In the peak lynching era, from 1880 to 1930, this county had 20lynchings, the third-highest number of any county in Georgia, which was the state with the highest number of lynchings in the country. All of the victims in Georgia were black, including at least 13 killed in theMay 1918 lynching rampage in this county, starting with the murders of Hayes Turner, and shortly after of his pregnant wife Mary Turner.
Historic Native peoples occupying the area at the time of European encounter were theApalachee and theLower Creek.[3] The first Europeans in what is now Brooks County were Spanishmissionaries from their colony in Florida, who arrived around 1570.
The area that was to become Brooks County was first opened up to European-American settlement in 1818 when Irwin County was established.Coffee Road was built through the region in the 1820s. Lowndes County's first court session was held at the tavern owned by Sion Hall on the Coffee Road, near what is nowMorven, Georgia in Brooks County.
Many residents of Lowndes County were unhappy when theAtlantic and Gulf Railroad announced June 17, 1858, that they had selected a planned route that would bypass Troupville, the county seat. On June 22 at 3:00 am, the Lowndes County courthouse atTroupville was set aflame by William B. Crawford, who fled to South Carolina after being released on bond.
On August 9, a meeting convened in the academy building in Troupville, at which residents decided to divide Lowndes and create a new county to the west of theWithlacoochee River, to be called Brooks County.
On December 11, 1858, Brooks County was officially organized by the state legislature from parts of Lowndes and Thomas counties. It was named forPreston Brooks, a member of Congress prior to the Civil War. He was very popular in the South because of his 1856caning of abolitionist senator Charles Sumner, and the citizens of Georgia wanted to honor him.Brooksville, Florida, andBrooksville, Virginia, also named or renamed themselves for Brooks.
During the Civil War, the county was the main producer of food for the Confederacy; it became known as the "Smokehouse of the Confederacy."[4]
Some Confederate Army regiments were raised from the men of Brooks County. Plantation owners, county officials, and slave patrol members were exempt from military conscription, which caused some contention between the different economic classes in Brooks County.
Georgia Historical Marker for the Civil War Slave Conspiracy
In August 1864, a local white man named John Vickery began plotting aslave rebellion. His plan called for killing the slave owners, stealing what weapons they could find, setting fire toQuitman, going toMadison, Florida, burning the town, getting help from Union troops from the Gulf Coast, and then returning to Quitman. On the evening before the rebellion, a slave was arrested for theft and interrogated. Vickery was soon arrested as well. Vickery and four slave suspects were given a military trial by the local militia. Two Confederate deserters from Florida were also believed to have been involved, but were not caught by the time of the trial.[5]
On August 23, 1864, at 6:00 p.m., Vickery, and slaves Sam, Nelson, and George were publicly hanged in Quitman. The court could not reach a decision on the guilt of Warren, a slave held by Buford Elliot.[5]
After the war, manyfreedmen worked as sharecroppers or tenant farmers. Following the war and theReconstruction era, Brooks County was one of the areas with a high rate of racial violence by whites against blacks. Its 20 deaths make it the county in Georgia that had the third-highest number of lynchings from 1870 to 1950.[6] (From 1880 to 1930, Georgia had the highest number of such extrajudicial murders in the country).[7] See, for example, theBrooks County race war of 1894.
