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Bumin Qaghan

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Founder of the Turkic Khaganate (d. 552 AD)
Bumin Qaghan
A line dedicated to Bumin Qaghan in theOngin inscription.
Qaghan of theFirst Turkic Khaganate
Reign552
Coronation552 inAltai Mountains[1]
SuccessorIssik Qaghan
Died552
SpousePrincess Changle
IssueIssik Qaghan

Muqan QaghanTaspar Qaghan

Böri Qaghan
Names
Bumin Qaghan
Ellig Qaghan
HouseAshina Clan
FatherAshina Tuwu
ReligionTengrism

Bumin Qaghan (Old Turkic:𐰉𐰆𐰢𐰣:𐰴𐰍𐰣,romanized: Bumïn qaɣan,[2] also known asIllig Qaghan (Chinese: 伊利可汗,Pinyin: Yīlì Kèhán,Wade–Giles: i-li k'o-han) orYamï Qaghan[a] (Old Turkic:𐰖𐰢𐰃:𐰴𐰍𐰣,romanized: Yamï qaɣan, died 552 AD) was the founder of theTurkic Khaganate. He was the eldest son ofAshina Tuwu (吐務 / 吐务).[7] He was the chieftain of the Turks under the sovereignty ofRouran Khaganate.[8][9][10][11] He is also mentioned asTumen (土門,吐門, commander of ten thousand[12]) of the Rouran Khaganate.[13]

Early life and reign

[edit]

According toHistory of Northern Dynasties andZizhi Tongjian, in 545 Tumen's tribe started to rise and frequently invaded the western frontier ofWei. Thechancellor ofWestern Wei,Yuwen Tai, sentAn Nuopanto (安諾盤陀, Nanai-Banda, aSogdian fromBukhara,[14]) as an emissary to the Göktürk chieftain Tumen, in an attempt to establish a commercial relationship.[15][16] In 546, Tumen paid tribute to the Western Wei state.[16] In that same year, Tumen put down a revolt of theTiele tribes against the Rouran Khaganate, their overlords.[16] Following this, Tumen felt entitled to request of the Rouran a princess as his wife. The Rouran khagan,Anagui, sent a message refusing this request and adding: "You are my blacksmith slave. How dare you utter these words?" Bumin got angry, killed Anagui's emissary, and severed relations with the Rouran Khaganate.[15][17][18][19] Anagui's "blacksmith" (鍛奴 / 锻奴, Pinyin: duàn nú, Wade–Giles: tuan-nu) insult was recorded in Chinese chronicles. Some sources state that members of the Turks (referred as "Tujue" in Chinese sources) did serve as blacksmiths for the Rouran elite,[8][9][10][11] and that "blacksmith slavery" may refer to a kind of vassalage that prevailed in Rouran society.[20] Nevertheless, after this incident Bumin emerged as the leader of the revolt against Rouran.

Gokturk khaganate.

In 551, Bumin requested a Western Wei princess in marriage. Yuwen Tai permitted it and sentPrincess Changle(長樂公主) of Western Wei to Bumin.[15][17][18] In the same year whenEmperor Wen of Western Wei died, Bumin sent mission and gave two hundred horses.[15][17]

The beginning of formal diplomatic relations with China propped up Bumin's authority among the Turks. He eventually united the local Turkic tribes and threw off the yoke of theRouran domination. In 552 Bumin's army defeated Anagui's forces at the north ofHuaihuang and then Anagui committed suicide.[17] With their defeat Bumin proclaimed himself "Illig Qaghan" and made his wifeqaghatun.[17] "Illig" meansIlkhan (i.e. ruler of people) inOld Turkic.[21] According to theBilge Qaghan's memorial complex and theKul Tigin's memorial complex, Bumin andIstemi ruled people by Turkic laws and they developed them.[2][22]

Death and family

[edit]

Bumin died within several months after proclaiming himself Illig Qaghan. He was married to Princess Changle ofWestern Wei.

Issue:

Legacy

[edit]

He was succeeded by his younger brotherIstemi[26] in the western part and by his sonIssik Qaghan in the eastern part. In less than one century, his khaganate expanded to comprise most ofCentral Asia.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Yamï Qağan on the Ongin inscription is often identified asQǐmín Kěhàn 啟民可汗 (r. 603–609 or 599–614) of theEastern Turkic Khaganate[3] W. Radloff identifies Yiamy kagan as Bumyn kagan, basing on similarities of letters "b" and "y" (H.N.Orkhun); Bumyn kagan (S.E Malov),[4] G.Aidarov,[5] Yamï qaγan (T.Tekin),[6] Yamï qaγan (L.Bold), according I. Markwart, Yiamy kagan is Bumyn/Tumen.

