| Buffalo Soldiers | |
|---|---|
 Buffalo Soldiers of the 25th Infantry Regiment in 1890 | |
| Active | 1866–1951 |
| Country |  United States |
| Branch |  United States Army |
| Nickname | "Buffalo Soldiers" |
| Colors | Blue |
| Engagements | |
Buffalo Soldiers wereUnited States Army regiments composed exclusively ofBlack American soldiers, formed during the 19th century to serve on theAmerican frontier. On September 21, 1866, the 10th Cavalry Regiment was formed atFort Leavenworth,Kansas. The nickname "Buffalo Soldiers" was purportedly given to the regiments by the Native American tribes who fought against them during theAmerican Indian Wars, and the term eventually became synonymous with all of the African American regiments that were established in 1866, including the9th Cavalry Regiment,10th Cavalry Regiment,24th Infantry Regiment,25th Infantry Regiment and38th Infantry Regiment.[1][2]
Although numerous BlackUnion Army regiments were raised during theCivil War (referred to collectively as theUnited States Colored Troops), "Buffalo Soldiers" were established by theU.S Congress as the first all-black Army regiments in peacetime.[3] The regiments wereracially segregated, as the U.S. military would notdesegregateuntil 1948. On November 15, 2024,Robert Dixon, the last surviving Buffalo Soldier, died aged 103.[4] The oldest Buffalo Soldier,Mark Matthews, died in 2005 at the age of 111 and was buried atArlington National Cemetery.[5]
Sources disagree on how the nickname "Buffalo Soldiers" began. According to theBuffalo Soldiers National Museum the name originated with theCheyenne warriors in the winter of 1877, the actualCheyenne translation being "Wild Buffalo". Writer Walter Hill documented the account ofColonel Benjamin Grierson, who founded the 10th Cavalry regiment, recalling an 1871campaign against Comanches. Hill attributed the origin of the name to theComanche, due to Grierson's assertions. TheApache used the same term ("We called them 'buffalo soldiers,' because they had curly, kinky hair ... likebison") as supported by other sources.[6][7][8][9][10] Another possible origin credits thePlains Indians who gave them that name because of the bison coats they wore in winter.[11] The phrase "Buffalo Soldiers" became a generic term for all black soldiers. It is now used for U.S. Army units that trace their direct lineage back to any of the African-American regiments formed in 1866.
During theCivil War, the U.S. government formed regiments known as theUnited States Colored Troops, composed of black soldiers and Native Americans. The USCT was disbanded in the fall of 1865. In 1867 the Regular Army was set at ten regiments of cavalry and 45 regiments of infantry. The Army was authorized to raise two regiments of black cavalry (the9th and10th (Colored) Cavalry) and four regiments of black infantry (the38th,39th,40th, and41st (Colored) Infantry), who were mostly drawn from USCT veterans. The first draft of the bill that the House Committee on Military Affairs sent to the full chamber on March 7, 1866, did not include a provision for regiments of black cavalry; however, this provision was added by SenatorBenjamin Wade prior to the bill's passing on July 28, 1866.[12] In 1869 the Regular Army was kept at ten regiments of cavalry but cut to 25 regiments of Infantry, reducing the black complement to two regiments (the24th and25th (Colored) Infantry). The 38th and 41st were reorganized as the 25th, with headquarters inJackson Barracks inNew Orleans, Louisiana, in November 1869. The 39th and 40th were reorganized as the 24th, with headquarters atFort Clark, Texas, in April 1869. The two black infantry regiments represented 10 percent of the size of all twenty-five infantry regiments. Similarly, the two black cavalry units represented 20 percent of the size of all ten cavalry regiments.[12]
During the peacetime formation years (1865–1870), the black infantry and cavalry regiments were composed of blackenlisted soldiers commanded by whitecommissioned officers and blacknoncommissioned officers. These included the first commander of the 10th CavalryBenjamin Grierson, the first commander of the 9th CavalryEdward Hatch,Medal of Honor recipientLouis H. Carpenter, andNicholas M. Nolan. The first black commissioned officer to lead the Buffalo Soldiers and the first black graduate ofWest Point, wasHenry O. Flipper in 1877.
