Movatterモバイル変換

[0]ホーム
URL:

Jump to content
WikipediaThe Free Encyclopedia
Search

Brothers of Italy

Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Italian political party
For the Italian national anthem, seeIl Canto degli Italiani.
"FdI" redirects here. For other uses, seeFDI.

Brothers of Italy
Fratelli d'Italia
AbbreviationFdI
PresidentGiorgia Meloni
Head of Political SecretariatArianna Meloni
Organisational SecretaryGiovanni Donzelli
Founders
Founded21 December 2012; 12 years ago (2012-12-21)
Split fromThe People of Freedom
Preceded byNational Alliance[A]
HeadquartersVia della Scrofa 39,Rome
NewspaperLa Voce del Patriota
Student wingStudent Action
University Action
Youth wingNational Youth
Membership(2021)130,000[1]
IdeologyNational conservatism
Right-wing populism
Post-fascism[B]
Political positionRight-wing tofar-right
National affiliationCentre-right coalition
European affiliationEuropean Conservatives and Reformists Party
European Parliament groupEPP Group (2012–2014)
ECR Group (since 2019)
International affiliationInternational Democracy Union
Colours  Blue
Chamber of Deputies
116 / 400
Senate
66 / 205
[2]
European Parliament
24 / 76
Regional Councils
170 / 896
Conference of Regions
3 / 21
Website
fratelli-italia.it
^ A: Not direct predecessor. FdI was established mainly by former AN members, who had been part of the PdL in 2008–2012, and is the current bearer of AN's symbol under the authorization of the National Alliance Foundation.
^ B: Some sources classify FdI as post-fascist,[3][4] while others consider itneo-fascist.[5][6]

Brothers of Italy (Italian:Fratelli d'Italia,[a]FdI) is anational-conservative[7][8] andright-wing populist[9][10][11][12]political party in Italy, that is currently the country's ruling party. After becoming the largest party in the2022 Italian general election, it consolidated as one of the two major political parties in Italy during the 2020s along with theDemocratic Party.[13][14] The party is led byGiorgia Meloni,[15][16] the incumbentPrime Minister of Italy.[17][18] Meloni's tenure has been described as the "most right-wing" government in Italy sinceWorld War II,[19][20][21] whilst her time in government is frequently described as a shift towards the far-right in Italian politics.[b]

In December 2012, FdI emerged from a right-wing split withinThe People of Freedom (PdL) party.[26] The bulk of FdI's membership (including Meloni, who has led the party since 2014), and its symbol, the tricolour flame,[27] hail from theNational Alliance (AN), which was established in 1995 and merged into PdL in 2009.[28] AN was the successor to theItalian Social Movement (MSI), aneo-fascist party active from 1946 to 1995.[29][30][31][32][33] However, FdI is home also to several formerChristian Democrats[34][35] and half of its ministers are not former MSI members.[36][37]

According to Meloni and leading members, FdI is a mainstreamconservative party.[38][39] Academics and observers have variously described it as conservative,[40][41] national-conservative,social-conservative,[42] right-wing populist,nationalist,[43][44] neo-fascist,[45][41]post-fascist,[5][6] andnativist.[46][9][11] The party espouses aEurosceptic position,[40][47] while being in favour ofAtlanticism.[40][48] While its MEPs were originally affiliated with theEuropean People's Party Group, they left in 2014 and joined theEuropean Conservatives and Reformists in 2019, which was led by Meloni from 2020 to 2025.[49][50] FdI proposes a "confederal Europe" of nations as opposed to a "federal Europe".[51][52][53]

History

Background and foundation

In November 2012,Ignazio La Russa andMaurizio Gasparri, leaders of theProtagonist Right, a faction withinThe People of Freedom (PdL), announced their support forAngelino Alfano in the party primary scheduled for December.[54] The subsequent cancellation of the primary was not agreed with by La Russa and many others in the party. On 16 December 2012,Giorgia Meloni,Fabio Rampelli,Guido Crosetto, andGiuseppe Cossiga organised in Rome the Primaries of Ideas,[55] in which they openly criticisedSilvio Berlusconi's leadership and any possible prospect of an electoral alliance with Prime MinisterMario Monti, proposed by some leading factions of the party, among themLiberamente,Network Italy,Reformism and Freedom,Liberal Populars,New Italy, andFareItalia.[56][57]

On 17 December 2012, La Russa, one of the three PdL national coordinators, announced he was leaving the party to form the "National Centre-right" (Centrodestra Nazionale), including not just right-wingers but alsoChristian democrats andliberals fromForza Italia (FI) such as Crosetto and Cossiga.[58] The split from the PdL was agreed with Berlusconi to better represent the Italian right and offer an appealing choice to right-wing voters.[58] Simultaneously, Crosetto and Meloni announced the formation of "Brothers of Italy", whose name was taken from the first line of theItalian national anthem.[59] On 21 December, the two groups, formed mainly by former members ofNational Alliance such as La Russa, Meloni, Rampelli, Massimo Corsaro, Viviana Beccalossi, andAlfredo Mantica, joined forces as "Brothers of Italy – National Centre-right",[60] usually shortened to Brothers of Italy (FdI). La Russa's followers soon formed their own groups in most regional councils, starting with theRegional Council of Lombardy,[61] and theSenate of the Republic.[62]Carlo Fidanza andMarco Scurria, MEPs in theEuropean People's Party group, also joined the party.[63]

2013 general election and aftermath

In the2013 Italian general election, the party obtained 2.0% of the vote and won nine seats in theChamber of Deputies.[64] On 5 March 2013, the party's executive board appointed La Russa president, Crosetto coordinator, and Meloni leader in the Chamber of Deputies. During the2013 Italian presidential election's fourth ballot on 19 April, FdI decided to supportFranco Marini, aDemocratic Party (PD) member supported also by PdL andLega Nord (LN). Following the unsuccessful outcome of the vote, FdI started voting for colonel Sergio De Caprio, known for having arrestedSicilian Mafia bossSalvatore Riina.[65] On 29 April, Meloni announced in the Chamber of Deputies the party's vote of no confidence forEnrico Letta's government, supported by PD, PdL, andCivic Choice.[66]

In September 2013, FdI launched "Workshop for Italy" (Officina per l'Italia, abbr. OpI), a political initiative aimed at broadening the party's base.[67] The newly formed OpI's political committee, led by Cossiga, included, among others, former minister of Foreign AffairsGiulio Terzi di Sant'Agata, former members of AN (notably includingGianni Alemanno,Mario Landolfi,Sergio Berlato,Adolfo Urso, andSouad Sbai), former members of FI (including formerSocialists such asGiulio Tremonti andAntonio Guidi, and formerChristian Democrats such as Fabio Garagnani), former members of theUnion of the Centre (Magdi Allam and Luciano Ciocchetti), and a former member of the LN (Oreste Rossi).[68] Alemanno'sItaly First and Urso'sFareItalia were to join FdI by February 2014.[69][70]

National Alliance Foundation

Giorgia Meloni andGuido Crosetto in 2014

In December 2013, the National Alliance Foundation, the association in charge of administering the assets of the defunct party, authorised FdI, supported by Alemanno and Urso, to use the logo of AN in the2014 European Parliament election in Italy,[71] despite opposition from theMovement for National Alliance alternative front composed ofThe Right,Future and Freedom,Tricolour Flame,I the South, andNew Alliance,[72] as well as the former members of AN who had joined FI such as senatorsMaurizio Gasparri andAltero Matteoli.[73]

In February 2014, the party organised a primary in which members and supporters agreed to change the party's name to Brothers of Italy – National Alliance, chose the new symbol, including in small AN's one, and re-elected Meloni as president.[74] During the party's first congress in March 2014, FdI ratified the primary's outcomes; the congress also voted for the party to leave theEuropean People's Party Group in theEuropean Parliament and adoptEurosceptic positions.[75][76] In the2014 European Parliament election in Italy, FdI obtained 3.7% of the vote and no seats, while doing well in Central and Southern Italy, especially inLazio (5.6%),Umbria (5.4%),Abruzzo (4.7%), andCampania (4.5%), as well as in north-easternFriuli-Venezia Giulia (4.4%).[77]

During an assembly of the association in October 2015, the representatives of FdI, supported by former AN heavyweights who had remained in the PdL, won a decisive vote over a front led by Alemanno, who had left FdI earlier, joined forces with former allies ofGianfranco Fini and wanted to form a larger party, including FdI, which retained the use of AN's name and symbol, while Alemanno announced that he would create a Movement for the United Right.[78][79]

Road to the 2018 general election

In November 2015, it was announced that the party would undergo a new process of enlargement and that a new political committee, namedOur Land (TN), would be launched by January 2016. TN would comprise FdI, along with other right-wing politicians, notably including Cossiga (former deputy of FI and founding member of FdI),Alberto Giorgetti (a deputy of FI, who was long a member of AN) and Walter Rizzetto (deputy ofFree Alternative, originally elected with theFive Star Movement).[80][81][82] In March 2016, Rizzetto officially joined FdI and it was announced that the party's group in the Chamber would be renamed Brothers of Italy–Our Land.[83][84][85] The name change never happened, but the party's enlargement continued with the switch of two deputies from FI.[86]

In the2016 Rome municipal election, Meloni ran for mayor with the support ofUs with Salvini but in competition with the candidate supported by FI. Meloni won 20.6% of the vote, almost twice than FI's candidate, but did not qualify for the run-off, while FdI obtained 12.3%.[87] In the2017 Sicilian regional election,Nello Musumeci, a conservative close to the party,[88][89] was electedpresident of Sicily.[90]

