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Budapest offensive

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Soviet military offensive 1944–1945

This articleis missing information about how many tanks were employed by both sides during the battle. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on thetalk page.(May 2025)

Budapest offensive

Part of theEastern Front ofWorld War II

SovietIS-2 tank in action (Battle of Budapest)

Date	29 October 1944 – 13 February 1945 108 days (3 months, 2 weeks and 1 day)
Location	Budapest and northwesternHungary
Result	Allied victory

Belligerents

Soviet Union

Romania

Hungary(Debrecen government [ru])^[1]^[2]^[3]

Germany

Hungary(Hungarist government)

Commanders and leaders

Units involved

2nd Ukrainian Front

3rd Ukrainian Front

Army Group South

Strength

719,000^[4]

N/A

Casualties and losses

Soviet:
80,026 dead and missing
240,056 wounded and sick
Total casualties:
320,082 (including 260,000 combat casualties)
1,766 tanks destroyed
4,127 guns and mortars
293 aircraft
135,100 small arms^[5]^[6]^[7]

Siege of Budapest: 125,000 combat casualties^[5]
(48,000 killed, 26,000 wounded, 51,000 captured)
Total: ~270,000 combat casualties

76,000 civilian dead^[8]
38,000 civilians dead in the siege (7,000 executed)
38,000 died in labour or POW camps

v t e Eastern Front
Naval warfare Baltic Sea Black Sea Arctic Ocean 1941 Barbarossa Brest Białystok–Minsk 1st Baltic Brody Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 1st Smolensk Uman Odessa 1st Kiev Tallinn Leningrad Sea of Azov 1st Kharkov 1st Crimea Sevastopol Rostov Gorky Moscow Finland Kerch Chechnya Air war 1941 1942 Lyuban Barvenkovo–Lozovaya Rzhev Toropets–Kholm Demyansk Kholm Bamberg 2nd Kharkov Case Blue Caucasus Rzhev–Sychyovka Sinyavino Stalingrad Velikiye Luki Mars Little Saturn 1943 Iskra Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh Voronezh–Kharkov Polar Star 3rd Kharkov Gorky Blitz Kursk 1st Donbas Belgorod-Kharkov 2nd Donbas 2nd Smolensk Lenino Dnieper Nevel 2nd Kiev 1944 Dnieper–Carpathian Leningrad–Novgorod Narva 2nd Crimea Romania 1st Jassy–Kishinev 2nd Jassy–Kishinev Turda Păuliș Carei Karelia Bagration Lvov–Sandomierz Doppelkopf Dukla Pass 2nd Baltic Belgrade Debrecen Petsamo–Kirkenes Courland Gumbinnen Budapest 1945 Budapest Vistula–Oder Western Carpathian East Prussia Silesia Breslau Solstice East Pomerania Lake Balaton Moravia–Ostrava Vienna Bratislava–Brno Berlin Prague Prague uprising

Eastern Front

Naval warfare

1941

1942

1943

1944

1945

v t e Battle for Hungary
Margarethe Debrecen Panzerfaust Budapest Siege Konrad Konrad II Konrad III Southwind Lake Balaton Drava Nagykanizsa–Körmend

v t e Romanian military actions in World War II
Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina Northern Transylvania (Diosig,Treznea,Ip,Nușfalău) As part of the Axis (1941–1944) Bucharest Danube Delta Constanța München Uman Odessa Azov Sevastopol Rostov Kerch Kharkov Blue Edelweiss Stalingrad Uranus Winter Storm Little Saturn Western Allied campaign (Tidal Wave,Timișoara,Bucharest,Frantic) Kerch-Eltigen Dnieper Dnieper–Carpathian Uman–Botoșani 1st Jassy–Kishinev Crimea 2nd Jassy–Kishinev As part of the Allies (1944–1945) Margarethe II Reunion Turda Păuliș Carei Debrecen Budapest offensive (Budapest) Bratislava–Brno Prague