From 1870 to 1898, the total strength of the US Army totaled 25,000 service members, with black soldiers maintaining their ten percent representation.[12]
From 1867 to the early 1890s, these regiments served at a variety of posts in theSouthwestern United States and theGreat Plains regions. They participated in most of the military campaigns in these areas and earned a distinguished record. Thirteen enlisted men and six officers from these four regiments earned theMedal of Honor during the Indian Wars. In addition to the military campaigns, the Buffalo Soldiers served a variety of roles along the frontier, from building roads to escorting theU.S. mail. On April 17, 1875, regimental headquarters for the 10th Cavalry was transferred toFort Concho, Texas. Companies actually arrived at Fort Concho in May 1873. The 9th Cavalry was headquartered atFort Union from 1875 to 1881.[13] At various times from 1873 through 1885, Fort Concho housed 9th Cavalry companies A–F, K, and M, 10th Cavalry companies A, D–G, I, L, and M, 24th Infantry companies D–G, and K, and 25th Infantry companies G and K.[14]
From 1879 to 1881, portions of all four of the Buffalo Soldier regiments were inNew Mexico pursuingVictorio andNana and their Apache warriors inVictorio's War.[15] The 9th Cavalry spent the winter of 1890 to 1891 guarding thePine Ridge Reservation during the events of theGhost Dance War and theWounded Knee Massacre. Cavalry regiments were also used to removeSooners (whites), who weresquatting (illegally occupying) native lands in the late 1880s and early 1890s.
Buffalo Soldiers fought in the last engagement of the Indian Wars, the smallBattle of Bear Valley in southernArizona which occurred in 1918 between U.S. cavalry andYaqui natives.[16][17] In total, 23 Buffalo Soldiers received the Medal of Honor during the Indian Wars.[18]
The Buffalo Soldiers, specifically the9th Cavalry, participated in two of the largest range conflicts in the American Old West. Range wars were battles fought between large cattle ranchers against smaller ranchers and farmers who competed for land, water, and livestock in theopen range.[19] Many of these conflicts resulted in military intervention to pacify and maintain peace. A lesser known action was the9th Cavalry's participation in theColfax County War inColfax County, New Mexico in 1873. Buffalo Soldiers were among the units sent, and on one occasion, some of them had a shootout with a group of Texascowboys in the St. James Hotel. Three soldiers died during the shootout and a few months later one of the cowboys,Davy Crockett, who was involved, was killed by the local sheriffs.[20] Notorious gunfighter,Clay Allison, shot and killed a black sergeant in a bar where he was drinking.[21]
The 9th cavalry had a much larger participation in the fabledJohnson County War inJohnson County,Wyoming. It culminated in a lengthy shootout between local farmers, a band of hired killers, and asheriff's posse. The 6th Cavalry was ordered in byPresidentBenjamin Harrison to quell the violence and capture the band of hired killers. Soon afterward, however, the 9th Cavalry was specifically called on to replace the 6th. The 6th Cavalry was swaying under the local political and social pressures and was unable to keep the peace in the tense environment. The Buffalo Soldiers responded within about two weeks from Nebraska, and moved the men to the rail town ofSuggs, Wyoming, creating "Camp Bettens" despite a hostile local population. One soldier was killed and two wounded in agun battle with locals. Nevertheless, the 9th Cavalry remained in Wyoming for nearly a year to quell tensions in the area.[22][23]
After most of the Indian Wars ended in the 1890s, the regiments continued to serve and participated in the 1898Spanish–American War (including theBattle of San Juan Hill) inCuba, where five more Medals of Honor were earned.[16][17]
The men of the Buffalo Soldiers were the only African Americans that fought in Cuba during the war.[24] Additionally, the 6th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment had a company of African-American soldiers, company L, that saw action inPuerto Rico.[25] Up to 5,000 "Black men" enlisted in volunteer regiments in the Spanish–American War in Alabama, Illinois, Kansas, North Carolina, Ohio and Virginia, and some had all black officers.[26] Several other African-American regiments of United States Volunteer Infantry (USVI) were formed and nicknamed "Immune Regiments", due to having more natural resistance to malaria, yellow fever & othertropical diseases, but only the 9th Immunes served overseas in the war.[27][28]
The Buffalo Soldier regiments also took part in thePhilippine–American War from 1899 to 1903 and the 1916Mexican Expedition.[16][17] There was strong opposition to war in the Philippines among African Americans.[29] Many black soldiers established a rapport with "the brown-skinned natives on the islands," and an unusually large number of black troopsdeserted during the campaign, some of whom joined the Filipino rebels, of whom the most famous was the celebratedDavid Fagen.[30][31]
In 1918, the 10th Cavalry fought at theBattle of Ambos Nogales during theFirst World War, where they assisted in forcing the surrender of the federal Mexican and Mexican militia forces.[16][17][32] In 1917, after being stationed in Houston, Texas, members of the24th Infantry Regiment participated in theHouston riot of 1917 in which soldiers mutinied and marched on the city of Houston, killing over a dozen whites.[33]
Another little-known contribution of the Buffalo Soldiers involved eight troops of the 9th Cavalry Regiment and one company of the 24th Infantry Regiment who served in California'sSierra Nevada as some of the firstnational park rangers. In 1899, Buffalo Soldiers from Company H, 24th Infantry Regiment briefly served inYosemite National Park,Sequoia National Park, and General Grant(Kings Canyon) National Parks.[34]
U.S. Army regiments had been serving in these national parks since 1891, but until 1899, the soldiers serving were white. Beginning in 1899, and continuing in 1903 and 1904, African American regiments served during the summer in the second and third oldest national parks in the United States (Sequoia and Yosemite). Because these soldiers served before theNational Park Service was created in 1916, they were "park rangers" before the term was coined.