During the party's second congress in December 2017, Meloni was re-elected president, the party was renamed simply Brothers of Italy, and a new symbol was unveiled. In the event, FdI welcomed several newcomers, notably includingDaniela Santanchè and Bruno Mancuso,[91] respectively from FI andPopular Alternative (AP).[92][93][94] Mancuso became the party's third senator after Stefano Bertacco,[95] as well as Bartolomeo Amidei,[96] had previously switched from FI. Additionally, Crosetto and Urso returned to an active role in the party.[97] Finally,Alessandro Urzì led theAlto Adige in the Heart party into FdI.[98]

Meloni (left) with Matteo Salvini (centre) and Silvio Berlusconi (right) at theQuirinal Palace after the 2018 election

2018 general election and aftermath

In the2018 Italian general election, as part of thecentre-right coalition,[99] FdI obtained 4.4% of the vote and won more than three times the seats won in 2013.[100] In November 2018, in the run-up to the2019 European Parliament election in Italy, the party agreed to join theEuropean Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) group in the European Parliament,[101][102] opening the way for a pact with other minor conservative parties in Italy, notably includingRaffaele Fitto'sDirection Italy.[103][104] On 29 October 2019, Direction Italy officially merged into FdI,[105] and on 7 December 2019 theNational Movement for Sovereignty ofRoberto Menia andGianni Alemanno merged into FdI.[106] In 2020, other minor right-wing parties, such as Gabriella Peluso's Protagonist South and Lorenzo Loiacono's Right Bank, also merged into FdI.[107][108]

Party memberMarco Marsilio won 48.0% of the vote in the2019 Abruzzo regional election and became FdI's first regional president on 10 February.[109] Since governing the region, which ranked as the ninth-worst region by number of deaths per capita during theCOVID-19 pandemic in Italy, critics said undermined access to abortion and privatised health care, FdI has made it harder for migrants to accesssocial housing. Meloni reclaimed this by saying that "Italians first is not just a slogan."[110] For the2019 European Parliament election, FdI recruited several candidates, including five outgoing MEPs (two of Direction Italy, plus three more recent splinters from FI:Fabrizio Bertot,Stefano Maullu, andElisabetta Gardini), other former FI politicians (Alfredo Antoniozzi and Monica Stefania Baldi), and sociologistFrancesco Alberoni.[111] FdI obtained 6.4% of the vote (10.3% inCalabria, 9.0% in Lazio, 8.9% inApulia, and 8.4% inBasilicata) and five MEPs.[112][113]

For the2022 Italian presidential election on 24–29 January, FdI votedCarlo Nordio when all the other main parties proposed a re-election of incumbent presidentSergio Mattarella.[114][115][116] In April 2022, the party organised a large convention inMilan, to discuss its political program and start the campaign for the next general election.[117][118]

Road to the 2022 general election

FdI volunteers canvassing inCascina,Tuscany, three days before the 2022 general election; on the rightClaudio Borghi Aquilini (League)

Heading into the2022 Italian general election rising in the polls,[119][120][121] asnap election that was called after the2022 Italian government crisis,[122][123] it was agreed among the centre-right coalition that the leader of the party receiving the most votes would become prime minister candidate.[124] As of July 2022, FdI was first party in the coalition according to opinion polling,[125][126] and she was widely expected to becomePrime Minister of Italy if the centre-right coalition obtained anabsolute majority in Parliament, which would be the most right-wing government in thehistory of the Italian Republic according to some academics.[127]

In an attempt to moderate the party to placate fears among those who describe FdI asneo-fascist orfar-right,[128] including fears within theEuropean Commission that she could lead Italy towards Hungary underViktor Orbán,[129] Meloni told the foreign press thatItalian fascism is history. As president of theEuropean Conservatives and Reformists Party, she said she shared the experiences and values of theConservative Party in the United Kingdom,Likud in Israel, and theRepublican Party in the United States.[130][131]

2022 general election and aftermath

Giorgia Meloni at theQuirinal Palace accepting the task of forming anew government

In the run-up to the election, several politicians previously affiliated with Berlusconi's FI joined the FdI electoral lists.[132][133] Notably, they includedGiulio Tremonti (ex-PSI and ex-FI, former finance minister),[134]Marcello Pera (ex-PSI and ex-FI, former president of the Senate),Antonio Guidi (ex-PSI and ex-FI, former family and social solidarity minister),Giulio Terzi di Sant'Agata (former foreign affairs minister, honorary president of thePRT),[135]Carlo Nordio (former prosecutor, member of thePLI),[136] andEugenia Roccella (a formerRadical and feminist who later turned into aconservative feminist),[137] among others.[138] General election candidateCalogero Pisano was sacked after praisingAdolf Hitler.[139] While he remained a candidate, FdI removed its symbol from his candidature;[140] he was elected in the single-district constituency ofAgrigento,Sicilia with 37.8% of the vote.[141] In one of Rome's single-seat constituencies,Ester Mieli, a former spokesperson of the local Jewish community and granddaughter of aHolocaust survivor,[142] was elected with 37.5% of the vote.[143][144]

In a record-lowvoter turnout election,[145]exit polls projected that the centre-right coalition would win a majority of seats in the 2022 general election.[39][146][147] Meloni was projected to be the winner of the election with FdI receiving a plurality of seats,[148] and per agreement with the centre-right coalition, which held that the largest party in the coalition would nominate the next prime minister,[149] she is the favourite to become Prime Minister and would be the country's first woman to hold the office.[150][151] On 13 October, the new parliamentary term started and FdI's La Russa was electedPresident of the Senate of the Republic;[152] he is the first politician with a neo-fascist background and to come from apost-fascist party to hold the position, which is the second highest-ranking office of the Italian Republic.[153][154][155]

After customary talks among the parties and the president,Sergio Mattarella, as part of the2022 Italian government formation on 20–21 October,[156][157] Meloni accepted the task of forming a new government and announced theMeloni government, which assumed official functions after each ministers were sworn in on 22 October.[158][159] It was variously described as a shift to thepolitical right,[160] and the firstfar-right-led coalition, as well as its first far-right leader,[161][162][163] since the Second World War.[164][165] Other than Meloni, the government included 9 FdI ministers, notably including Nordio at Justice, Crosetto at Defense, and Urso at Economic Development.[37] The Meloni government successfully won theconfidence votes on 25–26 October with a comfortable majority in both houses of theItalian Parliament.[166][167][168]

During the annual party convention, named afterMichael Ende's characterAtreju, which took place in December 2023, international guests included British Prime MinisterRishi Sunak, Albanian Prime MinisterEdi Rama, Spanish right-wing leaderSantiago Abascal and businessmanElon Musk.[169][170][171]

In the2024 European Parliament election, Meloni led the party in all five constituencies, after presenting the event as a vote of confidence on her leadership and government.[172] Differently from other parties, FdI privileged party stalwarts over signature candidates.[173] A rare exception was the inclusion ofVittorio Sgarbi,[174] whose candidacy would not succeed.[175] FdI came in first place in the election, winning 28.9% of the vote and 24 seats, ahead of the PD and centre-right coalition partners. Meloni, who was a candidate in all five constituencies, received 2.3 million preferences votes and was the most voted individual in the election.[176] The second most voted candidate in the party wasNicola Procaccini, outgoing chairman of theEuropean Conservatives and Reformists group.[177]

In September 2024, FdI was admitted into theInternational Democracy Union.[178]

Ideology and factions

Part ofa series on
Conservatism in Italy

Academics and political commentators have variously described FdI's political position asright-wing,[179][180][181]radical right,[46][182] as well asfar-right.[183][184][185] The party has been characterised asconservative,[40][41]national-conservative,[186][7][187][8][188]social-conservative,[42]right-wing populist,[9][10][11]nationalist,[43][44][189]neo-fascist,[45][41]post-fascist,[190][5][6][191][192] andnativist.[46][193][9][11] Although FdI rejects the "neo-fascist" label, it has been applied due to the party's history dating back to theItalian Social Movement (MSI),[194] its far-right ties,[195][196][197] its appeal to neo-fascist themes on social media such asFacebook,[198] and some party leaders' nostalgia forItalian fascism,[199][200][201][202] includingRoman salutes.[203] Some party members have celebratedBenito Mussolini, with fascist memorabilia in some local offices.[204][205][206] Some members of theMussolini family have run for FdI, such asRachele Mussolini, granddaughter of Mussolini, for theCity Council of Rome, and Caio Giulio Cesare Mussolini, great-grandson of Mussolini, for the2019 European Parliament election.[207]

In 2019, academic Đorđe Sredanović placed FdI, along with the neo-fascist partiesCasaPound (a split fromTricolour Flame, which refused to join theNational Alliance) andNew Force (FN) from theTerza Posizione tradition, in the post-fascist/neo-fascist categories.[208] In October 2021, FdI distanced itself from FN after they violently assaulted the labour unionItalian General Confederation of Labour's headquarters; the party abstained on a parliamentary motion to ban FN while condemning "alltotalitarianisms". A December 2021 investigation byFanpage.it on allegations of money laundering and illicit campaign financing also revealed FdI had ties withneo-Nazis in the Milan party section.[209] Meloni toldCorriere della Sera there were no "nostalgic fascists, racists or antisemites in the Brothers of Italy DNA" and that she had always got rid of "ambiguous people",[131] and in other interviews she said there was no place for fascist nostalgia in FdI.[27]

On economic issues, the party takes inspiration from both theeconomic interventionism ofSocial Right and theeconomic liberalism ofReaganomics, advocating tax cuts andworkfare schemes.[210] In opposition, the party advocated moreprotectionist measures.[211]