Romanian military actions in World War II

As part of the Axis (1941–1944)

As part of the Allies (1944–1945)

TheBudapest offensive was the general attack bySoviet andRomanian armies againstHungary and theirAxis allies fromNazi Germany. The offensive lasted from 29 October 1944 untilthe fall of Budapest on 13 February 1945. This was one of the most difficult and complicated offensives that the Soviet Army carried out inCentral Europe. It resulted in a decisive victory for theUSSR, as it greatly sped up the ending of World War II in Europe.^[9]

Prelude

[edit]

Having securedRomania in the summerIasi–Kishinev offensive, the Soviet forces continued their push in theBalkans. The Red Army occupiedBucharest on 31 August, then swept westward across theCarpathian Mountains intoHungary and southward intoBulgaria, with parts joining theYugoslav Partisans in theBelgrade offensive. In the process, the Red Army's forces drew German reserves away from theWarsaw-Berlin central axis, encircled and destroyed the6th Army (for the second time) and forcedArmy Group South Ukraine’s shattered8th Army to withdraw west into Hungary.

The offensive

[edit]

From October 1944, the2nd,3rd, and4th Ukrainian Fronts advanced into Hungary. After isolating the Hungarian capital city in late December, the Sovietsbesieged and assaulted Budapest. On 13 February 1945, the city fell.

According to the historical documents, the Budapest offensive can be divided into five periods:^[10]

Thefirst (29 October 1944 - 3 November 1944) andsecond periods (7 November 1944 – 24 November 1944) were marked by the two large offensives of the 2nd Ukrainian Front, led by Rodion Malinovsky. The battles in these two periods were exceptionally bloody and fierce, since the Germans offered strong resistance against the Soviet onslaught. Though the Red Army managed to gain considerable territory, they failed to capture Budapest, due to the fierce German resistance and their own lack of offensive strength.
In thethird period (3 December 1944 – 26 December 1944), the 3rd Ukrainian Front ofFyodor Tolbukhin reached theDanube river afterliberating Belgrade, and thus greatly enhanced Soviet offensive power in Hungary. Now with adequate forces, the Soviet fronts launched a two-pronged attack north and south of Budapest, finally encircling the city and trapping about 79,000 German and Hungarian troops inside the Budapest pocket.^[11]
Thefourth period (1 January 1945 – 26 January 1945) was marked by a series of strong counter-offensives launched by German reinforcements in an attempt to relieve the siege of Budapest. Some German units managed to penetrate deep into the outskirts of the city, with the most successful ones only 25 km away from the Hungarian capital. However, the Soviets managed to withstand all the German attacks and maintain their encirclement.
Finally, in thefifth period (27 January 1945 – 13 February 1945), the Soviets mustered their forces to eliminate the besieged defenders in the city. The German troops fought for about half a month more before surrendering on 13 February 1945, ending four months of bloody fighting in the Budapest area. Out of the estimated 79,000 defenders, fewer than 1,000 managed to avoid death or captivity.

After the Budapest offensive, the main forces ofArmy Group South virtually collapsed. The road toVienna,Czechoslovakia and the southern border ofGermany was widely open for the Soviets and their allies.^[9]

According to Soviet claims, the Germans and Hungarians in Budapest lost 49,000 dead soldiers, with 110,000 captured and 269 tanks destroyed.^[12]

Aftermath

[edit]

As most of the German forces in the region were destroyed, troops were rushed in from theWestern Front and, in March, the Germans launched the ill-fatedOperation Spring Awakening (Unternehmen Frühlingserwachen) in the Lake Balaton area. The expansive goals of this operation were to protect one of the last oil producing regions available to the Axis and to retake Budapest. Neither goal was achieved.

In Soviet propaganda, this offensive (together with theBelgrade Offensive and theEast Carpathian Offensive) was listed as one ofStalin's ten blows.