References

[edit]
  1. ^Bauer, Susan Wise (2010).The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade.W. W. Norton & Company. p. 238.ISBN 978-0-393-05975-5.
  2. ^ab"Kultegin's Memorial Complex, TÜRIK BITIG".
  3. ^Baumer'sHistory of Central Asia (2016), p 324.
  4. ^S.E. Malov Onginsky monument; Monuments of ancient Türkic writing of Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, M., L., 1959, p. 7-11
  5. ^G. Aydarov On the language of the Kutlug Kagan monument; News of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, Series of social sciences, 1963, issue-6. p. 81-88
  6. ^Orhun H.N. Eski turk yazitlarі. Turk Tarih Kurumu basimevi, Ankara, 1986, p.127-132
  7. ^Ouyang Xiu et al.,New Book of Tang,Cilt 215-II(in Chinese)
  8. ^ab馬長壽, 《突厥人和突厥汗國》, 上海人民出版社, 1957, (Ma Zhangshou,Tujue ve Tujue Khaganate), pp. 10-11.(in Chinese)
  9. ^ab陳豐祥, 余英時, 《中國通史》, 五南圖書出版股份有限公司, 2002,ISBN 978-957-11-2881-8 (Chen Fengxiang, Yu Yingshi,General history of China), p. 155.(in Chinese)
  10. ^abGao Yang, "The Origin of the Turks and the Turkish Khanate",X. Türk Tarih Kongresi: Ankara 22 - 26 Eylül 1986, Kongreye Sunulan Bildiriler, V. Cilt, Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1991, s. 731. Kenan Matbaası. 1986.ISBN 9789751604033.
  11. ^abBurhan Oğuz,Türkiye halkının kültür kökenleri: Giriş, beslenme teknikleri, İstanbul Matbaası, 1976, p. 147.«Demirci köle» olmaktan kurtulup reisleri Bumin'e(in Turkish)
  12. ^"Tumen" is used for expressing 10,000 and "Bum" is used for expressing 100,000 inSecret History of the Mongols, Larry Moses, "Legend by the numbers: The Symbolism of Numbers in the 'Secret History of the Mongols'",Asian folklore studies, Vol. 55-56, Nanzan University Institute of Anthropology, 1996, p. 95.
  13. ^Beckwith, Christopher I. (16 March 2009).Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present.Princeton University Press. pp. 387, 390.ISBN 978-0691135892. Retrieved30 May 2015.
  14. ^Shing Müller, "Sogdian in China um 600 n. Chr. Archäologische Zeugnisse eines Lebens zwischen Assimilation und Identitätsbewahrung", NOAG, Vol. 183-184, 2008.p. 123.(in German)
  15. ^abcdLi Yanshou (李延寿),History of Northern Dynasties,Vol. 99.(in Chinese)
  16. ^abcSima Guang,Zizhi Tongjian,Vol. 159.(in Chinese)
  17. ^abcdeLinghu Defen et al.,Book of Zhou,Vol. 50.(in Chinese)
  18. ^abSima Guang,Zizhi Tongjian,Vol. 164.(in Chinese)
  19. ^Christopher I. Beckwith,Empires of the Silk Road: a history of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the present, Princeton University Press, 2009,ISBN 978-0-691-13589-2, p. 9.
  20. ^Larry W. Moses, "Relations with the Inner Asian Barbarian", ed.John Curtis Perry, Bardwell L. Smith,Essays on Tʻang society: the interplay of social, political and economic forces, Brill Archive, 1976,ISBN 978-90-04-04761-7, p. 65.Slave' probably meant vassalage to the Juan Juan confederation of Mongolia, whom they served in battle by providing iron weapons, and also marching with qaghan's armies.
  21. ^Talat Tekin, (1968),A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic, p. 58
  22. ^"Bilge kagan's Memorial Complex, TÜRIK BITIG".
  23. ^Linghu, Defen.Book of Zhou. p. 33.
  24. ^Alyılmaz, Cengiz (2003)."Bugut Yazıtı ve Anıt Mezar Külliyesi Üzerine".Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi.1 (13):11–21.
  25. ^ab北史/卷099 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆.zh.wikisource.org (in Chinese). Retrieved2018-07-26.
  26. ^Michalis N. Michael; Matthias Kappler; Eftihios Gavriel (2009).Archivum Ottomanicum. Mouton. pp. 68, 69.ISBN 9783447058995.
Bumin Qaghan
Preceded by
none
Qaghan of theFirst Turkic Khaganate
552		Succeeded by
First Turkic Khaganate
(552–581)
Eastern Turkic Khaganate
(581–630)
Western Turkic Khaganate
(581–657)
Second Turkic Khaganate
(682–744)
Western Turks
underJimi system
Göktürk culture
Göktürk wars
and battles
Titles
Family
TheYujiulü clan of Rouran tribe
Khagans ofRouran (includes chieftains, members, noblemen, consorts and descendants)
Pre-khaganate
Unified rule
Divided rule
Eastern area
Western area
Re-unified rule
Epitaph of Yujiulü Furen (郁久闾伏仁), died on 29 November 586
Former Khaganate
Unified rule
(fanli)
Middle Khaganate
Unified rule
Divided rule
Xihai rule
Huaishuo rule
Re-unified rule
Later Khaganate
Divided rule
Eastern area
Western area
Members, noblemen, consorts
and descendants of the Yujiulü clan
related people
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