In regards to social issues, the party opposeseuthanasia andabortion. It also has been described as being strictly "anti-gay marriage" and supporting the "traditional family unit".[212] The party collaborates withanti-abortion andanti-LGBTQ+ movements.[213] FdI calls for azero-tolerance policy onillegal immigration and wants to blockade migrants from reaching Italian ports and boost the birth rate of Italian nationals to ease the need for migrant labour.[214] FdI, frequently described asEurosceptic,[40][47][215] aims at a "confederal Europe" of sovereign nations as opposed to a "federal Europe",[51][52][53] and wants to "re-discuss"European Union treaties and amend Italy's constitution to give Italian law priority over European law.[214][216] Once in favour of withdrawing from theeurozone,[217][218] the party abandoned the idea.[219][220] Prior to the start of the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the party was in favour of better relations with Russia while maintaining a pro-NATO stance.[40] Since then, it has condemned the invasion and promised to send arms to Ukraine,[221] and Meloni moved the party towardsAtlantism.[48][222][223] Besides being a leading member of theEuropean Conservatives and Reformists Party, FdI has ties with theConservative Party in the United Kingdom,Likud in Israel,[224] and theRepublican Party in the United States, where Meloni has been a guest at theCPAC Conference in February 2022.[225]

FdI had several organised internal factions, including a minorliberal-conservative faction.[226] It has also been stated that some internal wings of the party have ties to the neo-fascism movement.[227][228]
Factions include:

Alemanno and Poli Bortone left FdI, along with their factions, in December 2014 and April 2015, respectively.[229][230] In December 2019, Alemanno returned through the MNS.[231]

In June 2024, aFanpage.it journalist infiltrated a Roman section of the party's youth organisation "National Youth". The resulting investigation showed how militants frequently use the Nazi slogan "Sieg Heil!", makefascist salutes and praiseBenito Mussolini. The organisation is said to have a policy of masking all these aspects publicly, while in private they are tolerated and promoted.[232][233][234]

Election results

Main article:Electoral history of Italian parties § Brothers of Italy

Italian Parliament

ElectionLeaderChamber of DeputiesSenate of the Republic
Votes%Seats+/–PositionVotes%Seats+/–Position
2013Giorgia Meloni666,0351.9
9 / 630
New8th590,0831.9
0 / 315
New7th
20181,429,5504.4
32 / 630
Increase 23Increase 5th1,286,6064.3
18 / 315
Increase 18Increase 5th
20227,302,51726.0
119 / 400
Increase 87Increase 1st7,167,13626.0
66 / 200
Increase 48Increase 1st

European Parliament

ElectionLeaderVotes%Seats+/–PositionEP Group
2014Giorgia Meloni1,004,0373.7
0 / 73
New7th–
20191,726,1896.4
6 / 76
Increase 6Increase 5thECR
20246,732,30328.8
24 / 76
Increase 18Increase 1st

Regional councils

RegionElection yearVotes%Seats+/−Status in legislature
Aosta Valley20256,634 (3rd)11.0
4 / 35
Increase 4No seats
Piedmont2024403,954 (1st)24.4
11 / 51
Increase 9Majority
Lombardy2023725,402 (1st)25.2
22 / 80
Increase 19Majority
South Tyrol202316,747 (5th)6.0
2 / 35
Increase 1Majority
Trentino202328,714 (3rd)12.4
5 / 35
Increase 5Majority
Veneto2020196,310 (4th)9.5
5 / 51
Increase 4Majority
Friuli-Venezia Giulia202371,503 (2nd)18.1
8 / 49
Increase 6Majority
Emilia-Romagna202423.74 (2nd)23.7
11 / 50
Increase 8Opposition
Liguria202484,816 (2nd)15.1
5 / 31
Increase 2Majority
Tuscany2025340,202 (2nd)26.8
13 / 41
Increase 9Opposition
Marche2025155,540 (1st)27.4
11 / 31
Increase 3Majority
Umbria202462,419 (2nd)19.4
3 / 21
Increase 1Opposition
Lazio2023519,633 (1st)33.6
22 / 51
Increase 19Majority
Abruzzo2024139,578 (1st)24.1
9 / 31
Increase 6Majority
Molise202326,649 (1st)18.9
4 / 21
Increase 3Majority
Campania2020140,918 (5th)6.0
4 / 51
Increase 2Opposition
Apulia2020211,693 (2nd)12.6
7 / 51
Increase 7Opposition
Basilicata202445,458 (1st)17.4
4 / 21
Increase 3Majority
Calabria202588,335 (4th)11.6
4 / 31
SteadyMajority
Sicily2022282,345 (1st)15.1
13 / 70
Increase 10Majority
Sardinia202493,122 (2nd)13.6
8 / 60
Increase 5Opposition

Leadership

See also

Notes

  1. ^Named after the first line ofthe Italian national anthem ("Il Canto degli Italiani").
  2. ^Multiple citations:[22][23][24][25]