References

[edit]

^Gosztony, Peter.Stalins Fremde Heere, Bernard & Graefe Verlag, 1991.ISBN 3-7637-5889-5
^Иностранные войска, созданные Советским Союзом для борьбы с нацизмом (in Russian). Центрполиграф. 2024.ISBN 9785046032826.
^"The Provisional National Government (1945)". 3 December 2015.
^Glantz, David M.; House, Jonathan M. (1995).When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler. University Press of Kansas. p. 299.ISBN 0-7006-0899-0.
^^a ^bFrieser et al. 2007, p. 922.
^Glantz, David M., andJonathan House. When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler. (Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1995.ISBN 0-7006-0899-0) p. 298
^Krivosheev, G. F. Soviet casualties and combat losses in the Twentieth Century. (London: Greenhill Books, 1997.ISBN 1-85367-280-7) p. 152
^Ungváry 2003, p. 330.
^^a ^bСамсонов, Александр Михайлович Крах фашистской агрессии 1939-1945. — М.: Наука, 1980.(in Russian)
^Минасян, М. M. Освобождение Юго-Восточной и Центральной Европы войсками 2-го и 3-го Украинских фронтов 1944-1945. Издательство "Наука", Москва, 1970.(in Russian)
^Frieser et al. 2007, p. 897.
^"Наша Победа. День за днем - проект РИА Новости". Archived fromthe original on 2011-07-27. Retrieved2010-06-20.

Frieser, Karl-Heinz; Schmider, Klaus; Schönherr, Klaus; Schreiber, Gerhard;Ungváry, Kristián; Wegner, Bernd (2007).Die Ostfront 1943/44 – Der Krieg im Osten und an den Nebenfronten [The Eastern Front 1943–1944: The War in the East and on the Neighbouring Fronts] (in German). Vol. VIII. München: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt.ISBN 978-3-421-06235-2.{{cite book}}:|work= ignored (help)
Ungváry, Kristián (2003).Budapest Ostroma [Battle for Budapest] (in Hungarian). London: I.B. Tauris.ISBN 1-86064-727-8.
David M. Glantz,The Soviet-German War 1941–45: Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay.

World War II

General

Topics	Air warfare of World War II In Europe Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Declarations of war Diplomacy Governments in exile Home front Australian United Kingdom United States Lend-Lease Manhattan Project British contribution Military awards Military equipment Military production Naval history Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Music in World War II Weather events during World War II
Theaters	Asia and Pacific China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean Europe Western Front Eastern Front Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic timeline Americas
Aftermath	Chinese Civil War Cold War Decolonization Division of Korea First Indochina War Expulsion of Germans Greek Civil War Indonesian National Revolution Keelhaul Marshall Plan Occupation of Germany Occupation of Japan Osoaviakhim Paperclip Soviet occupations Baltic Hungary Poland Romania Territorial changes of Germany Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany United Nations
War crimes	Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes Atrocities against prisoners of war British war crimes United States war crimes German war crimes forced labour Wehrmacht war crimes The Holocaust Aftermath Response Nuremberg trials Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Nanjing Massacre Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes Genocide of Serbs Persecution of Jews Romanian war crimes Sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Germany / Japan / Poland / Manchuria Rape during the liberation of France / Serbia Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Manila Marocchinate

Participants

Allies	Algeria Australia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria (from September 1944) Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) Finland (from September 1944) France Free France Greece India (Indian Army) Italy (from September 1943) Liberia Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands Newfoundland New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Romania (from August 1944) Sierra Leone South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union Tuva United Kingdom British Empire United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia
Axis	Albania protectorate Bulgaria (until September 1944) State of Burma Republic of China (Wang Jingwei) Independent State of Croatia Finland (until September 1944) German Reich Hungary Azad Hind Iraq Italy (until September 1943) Italian Social Republic Empire of Japan Manchukuo Mengjiang Philippines Romania (until August 1944) Slovak Republic Thailand Vichy France Guangzhouwan French Indochina French Madagascar Syria–Lebanon French North Africa French West Africa Collaboration
Neutral	Afghanistan Andorra Bhutan Ireland Liechtenstein Monaco Portugal San Marino Saudi Arabia Spain Sweden Switzerland Tibet Turkey Vatican City Yemen
Resistance	Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Dutch East Indies Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jews Korea Korean Liberation Army Korean Volunteer Army Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Quốc dân Đảng Viet Minh Yugoslavia
POWs	Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union German prisoners Soviet Union Azerbaijan United States United Kingdom Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners Soviet Union German atrocities against Polish POWs Soviet prisoners Finland atrocities by Germans Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union

