the name Burayr reflects that of a Jewish town,Bror Hayil, mentioned in theTalmud as where rabbiYohanan ben Zakkai lived in the Ist century CE and officiated over therabbinic court.[9][10][11] The present ruins lie some 400 m northeast of the eponymous kibbutzBror Hayil.[12]
InByzantine sources it was namedBuriron,[13] and ceramics from the Byzantine era have been found here.[11]
The village's current name dates from theArab conquest of Palestine in the 7th century.[14]
In the ruins of the village was discoveredFatimid inscriptions dating from the 10th centuries.[14]
DuringMamluk rule, it was positioned on a main highway leading fromGaza toBayt Jibrin, branching off theVia Maris atBeit Hanoun.[14] Burayr had its own independent source for water, making it a desired rest place for travelers. In 1472–1473 CE, SultanQaitbayendowed Burayr for the benefit of hisJerusalemmadrasa.[15]
Burayr was incorporated into theOttoman Empire in 1517, and in the 1596tax records, it was under the administration of theNahiya of Gaza, part of theSanjak of Gaza. It had a population of 210 household;[16] an estimated population of 1,155.[13] All the villagers wereMuslims.[16] The villagers paid a 40% tax rate on agricultural products, such as wheat, barley, fruits, beehives, and goats;[16][13] a total of 32,000akçe. 5/24 parts of the revenues went to awaqf.[16]
During the 17th and 18th centuries, the area of Burayr experienced a significant process of settlement decline due tonomadic pressures on local communities. The residents of abandoned villages moved to surviving settlements, but the land continued to be cultivated by neighboring villages.[17]
In 1838,Edward Robinson found that Burayr was "a flourishing village forming a sort of central point in the plain.. [It had] a large publicwell, at which camels were drawing water by means of asakia, or water wheel with jars..."[18] He further noted it as a Muslim village, located in the Gaza district.[19]
In 1863, Burayr was described as a "large and prosperous village of 1,000" and all of its houses were made ofmud, except for that of the villagesheikh whose home was built of stone,[20][21] and "round the well, which is broad and deep, ten ancient shafts in greyish whitemarble are built up in masonry, serving to make atrough."[22]
An official Ottoman village list from about 1870 showed that Bureir had 167 houses and a population of 579, counting only the men.[23][24] In 1883, the SWP described the village as large, with a water wheel to the east, a pool to the north and a garden to the south.[25]
A flourmill was constructed at Bureir sometime around 1904 by a Jewish merchant from Gaza,al-Khudajah Hayyim, which was cooled by water drawn from a well dug nearby.[12]
Burayr was strategically important inWorld War I and on November 9, 1917, was one of the first places captured by theAllied Forces from theOttoman Empire, consolidating British hold on positions controlling the approaches toJaffa andJerusalem.[14]
During theBritish Mandate period, Burayr expanded westward, a mosque was built in the center of the village along with a clinic and grain mill. There were two primary schools—one for girls and one for boys—founded in 1920. Water was supplied by three wells inside the village and toward the end of the Mandate, villagers had drilledartesian wells. The local economy boosted in the 1940s when theIraqi Petroleum Company discovered oil in the vicinity of Burayr and drilled an oil well. The activities of the marketplace were supplemented by a weekly Wednesday market that attracted other villagers andBedouin. Agriculture and animal husbandry employed most of the residents and the main crops were citrus, grapes, and figs.[6]
In the1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Bureir had a population of 1,591 inhabitants, all Muslims,[26] increasing in the1931 census to 1894, still all Muslim, in 414 houses.[27]
In the1945 statistics Bureir had a population of 2,740, all Muslims,[2] with 44,220dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey.[2][3] Of this, 409 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 43,319 used for cereals,[2][28] while 130 dunams were built-up land.[2][29]
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On January 29, 1948,Yishuv forces entered the village in five armored vehicles, but were repulsed without casualties. On February 14, an Israeli convoy exchanged fire with the local militia and withdrew. The villagers built a barricade at the entrance of Burayr which was dismantled by British troops the next day.
In May 1948 the village was captured by thePalmach'sNegev Brigade andGivati Brigade as part ofOperation Barak.[6] Dozens of army-age villagers were apparently executed and a teenage girl was apparently raped and killed.[30] The remaining inhabitants fled to Gaza.[31] HistorianSaleh Abd al-Jawad classifies the killings as a massacre and estimates that 50 civilians were killed.[32]
Following the war the area was incorporated into theState of Israel. Themoshavim ofTlamim andHeletz were established on village land in 1950, withSde David later established in 1955, andZohar in 1956, both also on village land.[6]
In 1992, the Arab village site was described: "Scattered cactuses as well as some lotus and sycamore trees grow on the site. One can see remnants of houses, including an insubstantial portion of a cement wall, among some eucalyptus trees at the entrance of one house. Some village streets are still visible. The lands around the site are cultivated."[6]