References

  1. ^"Sondaggi a picco? Adesso per la Lega anche i tesserati sono al palo. Invece Fratelli d'Italia cresce e rischia di mangiarsi Salvini a breve".La Notizia (in Italian). 6 April 2021. Retrieved15 August 2022.
  2. ^Three senators sit within theCivics of Italy–Us Moderates group.
  3. ^Bosworth, R. J. B. (22 April 2021)."Victoria de Grazia, The Perfect Fascist: A Story of Love, Power, and Morality in Mussolini's Italy".European History Quarterly.51 (2):271–273.doi:10.1177/02656914211005956d.
  4. ^Vampa, Davide (23 March 2023)."Brothers of Italy, the Radical Right and Populism in Italy".Brothers of Italy, the Radical Right and Populism in Italy. In: Brothers of Italy. Springer. pp. 1–14.doi:10.1007/978-3-031-26132-9_1.ISBN 978-3-031-26132-9.
  5. ^abcDavide Vampa (2023).Brothers of Italy: A New Populist Wave in an Unstable Party System. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 126.ISBN 978-3-031-26132-9.
  6. ^abc"Brothers of Italy, the far-right party on the cusp of power".France 24.Agence France-Press. 24 July 2022. Retrieved25 July 2022.... the post-fascist Brothers of Italy, looks set to do well in Italian elections on September 25.
  7. ^abPapakostas & Pasamitros 2016, p. 32.
  8. ^abTaube, Friedel (30 August 2018)."Women increasingly drawn to right-wing populist parties, study shows".Deutsche Welle. Retrieved22 May 2020.
  9. ^abcd"Berlusconi im Wahlkampf" [Berlusconi in the election campaign].ZDF (in German). 1 February 2018.Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved15 August 2022.
  10. ^abRooduijn, Matthijs; van Kessel, Stijn; Froio, Caterina; Pirro, Andrea; de Lange, Sarah; Halikiopoulou, Daphne; Lewis, Paul; Mudde, Cas; Taggart, Paul (8 April 2019)."The PopuList: An Overview of Populist, Far Right, Far Left and Eurosceptic Parties in Europe".The PopuList.Archived from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved5 October 2022.
  11. ^abcdZulianello, Mattia (April 2020)."Varieties of Populist Parties and Party Systems in Europe: From State-of-the-Art to the Application of a Novel Classification Scheme to 66 Parties in 33 Countries".Government and Opposition.55 (2):327–347.doi:10.1017/gov.2019.21.hdl:11368/3001222.S2CID 200013354.
  12. ^Baldini, Gianfranco; Tronconi, Filippo; Angelucci, Davide (10 January 2023)."Yet Another Populist Party? Understanding the Rise of Brothers of Italy".South European Society and Politics.27 (3):385–405.doi:10.1080/13608746.2022.2159625.hdl:11585/938874.ISSN 1360-8746.S2CID 255770470.
  13. ^Winfield, Nicole (26 September 2022)."How a party of neo-fascist roots won big in Italy".AP News. Associated Press. Retrieved30 September 2022.
  14. ^D'Emilio, Frances; Winfield, Nicole; Zampano, Giada (27 September 2022)."First female premier poised to take helm of Italy government".AP News. Associated Press. Retrieved30 September 2022.
  15. ^Kington, Tom (25 July 2022)."Hurdles ahead for Giorgia Meloni, the rightwinger who would rule Italy".The Times. Rome. Retrieved1 September 2022.
  16. ^Kirby, Jen (24 September 2022)."The far right is having a moment in Europe. Actually, everywhere".Vox. Retrieved5 October 2022.
  17. ^"Far-right Meloni set to become Italy's first woman PM".France 24.Agence France-Presse. 21 October 2022.Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved21 October 2022.
  18. ^Harlan, Chico; Pitrelli, Stefano (21 October 2022)."Meloni sworn in as Italy's first female prime minister".The Washington Post.ISSN 0190-8286.Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved22 October 2022.
  19. ^Leali, Giorgio; Roberts, Hannah (25 September 2022)."Italy on track to elect most right-wing government since Mussolini".Politico. Retrieved27 September 2022.
  20. ^Braithwaite, Sharon; DiDonato, Valentina; Fox, Kara; Mortensen, Antonia; Nadeau, Barbie Latza; Ruotolo, Nicola (26 September 2022)."Giorgia Meloni claims victory to become Italy's most far-right prime minister since Mussolini". CNN. Retrieved26 September 2022.
  21. ^"Italy election: Meloni says center-right bloc has 'clear' mandate". Deutsche Welle. 26 September 2022. Retrieved26 September 2022.
  22. ^Pietrucci, Pamela (2 January 2023)."Neofascist "Thugs", Pandemic Protests, Populisms: Giorgia Meloni's Cerchiobottismo and the Rise of Fratelli D'Italia During the Pandemic".Javnost - the Public.30 (1):51–66.doi:10.1080/13183222.2023.2168444.ISSN 1318-3222.
  23. ^Indelicato, Maria Elena; Magalhães Lopes, Maíra (February 2024)."Understanding populist far-right anti-immigration and anti-gender stances beyond the paradigm of gender as 'a symbolic glue': Giorgia Meloni's modern motherhood, neo-Catholicism, and reproductive racism".European Journal of Women's Studies.31 (1):6–20.doi:10.1177/13505068241230819.hdl:10316/115482.ISSN 1350-5068.
  24. ^De Giorgi, Elisabetta; Cavalieri, Alice; Feo, Francesca (2023)."From Opposition Leader to Prime Minister: Giorgia Meloni and Women's Issues in the Italian Radical Right".Politics and Governance.11 (1):108–118.doi:10.17645/pag.v11i1.6042.hdl:11384/127845.ISSN 2183-2463.
  25. ^Nadeau, Barbie Latza (2018)."Femme Fascista".World Policy Journal.35 (2):14–21.doi:10.1215/07402775-7085556.ISSN 0740-2775.
  26. ^Roberts, Hannah (3 August 2022)."Italy confronts its fascist past as the right prepares for power".Politico Europe. Retrieved11 August 2022.
  27. ^abRoberts, Hannah (10 August 2022)."I'm not a fascist — I like the Tories, says Italy's far-right leader".Politico Europe. Retrieved11 August 2022.
  28. ^"Fratelli d'Italia riaccende la 'fiamma'. Nel nuovo logo i simboli di Msi e An" [Brothers of Italy rekindles the 'flame'. In the new logo, the symbols of Msi and An] (in Italian). TGcom24. 16 February 2014. Retrieved11 August 2022.
  29. ^"Fratelli d'Italia: dova va la destra italiana" [Brothers of Italy: where the Italian right goes] (in Italian). I Mille. 24 March 2014. Archived fromthe original on 24 September 2014. Retrieved10 August 2014.
  30. ^Payne, Stanley G. (1 January 2022)."Antifascist after Fascism".First Things (January 2022). Retrieved28 September 2022.TheMovimento Sociale Italiano, a significant minority party, once seemed the best candidate for neofascism, but moderated and mutated continuously to win votes. By the 1990s it had morphed into theAlleanza Nazionale, a relatively standard and anodyne center-right parliamentary group.
  31. ^Benveniste, Campani & Lazaridis 2016, p. 36;Kuhar & Paternotte 2017;Russell 2019.
  32. ^Carlo, Andrea (20 June 2022)."Could Giorgia Meloni become Italy's next prime minister?".Euronews. Retrieved21 July 2022.
  33. ^Ciucci, Chiara (13 August 2022)."Dall'Msi a Fratelli d'Italia, passando per An e la svolta di Fiuggi: storia della fiamma tricolore nata con Almirante e arrivata fino a Meloni" [From MSI to Brothers of Italy, passing through An and the turning point of Fiuggi: the story of the tricolor flame born with Almirante and reaching Meloni].Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). Retrieved14 August 2022.
  34. ^Fraschilla, Antonio (26 August 2022)."La caccia al centro di Giorgia Meloni per nascondere la "matrice": la rete degli ex Dc in Fratelli d'Italia".L'Espresso (in Italian). Retrieved1 February 2023.
  35. ^Rotondi, Gianfranco (10 August 2022)."Democristiani per Meloni. Rotondi spiega perché vota per Fratelli d'Italia".HuffPost (in Italian). Retrieved1 February 2023.
  36. ^FdI is represented in the Meloni government by Prime Minister Meloni and nine ministers, five of whom were never MSI members:Carlo Nordio (a former prosecutor and a former Liberal),Guido Crosetto (a former Christian Democrat),Daniela Santanchè (who entered politics with AN),Raffaele Fitto (a former Christian Democrat) andEugenia Roccella (a former Radical, more recently affiliated with Catholic movements).
  37. ^abGagliardi, Andrea (21 October 2022)."Nasce il governo Meloni: ecco chi sono tutti i ministri".Il Sole 24 Ore (in Italian). Retrieved26 October 2022.
  38. ^"Italy's frontrunner party suspends candidate over Hitler praise".Reuters. 20 September 2022. Retrieved24 December 2022.
  39. ^abAmante, Angelo; Balmer, Crispian (25 September 2022)."Italy's right wing, led by Meloni, wins election, exit polls say".Reuters. Retrieved24 December 2022.
  40. ^abcdef"European Election Watch: Italy". Center for Strategic and International Studies. 4 March 2018. Retrieved5 November 2021.
  41. ^abcdCeccarini, Luigi; Newell, James L. (2019)."Introduction: The Paradoxical Election". In Newell, James L.; Ceccarini, Luigi (eds.).The Italian General Election of 2018: Italy in Uncharted Territory. Springer International Publishing. p. 5.ISBN 978-3-03-013617-8.
  42. ^abPirro, Andrea L.P. (2022)."Performing (during) the Coronavirus Crisis: The Italian Populist Radical Right between National Opposition and Subnational Government".Government and Opposition.59 (4).Cambridge University Press:1–17.doi:10.1017/gov.2022.28.hdl:11585/925615.S2CID 251291312.
  43. ^abJohnson, Miles (5 June 2020)."Giorgia Meloni emerges as challenger to Salvini on Italian right".Financial Times. Retrieved5 November 2021.
  44. ^abLavanga, Claudio; Smith, Alexander (11 August 2019)."Italy's Salvini calls for elections, raises possibility of far-right rule".NBC News. Retrieved15 March 2020.
  45. ^abMammone 2015;Benveniste, Campani & Lazaridis 2016, p. 36;Campani & Lazaridis 2016, p. 45;Kuhar & Paternotte 2017;Jones & Pilat 2020;Bosworth 2021.
  46. ^abcDonà, Alessia (31 August 2022). "The rise of the Radical Right in Italy: the case of Fratelli d'Italia".Journal of Modern Italian Studies.27 (5):775–794.doi:10.1080/1354571X.2022.2113216.hdl:11572/352744.S2CID 251987503.