Timeline

Prelude	Africa Second Italo-Ethiopian War Asia Second Sino-Japanese War Battles of Khalkhin Gol Europe Remilitarisation of the Rhineland Anschluss Munich Agreement Occupation of Czechoslovakia Operation Himmler Italian invasion of Albania
1939	Invasion of Poland Battle of the Atlantic Phoney War First Battle of Changsha Battle of South Guangxi Winter War 1939–1940 Winter Offensive
1940	Norwegian campaign German invasion of Denmark Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang German invasion of Luxembourg German invasion of the Netherlands German invasion of Belgium Battle of France Dunkirk evacuation Battle of Britain Battle of the Mediterranean North Africa West Africa British Somaliland Hundred Regiments Offensive Baltic states Eastern Romania Japanese invasion of French Indochina Italian invasion of Greece Compass
1941	Battle of South Henan Battle of Shanggao Invasion of Yugoslavia German invasion of Greece Battle of Crete Anglo-Iraqi War Battle of South Shanxi Syria–Lebanon campaign East African campaign Invasion of the Soviet Union Summer War Finland (Silver Fox) Lithuania Battle of Kiev Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran Second Battle of Changsha Siege of Leningrad Battle of Moscow Bombing of Gorky Siege of Sevastopol Attack on Pearl Harbor Niʻihau incident Japanese invasion of Thailand Fall of Hong Kong Fall of the Philippines Battle of Guam Battle of Wake Island Malayan campaign Battle of Borneo Japanese invasion of Burma Third Battle of Changsha Greek famine of 1941–1944
1942	Fall of Singapore Battle of the Java Sea St Nazaire Raid Battle of Christmas Island Battle of the Coral Sea Battle of Madagascar Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign Battle of Gazala Battle of Dutch Harbor Battle of Midway Aleutian Islands campaign Kiska Attu Blue First Battle of El Alamein Battle of Stalingrad Kokoda Track campaign Rzhev Jubilee Second Battle of El Alamein Guadalcanal campaign Torch Chinese famine of 1942–1943
1943	Black May Tunisian campaign Battle of West Hubei Battle of Attu Bombing of Gorky Battle of Kursk Allied invasion of Sicily Smolensk Solomon Islands campaign Cottage Battle of the Dnieper Allied invasion of Italy Armistice of Cassibile Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde Second Battle of Kiev Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign Tarawa Makin Bengal famine of 1943
1944	Tempest Monte Cassino /Anzio Korsun–Cherkassy Narva U-Go Imphal Ichi-Go Kohima Overlord Neptune Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Second Battle of Guam Tannenberg Line Warsaw Uprising Eastern Romania Liberation of Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Belgrade offensive Battle of San Marino Lapland Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 Philippines (1944–1945) Leyte Syrmian Front Hungary Budapest Burma (1944–1945) Ardennes Bodenplatte Dutch famine of 1944–1945
1945	Vistula–Oder Battle of Manila Battle of Iwo Jima Indochina Vienna offensive Project Hula Western invasion of Germany Bratislava–Brno offensive Battle of Okinawa Second Guangxi campaign West Hunan Italy (Spring 1945) Battle of Berlin Prague offensive Surrender of Germany document Borneo Taipei Naval bombardment of Japan Manchuria Atomic bombings Debate South Sakhalin Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan Potsdam Declaration document End of World War II in Asia

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Budapest offensive

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References

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