A lasting legacy of the soldiers as park rangers is thecampaign hat they wore (popularly known as theSmokey Bear hat). Although not officially adopted by the Army until 1911, the distinctive hat crease, called a Montana peak, (or pinch) can be seen being worn by several of the Buffalo Soldiers in park photographs dating back to 1899. Soldiers serving in theSpanish–American War began to re-crease theStetson hat with a Montana "pinch" to better shed water from the torrential tropical rains. Many retained that distinctive crease upon their return to the U.S. The park photographs, in all likelihood, show Buffalo Soldiers who were veterans from that war.
One particular Buffalo Soldier stands out in history:Captain Charles Young, who served with Troop I, 9th Cavalry Regiment in Sequoia National Park during the summer of 1903. Young was the third African American to graduate from theUnited States Military Academy. At the time of his death, he was the highest-ranking African American in the U.S. military. He made history in Sequoia National Park in 1903 by becoming Acting Military Superintendent of Sequoia and General Grant National Parks. Young was also the first African American superintendent of a national park. During Young's tenure in the park, he named agiant sequoia forBooker T. Washington. Recently, another giant sequoia in Giant Forest was named in Captain Young's honor. Some of Young's descendants attended the ceremony.[35]
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In 1903, 9th Cavalrymen in Sequoia built the first trail to the top ofMount Whitney, the highest mountain in the contiguous United States. They also built the first wagon road into Sequoia'sGiant Forest, the most famous grove of giant sequoia trees in Sequoia National Park.
In 1904, 9th Cavalrymen inYosemite built anarboretum on the South Fork of theMerced River in the southern section of the park. This arboretum had pathways and benches, and some plants were identified in bothEnglish andLatin. Yosemite's arboretum is considered to be the first museum in theNational Park System. The NPS cites a 1904 report, where Yosemite superintendent (Lt. Col.)John Bigelow, Jr. declared the arboretum "To provide a great museum of nature for the general public free of cost ..." Unfortunately, the forces of developers, miners, and greed cut the boundaries of Yosemite in 1905 and the arboretum was nearly destroyed.[36]
In the Sierra Nevada, the Buffalo Soldiers regularly endured long days in the saddle, slim rations, racism, and separation from family and friends. As military stewards, the African American cavalry and infantry regiments protected the national parks from illegal grazing,poaching, timber thieves, and forest fires. Yosemite Park RangerShelton Johnson researched and interpreted the history in an attempt to recover and celebrate the contributions of the Buffalo Soldiers of the Sierra Nevada.[37]
On March 23, 1907, theUnited States Military Academy Detachment of Cavalry was changed to a colored unit. It had been proposed in 1897 at the "Cavalry and Light Artillery School" atFort Riley, Kansas that West Point cadets learn their riding skills from the black noncommissioned officers who were considered the best. The 100-man detachment from the 9th,[38] and 10th[39] Cavalry served to teach future officers at West Point riding instruction, mounted drill, and tactics until 1947.[38]
The West Point "Escort of Honour" detachment of the10th Cavalry was distinguished in 1931 by being the last regular army unit to be issued with the M1902 blue dress uniform for all ranks. This parade uniform had ceased to be worn by other regiments after 1917.[40]
The last commanding officer of the West Point detachment of the Buffalo Soldiers, (9th and 10th Cavalry,) was Lt. Col. John "Duke" Nazzaro. Nazzaro was known and recognized for standing with his detachment on and off the field. He established a college scholarship for descendants of the Buffalo Soldiers in his son, Thomas Nazzaro's name.[41]
The Buffalo Soldiers were often confronted with racial prejudice from other members of the U.S. Army. Civilians in the areas where the soldiers were stationed occasionally reacted to them with violence. Buffalo Soldiers were attacked during racial disturbances inRio Grande City, Texas, in 1899,[42]Brownsville, Texas, in 1906,[43] andHouston, Texas, in 1917.[44][45]
During theSpanish–American War, the 9th Cavalry faced violent conflict with white citizens in multiple cities in Florida includingLakeland andTampa.[46]