  47. ^abBailo, Francesco (2020).Online Communities and Crowds in the Rise of the Five Star Movement (e-book ed.). Cham, Switzerland. p. 102.doi:10.1007/978-3-030-45508-8.ISBN 978-3-030-45508-8.OCLC 1194944908.S2CID 226694989. Retrieved15 August 2022 – viaGoogle Books.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  48. ^abVitale, Giovanna (25 March 2022)."FdI, Giorgia l'atlantista: le metamorfosi di Meloni".La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved6 October 2022.
  49. ^Steven, Martin; Szczerbiak, Aleks (6 May 2022)."Conservatism and 'Eurorealism' in the European Parliament: the European Conservatives and Reformists under the leadership of Poland's Law and Justice"(PDF).European Politics and Society.24 (5):585–602.doi:10.1080/23745118.2022.2065725.ISSN 2374-5118.S2CID 248600333.
  50. ^"Il segnale di Meloni alla stampa estera: 'Nessuna svolta autoritaria, la destra italiana ha consegnato il fascismo alla storia da decenni'" [Meloni's signal to the foreign press: 'No authoritarian turning point, the Italian right has consigned fascism to history for decades'].Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 10 August 2022. Retrieved14 August 2022.
  51. ^ab"UE, Meloni: Conservatori europei ribadiscono impegno per costruire Europa delle nazioni fondata su un modello confederale" [EU, Meloni: European conservatives reaffirm their commitment to build a Europe of nations based on a confederal model].Giorgia Meloni (in Italian). 6 July 2022. Archived fromthe original on 7 January 2023. Retrieved19 July 2022.
  52. ^ab"Ue, Meloni: 'Vorrei un'Europa confederale'" [EU, Meloni: 'I would like a confederal Europe'] (in Italian).Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata. 6 July 2022. Retrieved15 August 2022.
  53. ^abSondel-Cedarmas, Joanna (2022). "Giorgia Meloni's New Europe: Europe of Sovereign Nations in the Brothers of Italy Party Manifestos". In Berti, Francesco; Sondel-Cedarmas, Joanna (eds.).The Right-Wing Critique of Europe. London:Taylor & Francis.doi:10.4324/9781003226123-8.ISBN 978-1-0005-2042-2.S2CID 246381004.
  54. ^"Primarie Pdl: La Russa-Gasparri ufficializzano sostegno Alfano" [Primary PDL: La Russa-Gasparri formalize Alfano support].La Stampa (in Italian). Archived fromthe original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved19 May 2015.
  55. ^"Crosetto-Meloni, nasce la destra antiMonti" [Crosetto-Meloni, the right anti Monti is born].Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 17 December 2012. Retrieved17 May 2013.
  56. ^"Pdl, il giorno dei montiani. 'No a scissioni'" [PDL, the day of the Montians. 'No to splits'].Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 16 December 2012. Retrieved17 May 2013.
  57. ^"Appello a Monti e guerra alla sinistra Il Pdl si ricompatta" [Appeal to Monti and war on the left The PDL regroups].Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 17 December 2012. Retrieved17 May 2013.
  58. ^ab"Pdl, la destra in fermento La Russa se ne va e fonda 'Centrodestra nazionale'" [Pdl, the right in turmoil La Russa leaves and founds 'National Center'].Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 18 December 2012. Retrieved16 June 2013.
  59. ^"Meloni e Crosetto dicono addio Ma il Cavaliere si riprende il Pdl" [Meloni and Crosetto say goodbye But the Knight takes back the PDL].Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 21 December 2012. Retrieved19 May 2015.
  60. ^"Dal Centrodestra nazionale ai Fratelli d'Italia: Giorgia Meloni e Guido Crosetto vicini a Ignazio La Russa".HuffPost (in Italian). 20 December 2012.
  61. ^"Lombardia, nasce il gruppo Centrodestra Nazionale".Milano Today (in Italian). 18 December 2012. Retrieved19 May 2015.
  62. ^"Composizione del Gruppo Fratelli d'Italia – Centrodestra Nazionale nella XVI Legislatura" (in Italian). Senate of the Republic. Archived fromthe original on 23 November 2013. Retrieved19 May 2015.
  63. ^Ghirardelli, Mattia (27 September 2019)."Storia ed intervista a Carlo Fidanza".IIS Cesaris (in Italian). Retrieved11 August 2022.
  64. ^"Camera del 24 Febbraio 2013".Eligendo Archivio (in Italian). Italian Ministry of the Interior. 24 February 2013. Retrieved5 November 2021.
  65. ^"Quirinale, Fratelli d'Italia candida il Capitano Ultimo – Tgcom24 – Foto 1".Tgcom24 (in Italian). 18 April 2013. Retrieved14 May 2016.
  66. ^"Meloni: Le ragioni di Fratelli d'Italia per non votare la fiducia al governo Letta".Fratelli d'Italia (in Italian). 29 April 2013. Archived fromthe original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved11 August 2022.
  67. ^Sabatini, Gloria (16 September 2013)."Da Atreju nasce l'Officina per l'Italia. Meloni: la sfida è lanciata, ma niente rendite di posizione" [The Workshop for Italy was born from Atreju. Melons: the challenge has been launched, but no position gains].Secolo d'Italia (in Italian). Retrieved19 May 2015.
  68. ^"Chi Siamo".Officina per l'Italia (in Italian). Archived fromthe original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved11 August 2022.
  69. ^"Ecco programma e fini (anti euro) del Partito della Nazione di Giorgia Meloni" [Here is the program and aims (anti-euro) of Giorgia Meloni's Party of the Nation].Formiche.net (in Italian). 9 March 2014. Retrieved19 May 2015.
  70. ^"A Fiuggi La Casa Comune Della Destra Per Fare Il Partito Della Nazione" [In Fiuggi The Common House Of The Right To Make The Party Of The Nation].Prima L'Italia (in Italian). 13 February 2014. Archived fromthe original on 10 March 2014. Retrieved19 May 2015.
  71. ^"FdI utilizzerà logo An ad europee – Top News" [FdI will use An ad European logo - Top News] (in Italian).Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata. 18 November 2013. Retrieved19 May 2015.
  72. ^"Storace, Menia e Poli Bortone, il trio che si coalizza per contendere la destra al duo Meloni-La Russa" [Storace, Menia and Poli Bortone, the trio that unites to compete for the right to the duo Meloni-La Russa].Formiche.net (in Italian). 17 October 2013. Retrieved19 May 2015.
  73. ^"Ecco le macerie della destra italiana: liti, mozioni e veleni" [Here is the rubble of the Italian right: quarrels, motions and poisons].Formiche.net (in Italian). 16 December 2013. Retrieved19 May 2015.
  74. ^"Fratelli d'Italia, ritorno di fiamma: le primarie scelgono simbolo e presidente nazionale" [Brothers of Italy, backfire: the primaries choose national symbol and president].Il Giornale (in Italian). 26 February 2014. Retrieved19 May 2015.
  75. ^"Fratelli d'Italia-Alleanza Nazionale: oggi e domani il primo congresso di Fiuggi. L'assemblea del primo congresso della nuova AN ratificherà i risultati delle primarie del 22" [Brothers of Italy-National Alliance: today and tomorrow the first congress of Fiuggi. The assembly of the first congress of the new AN will ratify the results of the primary on 22].Polisblog (in Italian). 8 March 2014. Retrieved19 May 2015.
  76. ^Ajello, Mario (10 March 2014)."Fratelli d'Italia al congresso di Fiuggi: 'Contro l'Irap e contro l'euro'" [Brothers of Italy at the Fiuggi congress: 'Against Irap and against the euro'].Il Messaggero (in Italian). Retrieved11 August 2022.
  77. ^"Europee 25/05/2014".Eligendo Archivio (in Italian).Italian Ministry of the Interior. 25 May 2014. Retrieved5 November 2021.
  78. ^Esposito, Michele (5 October 2015)."An, Giorgia Meloni si tiene il simbolo e sconfigge Gianni Alemanno e Gianfranco Fini" [An, Giorgia Meloni holds the symbol and defeats Gianni Alemanno and Gianfranco Fini].HuffPost (in Italian).Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata.
  79. ^"Meloni: Alemanno ha governato male E lui: abbiamo governato insieme" [Meloni: Alemanno ruled badly And he: we ruled together].Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 25 October 2015. Retrieved5 November 2021.
  80. ^De Santis, Livia (4 November 2015)."Fratelli d'Italia lancia 'Terra nostra': a fine novembre la prima assemblea" [Brothers of Italy launches 'Terra nostra': the first assembly at the end of November].Secolo d'Italia (in Italian). Retrieved14 May 2016.
  81. ^"Nasce Terra nostra, parte il derby a destra tra Fini e Meloni" [Terra nostra is born, the derby starts on the right between Fini and Meloni].Il Giornale (in Italian). 4 November 2015. Retrieved14 May 2016.
  82. ^"Fdi, 'Terra nostra' per ampliare destra" [Fdi, 'Terra nostra' to expand right].La Gazzetta del Mezzogiorno (in Italian). 4 November 2015. Retrieved14 May 2016.
  83. ^"Ex M5s Walter Rizzetto aderisce a Fratelli d'Italia: 'Una scelta di cuore e non-di calcoli'" [Former M5s Walter Rizzetto joins Fratelli d'Italia: 'A choice of heart and not of calculations'].Il Fatto Quotidiano. 23 March 2016. Retrieved14 May 2016.
  84. ^"Walter Rizzetto cambia ancora e sceglie Fdi/An" [Walter Rizzetto changes again and chooses Fdi / An].Messaggero Veneto (in Italian). 23 March 2016. Retrieved14 May 2016.
  85. ^"Meloni: 'Oggi Fratelli D'Italia si arricchisce con l'ingresso di Walter Rizzetto, ex M5s'" [Meloni: 'Today Fratelli D'Italia is enriched with the entry of Walter Rizzetto, former M5s'].Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 22 March 2016. Retrieved14 May 2016.
  86. ^"XVII Legislatura – XVII Legislatura – Deputati e Organi Parlamentari – Composizione gruppi Parlamentari" [XVII Legislature - XVII Legislature - Deputies and Parliamentary Bodies - Composition of Parliamentary groups] (in Italian). Chamber of Deputies. Retrieved11 August 2022.
  87. ^"Elezioni Comunali 5 giugno 2016".La Repubblica (in Italian). 5 June 2016. Retrieved11 August 2022.
  88. ^"Per Fratelli d'Italia 'Musumeci candidato a presidenza Regione spendibile'".La Sicilia (in Italian). 5 May 2017. Retrieved11 August 2022.
