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Bufotoxins are a family of toxicsteroidlactones or substitutedtryptamines of which some are toxic. They occur in theparotoid glands, skin, and poison of manytoads (Bufonidae family) and other amphibians, and in some plants and mushrooms.[1][2][3] The exact composition varies greatly with the specific source of the toxin.
Chemical structure of one of the main components of bufotoxin, a conjugate of bufagin with suberylarginine. This component is itself sometimes called bufotoxin.
tryptamine-related substances (e.g.,bufotenin), are sought after forentheogenic and/orrecreational purposes by some individuals. However, the practice of using these substances derived from animals for spiritual experiences orresponsible drug use may raiseethical concerns about the potential suffering inflicted on the animal.
Extract from the skin of certain Asian toads, such asBufo bufo gargarizans andBufo melanostictus, is often found in certain Chinese folk remedies. ThePharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (ChP) considers the two species valid sources of toad poison (Chinese:蟾酥;pinyin:Chánsū;Latin:bufonis venenum), and requires the dry product to contain at least 6% ofcinobufagin andresibufogenin combined by weight. The extract is obtained by squeezing theparotoid glands of caught, washed toads for a white venom and drying; the final dried poison is usually brown, with a chunk or flake form.[6]
Poisoning from toad toxin is rare but can kill.[7] It can occur when someone drinks toad soup, eats toad meat or toad eggs, or swallows live toads.[7][8] It can also happen when someone deliberately takes commercial substances made with toad toxins.[8] These go under names including "Kyushin", "Chan Su" (marketed as a painkiller,[8] topical anesthetic, or cardiac treatment[9]), "Rockhard", and "Love Stone" (marketed as aphrodisiacs).[8]
"Chan Su" (literally "toad venom") is often adulterated with standard painkillers, such asparacetamol,promethazine, anddiclofenac. It may be ingested or injected.[10]
Symptoms may vary depending on certain factors such as the size and age of the victim. Other than the first, more benign symptoms (such as a tingling or burning sensation in the eyes, mucous membranes, or in exposed wounds), the most frequently described symptoms in the medical literature are:
One epileptic episode caused by bufotoxins was observed in a five-year-old child, minutes after they had placed aBufo alvarius in their mouth. The child was successfully treated withdiazepam andphenobarbital.[11]
In extreme cases following ingestion of mucus or skin of the toad, death generally occurs within 6 and 24 hours. Victims surviving past 24 hours generally will recover.
^Siperstein MD, Murray AW, Titus E (March 1957). "Biosynthesis of cardiotonic sterols from cholesterol in the toad, Bufo marinus".Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics.67 (1):154–60.doi:10.1016/0003-9861(57)90254-0.PMID13412129.
^Kißmer, B.; Wichtl, M. (1986). "Bufadienolide aus Samen von Helleborus odorus" [Bufadienolides from the Seeds of Helleborus odorus].Planta Medica (in German).52 (2):152–3.doi:10.1055/s-2007-969103.S2CID84240708.
^Chen KK, Kovaríková A (December 1967). "Pharmacology and toxicology of toad venom".Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences.56 (12):1535–41.doi:10.1002/jps.2600561202.PMID4871915.
^abcdefgh5-Hydroxytryptamine and Related Indolealkylamines. Berlin: Springer Berlin. 2013.ISBN978-3642854699.
^国家药典委员会 (2015).中华人民共和国药典 [Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China] (in Chinese). Vol. 1 (10 ed.). 中国医药科技出版社. p. 333.ISBN9787506773379. entries:蟾酥 bufonis venenum