During theIndian Wars from 1866 to 1891, 416 soldiers were awarded theMedal of Honor. Although the Buffalo Soldiers were 12% of the U.S. Army infantry force and 20% of the cavalry force in this era, Buffalo Soldiers were awarded less than 4% of all Medals of Honor awarded. Other regiments during the era received a greater number of Medals of Honor but were not distinguished enough to see duty in Cuba for the Spanish–American War. For example, the8th Cavalry Regiment with 84 Medals of Honor, were not assigned duty to fight in Cuba in 1898. Scholars have hypothesized that commanders were reticent to award behavior that they expected from soldiers, the bureaucracy impeded awards, and the posting of black soldiers to remote outposts reduced the visibility of black soldiers (the1st Cavalry participated in twenty-one campaigns and the2nd cavalry participated in nineteen campaigns during this era, compared to the9th Cavalry's eight campaigns). Historian Thomas Phillips counted 2,704 engagements with native tribes during this era, of which the four black regiments participated in 141 or about 5%.[47]
The Camp Logan Mutiny, also known as theHouston riot of 1917, was a mutiny and riot by 156 soldiers from the all-black 24th Infantry Regiment of the United States Army, taking place on August 23, 1917, in Houston, Texas. 118 soldiers were tried in three courts-martial; 110 were convicted, of whom 19 were executed; and 63 sentenced to life imprisonment. The Army announced on November 13, 2023, that the convictions of the 110 soldiers were overturned after a thorough review by the Army Board for Correction of Military Records found that the soldiers were wrongly treated because of their race and not given fair trials.[48]
General of the ArmiesJohn J. Pershing is a controversial figure regarding the Buffalo Soldiers. He served with the10th Cavalry Regiment from October 1895 to May 1897, starting as afirst lieutenant when he took command of a troop of the 10th in October 1895.[49]
In 1897, Pershing became an instructor at West Point, where he joined the tactical staff. West Point cadets upset over Pershing's disciplinary treatment and high standards took to calling him "Nigger Jack", because he had learned to have full respect for black soldiers while leading them.[49] Later during theSpanish–American War, where Pershing served with the 10th for six months in Cuba, the press softened the term to "Black Jack", which they continued to use in World War I.[50][51]
At the start of the Spanish–American War, First Lieutenant Pershing was offered abrevet rank and commissioned a major of volunteers on August 26, 1898. He fought with the 10th Cavalry (Buffalo Soldiers) on Kettle andSan Juan Hills in Cuba and was cited for gallantry.[49]
DuringWorld War I, Pershing was theCommander-in-Chief (C-in-C) of theAmerican Expeditionary Force (AEF) on theWestern Front. While earlier a champion of the African-American soldier, at this time he did not defend their full participation on the battlefield, but bowed to the racist policies ofPresidentWoodrow Wilson,Secretary of WarNewton D. Baker, and theSouthern Democratic Party with its "separate but equal" philosophy.[50]
Baker was cognizant of the many problems of domestic and allied political involvement in military decision-making during wartime, and gave Pershing unmatched authority to run his command as he saw fit, but Pershing practiced carefulrealpolitik where black participation was concerned, not engaging in issues that might distract or diminish his command. Even so, Pershing allowed American soldiers (African Americans) to be under the command of a foreign power for the first time in American history.[50]
The outbreak of theMexican Revolution in 1910 against the long-time rule of PresidentPorfirio Díaz initiated a decade-long period of high-intensity military conflict along the U.S.–Mexico border as different political/military factions in Mexico fought for power. The access to arms and customs duties from Mexican communities along the U.S.–Mexico boundary made border towns such asMatamoros, Tamaulipas,Ojinaga, Chihuahua, andNogales, Sonora, important strategic assets. As the various factions in Mexico vied for power, the U.S. Army, including the Buffalo Soldier units, was dispatched to the border to maintain security. The Buffalo Soldiers played a key role in U.S.–Mexico relations as the maelstrom that followed the ousting of Díaz and the assassination of his successorFrancisco Madero intensified.[citation needed]