  89. ^Horowitz, Jason (2 November 2017)."Sicily's Political Theater Has Colorful Cast and Big Implications".The New York Times. Retrieved28 January 2020.
  90. ^"Chi è Nello Musumeci, il nuovo governatore della Sicilia".TG24 (in Italian). 6 November 2017. Retrieved11 August 2022.
  91. ^"Delegazione messinese al congresso di Fratelli d'Italia, aderisce il senatore Mancuso".Oggi Milazzo (in Italian). 4 December 2017. Retrieved11 August 2022.
  92. ^Stefanoni, Franco (12 March 2017)."Fratelli d'Italia: via An e Msi dal simbolo. Entra Santanchè: 'Tornata a casa mia'".Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Retrieved11 August 2022.
  93. ^"Nel dibattito del secondo giorno di Congresso riaffermate le tesi dei patrioti".Secolo d'Italia (in Italian). 3 December 2017. Retrieved11 August 2022.
  94. ^"La Santanché cambia ancora casacca: 'Sono tornata a casa, nella famiglia di Fratelli d'Italia'".HuffPost (in Italian). 3 December 2017. Retrieved11 August 2022.
  95. ^"Bertacco 'torna a casa': entra in Fratelli d'Italia".L'Arena (in Italian). 1 August 2017. Retrieved11 August 2022.
  96. ^"Il senatore Amidei passa con Fdi. Video".Affaritaliani.it (in Italian). 8 November 2017. Retrieved11 August 2022.
  97. ^Tempestini, Andrea (10 December 2017)."Fratelli d'Italia, anche Guido Crosetto torna con Giorgia Meloni".Libero Quotidiano (in Italian). Retrieved11 August 2022.
  98. ^"Fratelli d'Italia: nuovo simbolo e rinforzamento del Partito in Trentino" (in Italian). 4 December 2017. Retrieved11 August 2022.
  99. ^Barigazzi, Jacopo (25 February 2018)."Far-right leader rejects idea of Emma Bonino as Italy's PM".Politico Europe. Retrieved28 January 2020.
  100. ^Nordsieck, Wolfram."Italy".Parties and Elections in Europe.Archived from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved14 August 2022.
  101. ^Pavesi, Giovanna (6 November 2018)."Ora la Meloni porta FdI nel gruppo Ue guidato dai polacchi di Visegrad".Il Giornale (in Italian). Retrieved11 August 2022.
  102. ^Pannullo, Antonio (6 November 2018)."Meloni: 'Con i Conservatori per cambiare la Ue. Pronta a candidarmi' (video)".Secolo d'Italia (in Italian). Retrieved11 August 2022.
  103. ^"Fitto (Ecr), con Meloni verso gruppo sovranista italiano" (in Italian).Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata. 6 November 2018. Retrieved11 August 2022.
  104. ^"Centrodestra, la marcia di avvicinamento tra Raffaele Fitto e Giorgia Meloni".Affaritaliani.it (in Italian). 8 November 2018. Retrieved11 August 2022.
  105. ^"Direzione Italia entra in Fratelli d'Italia: in Puglia sono un solo partito".RuvoViva (in Italian). 29 October 2019. Retrieved24 December 2022.
  106. ^"FdI abbraccia il movimento nazionale. "La risposta all'appello di Giorgia: casa comune a destra"".Secolo d'Italia (in Italian). 7 December 2019. Retrieved24 December 2022.
  107. ^"Sud Protagonista confluisce in Fratelli d'Italia. Si allarga ancora la famiglia dei patrioti".La Voce del Patriota (in Italian). 15 January 2020. Retrieved24 December 2022.
  108. ^"Fratelli d'Italia: Lorenzo Loiacono di Riva Destra entra in Assemblea Nazionale".La Voce del Patriota (in Italian). 22 December 2020. Retrieved24 December 2022.
  109. ^"Elezioni Abruzzo, i risultati: vince il centrodestra, Marsilio governatore. Lega primo partito, crollo M5s".La Repubblica (in Italian). 10 February 2019. Retrieved11 August 2022.
  110. ^Roberts, Hannah (13 September 2022)."Welcome to the capital of Italy's far right".Politico. Retrieved30 September 2022.
  111. ^"Fratelli d'Italia europee 2019: il programma e tutti i candidati in lista".Money.it (in Italian). 23 May 2019. Retrieved13 June 2019.
  112. ^"Risultati Italia – Elezioni Europee 2019".La Repubblica (in Italian). 28 May 2019. Retrieved11 August 2022.
  113. ^Vernetti, Alessio (30 December 2019)."Il 2019 dei partiti: l'ascesa di Fratelli d'Italia".YouTrend (in Italian). Retrieved11 August 2022.
  114. ^"Quirinale, Giorgia Meloni va per conto suo: 'Fratelli d'Italia vota Carlo Nordio'".Libero Quotidiano (in Italian). 29 January 2022. Retrieved11 August 2022.
  115. ^"Quirinale, a Carlo Nordio 37 voti in più del previsto: un feroce pizzino a Matteo Salvini?".Libero Quotidiano (in Italian). 29 January 2022. Retrieved11 August 2022.
  116. ^"Quirinale: a Mattarella 387 voti, 64 a Nordio – Ultima Ora" (in Italian).Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata. 29 January 2022. Retrieved11 August 2022.
  117. ^"Fratelli d'Italia, la Conferenza programmatica. Meloni: l'Occidente ha rinunciato alla propria anima".RAI News (in Italian). 29 April 2022. Retrieved11 August 2022.
  118. ^"Giorgia Meloni: 'Questo è il nostro tempo, ci faremo trovare pronti per il governo'".La Repubblica (in Italian). 29 April 2022. Retrieved11 August 2022.
  119. ^Winfield, Nicole (21 July 2022)."Italy's Draghi Resigns After Government Implodes".HuffPost. Retrieved1 September 2022.
  120. ^"Politics has not stalled Italy network deal talks-TIM CEO".Reuters. 4 August 2022. Retrieved1 September 2022.
  121. ^Kirby, Jen (24 September 2022)."The far right is having a moment in Europe. Actually, everywhere".Vox. Retrieved5 October 2022.
  122. ^Roberts, Hannah (22 July 2022)."Berlusconi's big lunch: How Italy's right ousted Mario Draghi".Politico Europe.Archived from the original on 5 August 2022. Retrieved14 August 2022.
  123. ^Roberts, Hannah (29 July 2022)."Russian links to Italian right threaten Meloni's election campaign".Politico Europe.Archived from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved14 August 2022.
  124. ^Roberts, Hannah (10 August 2022)."I'm not a fascist — I like the Tories, says Italy's far-right leader".Politico Europe.Archived from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved14 August 2022.
  125. ^Broder, David (22 July 2022)."The Future Is Italy, and It's Bleak".The New York Times. Archived fromthe original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved15 August 2022.Yet just two months after Ms. Meloni published her best-selling memoir, her party topped national opinion polls for the first time. Since then, it has continued to boast over 20 percent support and has provided the only major opposition to Mario Draghi's technocratic coalition. On Wednesday, in a sudden turn of events, the government collapsed. Early elections, due in the fall, could open the way for the Brothers of Italy to become the first far-right party to lead a major eurozone economy.
  126. ^"Brothers of Italy, the far-right party on the cusp of power".France 24.Agence France-Press. 24 July 2022.Archived from the original on 24 July 2022. Retrieved25 July 2022.... the post-fascist Brothers of Italy, looks set to do well in Italian elections on September 25.
  127. ^Roberts, Hannah (3 August 2022)."Italy confronts its fascist past as the right prepares for power".Politico Europe.Archived from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved14 August 2022.
  128. ^Ghiglione, Davide; Politi, James (10 February 2018)."Meloni takes Italian far-right back to 1930s roots".Financial Times.Archived from the original on 30 September 2019. Retrieved15 August 2022.
  129. ^"Liliana Segre e Pd chiedono a Meloni di togliere la fiamma tricolore dal simbolo di Fdi: 'Partiamo dai fatti, non dalle parole'".Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 12 August 2022.Archived from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved14 August 2022.
  130. ^"Il segnale di Meloni alla stampa estera: 'Nessuna svolta autoritaria, la destra italiana ha consegnato il fascismo alla storia da decenni'".Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 10 August 2022.Archived from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved14 August 2022.
  131. ^abGiuffrida, Angela (11 August 2022)."Scepticism over Giorgia Meloni's claim 'fascism is history' in Italian far right".The Guardian.Archived from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved15 August 2022.
  132. ^"Fdi presenta le liste. Fra i nomi Pera, Nordio e Tremonti" [Fdi presents the lists. Among the names Pera, Nordio and Tremonti] (in Italian). TFnews. 22 August 2022. Retrieved20 October 2022.
  133. ^Malpica, Massimo (19 August 2022)."Dall'ex ministro Tremonti a Marcello Pera. Gli ex forzisti che tingono di azzurro la Meloni" [From former minister Tremonti to Marcello Pera. The former force troops who dye the Meloni blue].Il Giornale (in Italian). Retrieved20 October 2022.
  134. ^"Giulio Tremonti si candida con FdI: 'Per la sinistra un po' di opposizione vera non sarebbe male'" [Giulio Tremonti is a candidate with FdI: 'For the left a bit of real opposition would not be bad'] (in Italian). RAI. 21 August 2022. Retrieved28 August 2022.
  135. ^"Organi".
  136. ^Basso, Domenico (23 August 2022)."La Giustizia di Carlo Nordio: 'Vorrei assoluzioni non appellabili e carriere separate'" [La Giustizia by Carlo Nordio: 'I would like non-appealable acquittals and separate careers'] (in Italian). Corrieredelveneto.corriere.it. Retrieved20 October 2022.
  137. ^De Cicco, Lorenzo (21 August 2022)."La volata finale delle liste Pd, Ceccanti corre a Pisa Nipoti eccellenti per FdI".La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved22 October 2022.
  138. ^Carrer, Gabriele (22 August 2022)."Oltre FdI, senza tradirla. Ecco chi c'è nelle liste della Meloni (che fa centro)".Formiche.net (in Italian). Retrieved22 October 2022.
  139. ^"Italy elections: Far-right party sacks candidate for Hitler praise".BBC. 20 September 2022.Archived from the original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved20 September 2022.
