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TheMuslim Bulgarians (Bulgarian:Българи-мохамедани,romanized: Bǎlgari-mohamedani,lit. 'BulgarianMohammedans', as of recently alsoБългари-мюсюлмани,Bǎlgari-mjusjulmani, locally calledPomak,ahryan,poganets,marvak, orpoturnak) areBulgarians who follow the faith ofIslam.[1] They are generally thought to be the descendants of the indigenousSlavs who converted to Islam duringOttoman rule.[2] Most scholars have agreed that the Bulgarian Muslims are a "religious group of Bulgarian Slavs who speakBulgarian as theirmother tongue and do not understandTurkish, but whose religion and customs areIslamic".[3][4][5] Bulgarian Muslims live mostly in theRhodopes –Smolyan Province, the southern part of thePazardzhik andKardzhali Provinces and the eastern part of theBlagoevgrad Province in SouthernBulgaria. They also live in a group of villages in theLovech Province in Northern Bulgaria. The namePomak is pejorative in Bulgarian and is resented by most members of the community, The name adopted and used instead of Pomak isBulgarian Muslims.[6]
Bulgarian Muslims do not represent a homogenous community and have a multitude of ethnic and religious identities. A clear majority of them (127,350[7] according to the latest census in 2001) declare themselves to be ethnic Bulgarians of Islamic faith. However, a significant percentage, in particular in the Central and Eastern Rhodopes (theSmolyan andKardzhali Province) are strongly religious and have preserved theMuslim name system, customs and clothing, the Smolyan Province, which is largely populated by Bulgarian Muslims (approximately 117,000 or 71% of the population according to the Ministry of Interior in 1989[8]). According to the 2001 census, 43 municipalities out of 262 have a Muslim majority. There were five municipalities with a Muslim population over 90 percent:Chernoochene (96.8 percent) has the highest share of Muslims, followed byVenets (95.9 percent),Satovcha (91.3 percent),Ruen (90.9 percent) andKaolinovo (90.0 percent)(122,806 or 87.7%[9]) and that only 58,758 people or 41.9% of the population of the province declared to professIslam in 2001.[10]
Muslims in Bulgaria have slightly better demographic indicators compared to the Orthodox Christians in Bulgaria. The reason for this difference is mostly because of ethnicity most Muslims in Bulgaria have different reproductive traditions and they have a younger age structure compared to the ethnic Bulgarians which leads to higher fertility and birth rates. In provinces with large Muslim concentrations, birth rates are a little bit higher while death rates are lower than the country average. For example: Bulgaria had a total birth rate of 10.5‰ in 1992 while Muslims formed about 13 percent of the total population. However, in provinces with large Muslim populations the birth rate ranged from in 11.0% in Smolyan and 11.6% in Silistra to 13.1% in Razgrad (>50 percent Muslim) and 14.7% in Kardzhali (about 70 percent Muslim).[11][9]
A small number of Bulgarian Muslims less than 50, from the Central and Eastern Rhodopes, have converted intoOrthodox Christianity or have adopted a Christian identity since 1990.[12][13][14][15][16][17]
The use of Bulgarian names among Muslims is common. For example, only one-third of the Muslim Bulgarian population of the region ofKirkovo, mostly people aged over 60, have Turkish orArabic names.[13]
Unlike the Bulgarian Muslims in the Central and Eastern Rhodopes, who usually have a Bulgarian identity, the ones living on the western fringes of theRhodopes (in the provinces ofPazardzhik andBlagoevgrad) largely Identify as Turkish. For example, out of 62,431 self-declared Muslims in theBlagoevgrad Province in 2001,[11] 31,857[9] (more than half) have opted for Turkish ethnicity although the self-declared speakers of Turkish as a mother tongue are only 19,819.[9]
Considering that mother tongue in the Bulgarian census is counted on the basis of a declaration of the respondent and not on actual proof of what language this person speaks at home and that an inquiry of the Ministry of the Interior in 1989 gave only 3,689 ethnic Turks and 56,191 Pomaks for theBlagoevgrad Province, it is highly likely that the vast majority of the Turks in the province are actually Pomaks. A similar phenomenon exists in thePazardzhik Province where there may be between 10,000 and 15,000 Pomaks.
Almost 64% of Muslims in Bulgaria that are ethnically Turks live in Kardzhali, Razgrad, Targovishte, Shumen, Silistra, Dobrich Ruse, and Burgas. They live mostly in rural settlements. Muslims in Bulgaria that are ethnically Roma mainly live inShumen,Sliven,Dobrich,Targovishte,Pazardzhik andSilistra. Pomak Muslims mainly live around the Rhodope Mountains, especially in the provinceSmolyan and the municipalities ofSatovcha,Yakoruda,Belitsa,Garmen,Gotse Delchev,Ardino,Krumovgrad,Kirkovo andVelingrad.[18]
A large part of the population in those areas did not respond to the census questions which makes it difficult to calculate the exact number of Pomaks. In the municipality of Dospat for example, only 4746 people out of 9116 answered the question on their religion and in the municipality of Satovcha only 9562 out of 15444 people did so. Tatar Muslims live in northeastern Bulgaria and the small Arab diaspora is based mainly in the capital, Sofia.[19]
Finally, there are those Bulgarian Muslims who have chosen not to declare their ethnicity in the 2001 Census.[citation needed] The percentage of undeclared in theSmolyan Province (9,696 or 6.9%), theKardzhali Province (4,565 or 2.8%) and theBlagoevgrad Province (4,242 or 1.2%) is well above the national average of 0.8%.[9] These are most likely to be Muslim Bulgarians who would have opted for another ethnicity, for example "Pomak" or "Muslim", if these were allowed as answers at the census or are unclear themselves about their own ethnic identity.
Due to the multitude of different ethnic and religious identities of the Muslim Bulgarians, it is extremely difficult to calculate the exact number of the members of the community in Bulgaria. An inquiry conducted by the Bulgarian Ministry of the Interior in 1989 estimated their number at 269,000.[8]
A summation of the different groups with different ethnic identities (approximately 130,000 Muslim Bulgarians, approximately 55,000-65,000 Bulgarians, up to 50,000 Muslim Turks, 15,000 to 20,000 undeclared) yields approximately the same number. Despite the multitude of different ethnic the predominant ethnic identity would be Bulgarian (approximately 200,000 or three-quarters of the total population) and the predominant religious identity would be Muslim.
Muslim Bulgarians in theRhodopes speak a variety of archaicBulgarian dialects. Under theinfluence of mass media and school education, the dialects have been almost completely unified with standard Bulgarian among Muslim Bulgarians living inBulgaria.
Thracian Bulgarians inEast Thrace inTurkey, descended from the people and families who converted toIslam in order to stay and avoid being deported to Bulgaria.[20] Bulgarian historian Lyubomir Miletich wrote a book in 1918 detailing these events called theDestruction of the Thracian Bulgarians in 1913.
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