By late 1915, the political faction led byVenustiano Carranza received diplomatic recognition from the U.S. government as the legitimate ruling force in Mexico.Francisco "Pancho" Villa, who had previously courted U.S. recognition and thus felt betrayed, then attacked the rural community ofColumbus, New Mexico, directly leading to further border tensions as U.S. PresidentWoodrow Wilson unilaterally dispatched thePunitive Expedition intoChihuahua, Mexico, underGeneral John Pershing to apprehend or kill Villa. The 9th and 10th regiments were deployed to Mexico along with the rest of Pershing's units. Although the manhunt for Villa failed, small-scale confrontations in the communities ofParral andCarrizal nearly brought about a war between Mexico and the United States in the summer of 1916. Tensions cooled through diplomacy as the captured Buffalo Soldiers from Carrizal were released. Despite the public outrage over Villa's Columbus raid, Wilson and his cabinet felt that the U.S.'s attention ought to be centered on Germany and World War I, not the apprehension of the "Centauro del Norte". The Punitive Expedition exited Mexico in early 1917, just before the U.S. declaration of war against Germany in April 1917.[52]
The Buffalo Soldiers did not participate with theAmerican Expeditionary Forces (AEF) during World War I, but experienced noncommissioned officers were provided to other segregated Black units for combat service—such as the 317th Engineer Battalion.[53] The soldiers of the92nd and the93rd infantry divisions were the first Americans to fight in France. The four regiments of the 93rd fought under French command for the duration of the war.
On August 27, 1918, the 10th Cavalry supported the35th Infantry Regiment in a border skirmish in the border towns ofNogales, Arizona, andNogales, Sonora, between U.S. military forces, Mexican Federal troops, and armed Mexican civilians (militia) in theBattle of Ambos Nogales. This was the only incident in which German military advisers allegedly fought along with Mexican soldiers against United States soldiers on North America soil during World War I.[17][32]
The 35th Infantry Regiment was stationed atNogales, Arizona, on August 27, 1918, when at about 4:10 p.m., a gun battle erupted unintentionally when a Mexican civilian attempted to pass through the border, back to Mexico, without being interrogated at theU.S. Customs house. After the initial shooting, reinforcements from both sides rushed to the border. On the Mexican side, the majority of the belligerents were angry civilians upset with the killings of Mexican border crossers by the U.S. Army along the vaguely defined border between the two cities during the previous year (theU.S. Border Patrol did not exist until1924). For the Americans, the reinforcements were the 10th Cavalry, off-duty 35th Regiment soldiers, and militia. Hostilities quickly escalated, and several soldiers were killed, and others wounded on both sides, including the mayor ofNogales, Sonora, Felix B. Peñaloza (killed whenwaving a white truce flag/handkerchief with his cane). A cease-fire was arranged later after the US forces took the heights south of Nogales, Arizona.[17][32][54]
Due in part to the heightened hysteria caused by World War I, allegations surfaced that German agents fomented this violence and died fighting alongside the Mexican troops they led. U.S. newspaper reports in Nogales before the August 27, 1918, battle documented the departure of part of the Mexican garrison in Nogales, Sonora, to points south that August in an attempt to quell armed political rebels.[55][56][57]
Despite the Battle of Ambos Nogales controversy, the presence of the Buffalo Soldiers in the community left a significant impact on the border town. The famed jazz musicianCharles Mingus was born in the Camp Stephen Little military base in Nogales in 1922, son of a Buffalo Soldier.[58] The African American population, centered on the stationing of Buffalo Soldiers such as the 25th Infantry in Nogales, was a significant factor in the community, though they often faced racial discrimination in the binational border community in addition toracial segregation at the elementary-school level in Nogales's Grand Avenue/Frank Reed School (a school reserved for black children).[59] The redeployment of the Buffalo Soldiers to other areas and the closure of Camp Little in 1933 initiated the decline of the African American community in Nogales.
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Before World War II, the black 25th Infantry Regiment was based atFt Huachuca (Arizona). During the war, Ft Huachuca served as the home base of the Black 92nd and 93rd Infantry Divisions. The 9th and 10th Cavalry Regiments were mostly disbanded, and the soldiers were moved into service-oriented units, along with the entire2nd Cavalry Division. The92nd Infantry Division, the "Buffalo Division", served in combat during theItalian campaign. The93rd Infantry Division—including the25th Infantry Regiment—served in thePacific theater.[60] Separately, independent Black artillery, tank, and tank destroyer battalions, as well as quartermaster and support battalions served in World War II. All of these units to a degree carried out the traditions of the Buffalo Soldiers.