  140. ^"Fdi, l'audio del candidato sospeso per i post pro-Hitler: 'Abbiamo dovuto prendere le distanze ma tranquilli, sospensione vale solo per 2–3 giorni'. Poi si dimette dal partito" [Fdi, the audio of the suspended candidate for pro-Hitler posts: 'We had to distance ourselves but don't worry, suspension is only valid for 2–3 days'. Then he resigns from the party].Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 20 September 2022. Retrieved25 September 2022.
  141. ^Candido, Alessia (26 September 2022)."Eletto il candidato che inneggiava a Hitler: Calogero Pisano la spunta ad Agrigento" [The candidate who praised Hitler has been elected: Calogero Pisano wins in Agrigento].La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved26 September 2022.
  142. ^Giannoni, Alberto (28 September 2022)."Così Ester, nipote di un deportato a Auschwitz ha strappato il collegio alla dem Cirinnà".Il Giornale (in Italian). Retrieved22 October 2022.
  143. ^Somekh, Simone (30 September 2022)."Italian Jews worry and wait as Giorgia Meloni, far-right leader, prepares to take power".Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved22 October 2022.
  144. ^"Italian elections made news on the Jewish media".Pagine Ebraiche International. 3 October 2022. Retrieved22 October 2022.
  145. ^"Proiezioni: FdI primo partito. Calano M5s, Lega e Forza Italia. Pd al 19%, Terzo polo al 7%" [Projections: FdI first party. Calano M5s, Lega and Forza Italia. Pd at 19%, Third pole at 7%] (in Italian).RAI. 26 September 2022. Retrieved26 September 2022.
  146. ^"Speciale Elezioni 2022 di RaiNews" [RaiNews Election Special 2022] (in Italian).RAI. 25 September 2022. Archived fromthe original on 26 September 2022. Retrieved25 September 2022.
  147. ^"Italy's far right set to win election – exit polls".BBC. 25 September 2022. Archived fromthe original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved25 September 2022.
  148. ^"Italy elections: Giorgia Meloni's right-wing alliance ahead".BBC News. Retrieved20 October 2022.
  149. ^Balmer, Crispian (20 September 2022)."Italy's conservative alliance in lockstep, ready to govern, says Meloni".Reuters. Retrieved20 October 2022.
  150. ^"Italy voters shift sharply, reward Meloni's far-right party".AP News. 25 September 2022. Retrieved20 October 2022.
  151. ^"Italy's far-right Meloni begins tricky government talks".France 24.Agence France-Press. 27 September 2022. Retrieved20 October 2022.
  152. ^"La Russa elected Senate Speaker". ANSA. 13 October 2022. Retrieved26 October 2022.
  153. ^"Far-right veteran elected Italian Senate speaker".France 24. Agence France-Press. 13 October 2022. Retrieved20 October 2022.
  154. ^"Who is the far-right veteran elected Italian Senate speaker?".The Local Italy. 13 October 2022. Retrieved20 October 2022.
  155. ^Giuffrida, Angela (13 October 2022)."Brothers of Italy politician who collects fascist relics elected senate speaker".The Guardian. Retrieved20 October 2022.
  156. ^"Il governo Meloni giurerà domani mattina al Quirinale" [The Meloni government will be sworn in tomorrow morning at the Quirinale] (in Italian). RAI. 21 October 2022. Retrieved21 October 2022.
  157. ^"Nuovo governo, le news. Meloni accetta l'incarico, domani alle 10 il giuramento" [New government, the news. Meloni accepts the assignment, tomorrow at 10 the oath].Sky TG24 (in Italian). 21 October 2022. Retrieved21 October 2022.
  158. ^"Il governo Meloni giura oggi al Quirinale" [The Meloni government swears today at the Quirinale] (in Italian). RAI. 21 October 2022.Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved22 October 2022. Updated as of 22 October 2022.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  159. ^"Nuovo governo, le news. Alle 10 il giuramento di Giorgia Meloni e dei ministri" [New government, the news. At 10 the oath of Giorgia Meloni and the ministers].Sky TG24 (in Italian). 21 October 2022.Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved21 October 2022. Updated as of 22 October 2022.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  160. ^Amante, Angelo; Weir, Keith (21 October 2022)."Meloni takes charge as PM as Italy swings to the right".Reuters.Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved21 October 2022.
  161. ^Kirby, Paul (21 October 2022)."Italy Meloni: Far-right leader agrees to form government".BBC News. Retrieved21 October 2022.
  162. ^Horowitz, Jason (21 October 2022)."Giorgia Meloni Gets Go-Ahead for New Italian Government".The New York Times.ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved21 October 2022.
  163. ^"Italy Meloni: Far-right leader agrees to form government".The Local. 21 October 2022. Retrieved21 October 2022.
  164. ^"Presidential palace says Giorgia Meloni forms government, giving Italy first far-right-led coalition since World War II".ABC News.Associated Press. 21 October 2022.Archived from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved21 October 2022.
  165. ^"Far-right Meloni set to become Italy's first woman PM".France 24.Agence France-Presse. 21 October 2022.Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved21 October 2022.
  166. ^Cipolla, Alessandro; Imparato, Rosaria (25 October 2022)."Meloni alla Camera, diretta video voto di fiducia al governo: cosa ha detto nella replica la presidente del Consiglio" [Meloni in the Chamber, live video vote of confidence in the government: what the prime minister said in response].Money (in Italian). Archived fromthe original on 26 October 2022. Retrieved26 October 2022.
  167. ^"Il Senato vota la fiducia al governo Meloni: 115 sì, 79 no e 5 astenuti" [The Senate votes for confidence in the Meloni government: 115 yes, 79 no, and 5 abstentions] (in Italian).Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata. 26 October 2022.Archived from the original on 26 October 2022. Retrieved26 October 2022.
  168. ^"Governo Meloni, le ultime notizie. Fiducia in Senato per l'esecutivo: 115 sì e 79 no" [Meloni government, the latest news. Confidence in the Senate for the executive: 115 yes and 79 no].Sky TG24 (in Italian).Archived from the original on 26 October 2022. Retrieved26 October 2022.
  169. ^"Elon Musk ad Atreju. Meloni: Dialogo su intelligenza artificiale". 16 December 2023.
  170. ^"Atreju, Meloni arriva alla kermesse FdI per l'intervento di Edi Rama. Elon Musk con il figlio in braccio. Rishi Sunak sui migranti cita la Thatcher: "Applicare suo radicalismo"". 16 December 2023.
  171. ^"Atreju 2023, standing ovation per Meloni. Rama: «Accordo sui migranti non viola Costituzione». Musk: «Fate più figli». Schlein: «No coi nostalgici del fascismo»". 16 December 2023.
  172. ^"Meloni capolista in tutte le circoscrizioni. «Questa Italia che cambia oggi può cambiare l'Europa»".Il Sole 24 Ore (in Italian). 28 April 2024.
  173. ^"Mentre il Pd apre (fin troppo) il partito, FdI alle europee punta tutto sulla vecchia guardia: zero sorprese".Il Foglio (in Italian). 30 April 2024.
  174. ^"Sgarbi escluso dal governo ma ora in lista per FdI alle Europee: "Sarò l'anti-Vannacci". Meloni tenta Crosetto. Lui: "Non posso"".La Repubblica (in Italian). 30 April 2024.
  175. ^"Europee, da Sgarbi a Bandecchi: Tutti quelli che hanno fatto flop". 11 June 2024.
  176. ^"Europee 2024, chi sono i candidati più votati? La top 10 delle preferenze".HuffPost (in Italian). 10 June 2024.
  177. ^"Procaccini: "120mila preferenze, grazie a Meloni e militanti" - Altre news - Ansa.it". 11 June 2024.
  178. ^"The IDU Welcomes New Members from Italy | International Democracy Union". 23 September 2024.
  179. ^Osborne, Samuel (6 March 2018)."Italy election: What was the result and what is the Five Star Movement?".The Independent. Retrieved28 January 2020.
  180. ^Di Giorgio, Massimiliano; Jones, Gavin (13 May 2018)."Italy's 5-Star, League talks progress, PM may be in sight".Reuters. Archived fromthe original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved28 January 2020.
  181. ^Edwards, Catherine (11 September 2017)."An introduction to Italy's small political parties".The Local Italy. Retrieved28 January 2020.
  182. ^Pirro, Andrea L. P.; Taggart, Paul (2021)."European populism before the pandemic: ideology, Euroscepticism, electoral performance, and government participation of 63 parties in 30 countries".Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica.51 (3):281–304.doi:10.1017/ipo.2021.13.hdl:11585/902489.ISSN 0048-8402.S2CID 234854028.
  183. ^Roberts, Hannah (17 July 2022)."Italian right-wing parties reject coalition partner as government heads toward collapse".Politico. Retrieved24 December 2022.
  184. ^Sylvers, Eric (15 November 2017)."Italy's Far Right Flexes Campaign Muscle".The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved28 January 2020.
  185. ^Ghiglione, Davide; Politi, James (10 February 2018)."Meloni takes Italian far-right back to 1930s roots".Financial Times. Retrieved28 January 2020.
  186. ^Salvatore Vassallo; Rinaldo Vignati (2023).Brothers of Italy and the Rise of the Italian National Conservative Right. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 132.ISBN 978-3-031-52189-8.
  187. ^Augusto Gnisci; Margherita Asterope; Risa Casapulla; Maria D'Agostino; Gaetano Perillo (2022)."Threat to Face and Equivocation in Televised Interviews of Italy's Politicians For and Against the 2016 Constitutional Referendum". In Ofer Feldman (ed.).Adversarial Political Interviewing: Worldwide Perspectives During Polarized Times. Springer Nature. p. 89.ISBN 9789811905766.
  188. ^Segatti, Paolo; Poletti, Monica; Vezzoni, Cristiano (3 July 2015)."Renzi's Honeymoon Effect: The 2014 European Election in Italy".South European Society and Politics.20 (3):311–331.doi:10.1080/13608746.2015.1075709.ISSN 1360-8746.S2CID 154823691.