Despite some official resistance and administrative barriers, Black airmen were trained and played a part in the air war in Europe, gaining a reputation for skill and bravery (seeTuskegee Airmen). In early 1945, after theBattle of the Bulge, American forces in Europe experienced a shortage of combat troops, so the embargo on using black soldiers in combat units was relaxed. The American Military History says:
Faced with a shortage of infantry replacements during the enemy's counteroffensive,General Eisenhower offered black soldiers in service units an opportunity to volunteer for duty with the infantry. More than 4,500 responded, many taking reductions in grade to meet specified requirements. The 6th Army Group formed these men into provisional companies, while the 12th Army Group employed them as an additional platoon in existing rifle companies. The excellent record established by these volunteers, particularly those serving as platoons, presaged major postwar changes in the traditional approach to employing Black troops.
In 1948, PresidentHarry Truman signedExecutive Order 9981, which desegregated the military and marked the first federal piece of legislation that went against the societal norms implemented throughJim Crow laws. During theKorean War, black and white troops operated in integrated units for the first time.
The24th Infantry Regiment saw combat during theKorean War and was the last segregated regiment to engage in combat. The 24th was deactivated in 1951, and its soldiers were integrated into other units in Korea. On December 12, 1951, the last Buffalo Soldier units, the27th Cavalry and the28th (Horse) Cavalry, were disbanded. The 28th Cavalry was inactivated at Assi-Okba,Algeria, in April 1944 in North Africa, and marked the end of the regiment.[61]
Monuments to the Buffalo Soldiers are in Kansas atFort Leavenworth andJunction City.[62] Then–Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of StaffColin Powell, who initiated the project to get a statue to honor the Buffalo Soldiers when he was posted as abrigadier general to Fort Leavenworth, was guest speaker for the unveiling of the Fort Leavenworth monument in July 1992.
In the 21st century, the employment of the Buffalo Soldiers by theUnited States Army in theAmerican Indian Wars has led some to call for the critical reappraisal of the African American regiments. In the opinion of some,[63] the Buffalo Soldiers were used as mereshock troops or accessories to the forcefulsettler-colonialist andwestward expansionist ambitions of theFederal U.S. government done at the expense ofAmerican Indian tribes.[63][64]
MemorialsIn 1973,West Point Academy would become the first military academy to honor the Buffalo Soldier, renaming the area at the academy where the Buffalo Soldiers trained future officers "Buffalo Soldier Field" and placing a memorial rock.at the northeast corner of the field.[65]
TheBuffalo Soldier Monument by American sculptor Eddie Dixon was installed at theUnited States Military Academy in West Point, New York, in 2021.[66][67]
A monument dedicated to the Buffalo Soldiers,Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, were initiated and dedicated in 1992 byGen. Colin Powell to the memory of the9th &10th Cavalry Regiments in theUnited States Army that were once only made up of black soldiers.[68]
On March 25, 2013, theCharles Young Buffalo Soldiers National Monument under theAntiquities Act of 1906 was designated by United States PresidentBarack Obama as a unit of theNational Park Service. The 19th-centuryhouse museum also has an exhibit on African American soldier,Charles Young and the Buffalo Soldiers.[69][70]
On February 20, 2014, officials at the United States Army post,Fort Bliss, changed the name of Robert E. Lee Road to Buffalo Soldier Road, recognizing the African-American units that moved through the fort in the 19th century; it also honors them since they protectedAmerican settlers inthe west during the aftermath of theAmerican Civil War.[71]
On June 23, 2020, TheEl Paso, Texas City Council voted unanimously to renameRobert E. Lee Road in east-central El Paso as Buffalo Soldiers Road.[72]
In September 2021, a new monument featuring a black soldier on horseback would be erected in honor of the Buffalo Soldiers on the west side of West Point Academy's Buffalo Soldier Field.[65][4] The plaque from the original memorial rock that was dedicated in 1973 would also be relocated and placed at the base of the new statue.[65]
This list is of the officers and men who received theMedal of Honor for service with the original units called "Buffalo Soldiers".
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This list is of other notable African Americans who served in the original units as "Buffalo Soldiers" from 1866 to 1918.
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