  189. ^Farro, Antimo Luigi; Maddanu, Simone (2021),"Popular Populism and New Collective Actions",Restless Cities on the Edge, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 185–219,doi:10.1007/978-3-030-91323-6_7,ISBN 978-3-030-91322-9,S2CID 246344283, retrieved25 December 2022
  190. ^"Denmark's left defied the consensus on migration. Has it worked?".The Economist.ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved13 July 2025.
  191. ^Tarchi, Marco (2 January 2018)."Voters without a Party: The 'Long Decade' of the Italian Centre-Right and its Uncertain Future".South European Society and Politics.23 (1):147–162.doi:10.1080/13608746.2018.1434454.ISSN 1360-8746.S2CID 158648741.
  192. ^Arthurs, Joshua (2019)."The anatomy of controversy, from Charlottesville to Rome".Modern Italy.24 (2):123–138.doi:10.1017/mit.2019.9.ISSN 1353-2944.S2CID 164714032.
  193. ^Kirby, Paul (26 September 2022)."Giorgia Meloni: Italy's far-right wins election and vows to govern for all".BBC News. Retrieved21 October 2022.
  194. ^"'Pensate come state messi se vi devo dare io lezioni di democrazia'" [Think how you are doing if I have to give you lessons in democracy].Il Post (in Italian). 30 April 2020. Retrieved5 November 2021.
  195. ^"What's Fueling the Shocking Rise of Italy's Far Right?".Haaretz. 29 July 2021. Retrieved11 August 2022.
  196. ^Leo, Carmelo; Faieta, Alfredo (1 October 2021)."L'inchiesta 'Lobby Nera' su Fratelli d'Italia e i presunti finanziamenti illeciti" [The 'Lobby Nera' investigation into Fratelli d'Italia and the alleged illegal financing].Domani (in Italian). Retrieved11 August 2022.
  197. ^"An undercover investigation exposes a group of right-wing extremists influencing Italian politics from the shadows".Fanpage. 10 December 2021. Retrieved11 August 2022.
  198. ^"Così Fratelli d'Italia va a caccia di voti su Facebook sfruttando il fascismo" [So Brothers of Italy goes hunting for votes on Facebook by exploiting fascism].La Stampa (in Italian). 24 April 2019. Retrieved5 November 2021.
  199. ^"Il dirigente di Fratelli d'Italia: 'Dobbiamo essere liberi di poterci definire fascisti'" [The manager of Brothers of Italy: 'We must be free to be able to define ourselves as fascists'].Globalist (in Italian). 23 November 2019. Retrieved5 November 2021.
  200. ^"Elezioni, quanti nostalgici del Duce nelle liste di Fratelli d'Italia" [Elections, how many nostalgic for the Duce on the Brothers of Italy lists].L'Espresso (in Italian). 14 July 2020. Retrieved5 November 2021.
  201. ^"L'inchiesta di Fanpage su Fratelli d'Italia a Milano" [The Fanpage investigation on the Brothers of Italy in Milan].Il Post (in Italian). 1 October 2021. Retrieved11 August 2022.
  202. ^Bruno, Valerio Alfonso; Downes, James F.; Scopelliti, Alessio (12 November 2021)."Post-Fascism in Italy: 'So Why This Flame Mrs. Giorgia Meloni'".Cultorico. Retrieved28 September 2022.
  203. ^"Romano La Russa: 'Il braccio teso? Rituale militare'. Poi le scuse a chi 'si è sentito incomprensibilmente offeso'" [Romano La Russa: 'The outstretched arm? Military ritual '. Then an apology to those who 'felt incomprehensibly offended'].Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 21 September 2022. Retrieved28 September 2022.
  204. ^"Matera, spunta un busto del duce nella sede di Fratelli d'Italia" [Matera, a bust of the Duce appears in the headquarters of the Brothers of Italy].La Repubblica (in Italian). 9 September 2021. Retrieved28 September 2022.
  205. ^"L'ostentata nostalgia per il Duce, e non solo, del candidato Fdi al ballottaggio in un municipio di Roma – Il video".Open (in Italian). 12 October 2021. Retrieved28 September 2022.
  206. ^"Fratelli d'Italia, dirigenti al ristorante di Milano tra le effigie del Duce".La Repubblica (in Italian). 2 May 2022. Retrieved28 September 2022.
  207. ^Mantesso, Sean (26 May 2019)."The ghost of Benito Mussolini lingers as far-right popularity surges in Italy".ABC News.Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved26 May 2019.
  208. ^Sredanovic, Djordje (2019). "Defining Borders on Land and Sea: Italy, the European Union and Mediterranean Refugees, 2011–2015". In Linhard, Tabea; Parsons, Timothy H. (eds.).Mapping Migration, Identity, and Space. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 233–256.doi:10.1007/978-3-319-77956-0_10.ISBN 978-3-319-77956-0.S2CID 158268911.
  209. ^Broder, David (22 July 2022)."The Future Is Italy, and It's Bleak".The New York Times. Archived fromthe original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved15 August 2022.
  210. ^"Fascists, Neofascists, and Postfascists: Italy's Unreal Election Debate".The Nation. 22 September 2022.
  211. ^"Is the eurozone safe with Giorgia Meloni's 'patriotic' economics?".Politico. 18 September 2022.
  212. ^"Political cheat sheet: Understanding the Brothers of Italy".The Local (Italy edition). 6 September 2022. Retrieved20 September 2022.
  213. ^Torrisi, Claudia (20 September 2022)."The anti-women agenda of the woman set to be the next Italian prime minister".openDemocracy. Retrieved20 September 2022.
  214. ^abSparks, Willis (27 May 2021)."Who's afraid of Giorgia Meloni?". GZERO Media. Retrieved5 November 2021.
  215. ^Berti, Carlo; Cossarini, Paolo; Ruzza, Carlo (2021).The Impact of Populism on European Institutions and Civil Society: Discourses, Practices, and Policies.Springer Nature. p. 71.ISBN 978-3-0307-3411-4. Retrieved15 August 2022 – viaGoogle Books.
  216. ^De Feo, Fabrizio (9 March 2014)."Fratelli d'Italia attacca: 'Ci vuole il coraggio di dire addio all'euro'" [Brothers of Italy attacks: 'It takes the courage to say goodbye to the euro'].Il Giornale (in Italian). Retrieved15 August 2022.
  217. ^"Giorgia Meloni batte moneta: 'Ad Atreju niente euro'" [Giorgia Meloni beats money: 'No euro in Atreju'].Libero Quotidiano (in Italian). 22 September 2015. Archived fromthe original on 23 October 2015. Retrieved15 August 2022.
  218. ^"Brexit, si teme effetto domino. Ecco gli euroscettici d'Europa" [Brexit, domino effect is feared. Here are the Eurosceptics of Europe].RAI News (in Italian). 24 June 2016. Retrieved11 August 2022.
  219. ^"Le giravolte di Meloni sull'euro e il sogno impossibile di un'altra Ue" [Meloni's twists and turns on the euro and the impossible dream of another EU].La Stampa (in Italian). 26 July 2022. Retrieved11 August 2022.
  220. ^Lamberti, Giovanni (10 August 2022)."Meloni 'rassicura' la Ue, se il centrodestra vincerà 'l'Italia non uscirà dall'euro'" [Meloni 'reassures' the EU, if the center-right wins 'Italy will not leave the euro'] (in Italian).Agenzia Giornalistica Italia. Retrieved11 August 2022.
  221. ^"Italy's Meloni: Right-wing government is 'nothing to fear'".Politico Europe. 23 July 2022. Retrieved23 July 2022.
  222. ^"L'atlantismo di Giorgia Meloni è un fatto piuttosto recente".Il Post (in Italian). 5 September 2022. Retrieved6 October 2022.
  223. ^Castaldi, Roberto (8 September 2022)."Il programma di Fratelli d'Italia: nazionalista, atlantista, contro una maggiore integrazione europea".Euractiv (in Italian). Retrieved6 October 2022.
  224. ^Dolan, Lucas (3 October 2022)."Giorgia Meloni and the Far Right's Transatlantic Turn".Public Seminar. Public Seminar Publishing Initiative at The New School. Retrieved6 October 2022.
  225. ^Lauria, Emanuele (23 February 2022)."Centrodestra, Meloni sfida Salvini e vola negli Usa alla conferenza del Partito Repubblicano".La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved6 October 2022.
  226. ^"Crosetto, il gigante liberale che non ha peli sulla lingua".Il Giornale (in Italian). 22 October 2012. Retrieved5 November 2021.
  227. ^Bruno, Valerio Alfonso; Downes, James F.; Scopelliti, Alessio (12 November 2021)."Post-Fascism in Italy: 'So Why This Flame Mrs. Giorgia Meloni'".Cultorico. Retrieved28 September 2022.
  228. ^Lowen, Mark (26 August 2022)."Giorgia Meloni: Far-right leader who's favourite to run Italy".BBC News. Retrieved21 September 2022.
  229. ^Lopapa, Carmelo (10 December 2014)."Meloni: 'Alemanno ha sbagliato, non da solo. Candidarmi io? Se me lo chiedono'".La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved11 August 2022.
  230. ^"Poli Bortone sospesa da Fratelli d'Italia, è candidata di Forza Italia. L'ex ministro: 'Mi fanno ridere'".La Repubblica (in Italian). 16 May 2015. Retrieved11 August 2022.
  231. ^"Il Movimento di Alemanno aderisce a Fratelli d'Italia".Brindisi Oggi (in Italian). 10 December 2019. Retrieved11 August 2022.
  232. ^"Saluti romani, inni al Duce e "Sieg Heil": dentro Gioventù nazionale, il movimento giovanile di Fratelli d'Italia" [Roman greetings, hymns to the Duce and 'Sieg Heil': inside Gioventù nazionale, the youth movement of Fratelli d'Italia].Fanpage. 13 June 2024.
  233. ^"Gioventù Meloniana sei mesi dopo: dentro Fratelli d'Italia non è cambiato nulla".Fanpage (in Italian). 26 December 2024. Retrieved6 February 2025.
  234. ^Bonanata, Antonio (27 June 2024)."Inchiesta di Fanpage su antisemitismo e razzismo in Gioventù nazionale, dimissioni e polemiche".RaiNews (in Italian). Retrieved6 February 2025.

Bibliography

External links

Parties
Member parties
Global Partners
Party President
European Parliament
Joint Group Chairpersons
European Commissioners (2024–2029)
Heads of government
at the European Council
Chamber of Deputies
Senate of the Republic
European Parliament
Other parties inRegional councils
International
National
Other
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brothers_of_Italy&oldid=1317136886"
Categories:
Hidden categories:
[8]ページ先頭
©2009-2025 Movatter.jp