In May 1918, at least 13 African Americans were killed duringa white manhunt and rampage after Sidney Johnson killed an abusive white planter.[8] Johnson had been forced to work for the man under the state's abusiveconvict lease system. Among those killed were Hayes Turner, and the next day his wifeMary Turner, who was eight months pregnant. They were the parents of two children. Mary Turner had condemned the mob's killing of her husband. She was abducted by the mob in Brooks County and brutally murdered at Folsom's Bridge on the Little River on the Lowndes County side; her unborn child was cut from her body and killed separately. During the next two weeks, at least another eleven blacks were killed by the mob. Johnson was killed in a shootout with police. As many as 500 African Americans fled Lowndes and Brooks counties to escape future violence.[9]
Mary Turner's lynching drew widespread condemnation nationally. It was a catalyst for the Anti-Lynching Crusaders campaign for the 1922 Dyer Bill, sponsored byLeonidas Dyer ofSt. Louis. It proposed to make lynching a federal crime, as southern states essentially never prosecuted the crimes.[10] The Solid South Democratic block of white senators consistently defeated such legislation, aided by havingdisenfranchised most black voters in the South. In 2010, astate historical marker, encaptioned "Mary Turner and the Lynching Rampage," was installed at Folsom's Bridge in Lowndes County to commemorate these atrocities.
TheBrooks County Courthouse was constructed in 1864 in the county seat ofQuitman, Georgia. It was designed by architectJohn Wind. Brooks County officials paid for the structure with $14,958 in Confederate money. The currency soon became useless.
The Brooks County Museum and Cultural Center, formerly a library, was adapted for use as a cultural center. It is the site of a series of music, art, and culinary events throughout the year.
According to theU.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 498 square miles (1,290 km2), of which 493 square miles (1,280 km2) is land and 4.8 square miles (12 km2) (1.0%) is water.[11]
The eastern boundary of the county is made up of theLittle River (Withlacoochee River) and theWithlacoochee River, which together meander along a distance of over 100 miles (160 km) to form that boundary. These river boundaries are shared with Cook and Lowndes counties. The southern boundary of the county has a mutual east–west interface of about 25 miles (40 km) with Florida, although it is not continuous. The county is discontinuous along the Florida border, with the easternmost section about a mile east of the rest of the county. This section presently consists of one parcel, recorded as 350 acres (1.4 km2), although it has a border with Florida of almost 2 miles (3.2 km). The county shares a north–south boundary about 26 miles (42 km) in length with Thomas County to the west. It also shares an east–west boundary of 10 miles (16 km) and a north–south boundary of 3 miles (4.8 km) with Colquitt County to the northwest. The county has over 10,000 parcels of land, with 19 over 2,000 acres (8.1 km2) and two more than 5,000 acres (20 km2).
The county is home to several endangered plant and animal species, including the Pond Spicebush, the Wood Stork, and the Eastern Indigo snake.
The majority of Brooks County, including the northwestern portion, all of central Brooks County, and the southeastern corner, is located in theWithlacoochee River sub-basin of theSuwannee River basin. Most of the southern edge of the county is located in theAucilla River sub-basin of the larger Aucilla-Waccasassa basin. The county's northeastern portion, centered onMorven and includingBarney, is located in theLittle River sub-basin of the same Suwannee River basin.[12]
As of the2020 census, the county had a population of 16,301, 6,359 households, and 4,015 families residing in the county.[24] Of the residents, 21.8% were under the age of 18 and 21.4% were 65 years of age or older; the median age was 44.1 years. For every 100 females there were 91.8 males, and for every 100 females age 18 and over there were 89.9 males. 0.0% of residents lived in urban areas and 100.0% lived in rural areas.[25]
There were 6,359 households in the county, of which 28.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them and 32.6% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present. About 28.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.[24]
There were 7,280 housing units, of which 12.7% were vacant. Among occupied housing units, 69.4% were owner-occupied and 30.6% were renter-occupied. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.2% and the rental vacancy rate was 7.7%.[24]
Racially and ethnically, as a result of the demand for slave labor to work the cotton plantations, the county was majority black from before the American Civil War well into the 20th century. Starting in the early 1900s, hundreds of blacks left the county in theGreat Migration to northern and midwestern industrial cities to gain better opportunities and escape the oppressiveJim Crow conditions, including the highest rate of lynchings of blacks in Georgia from 1880 to 1930.[7]
TheBrooks County School District, the school district for the entire county,[27] offers pre-school to grade twelve. There are two elementary schools, a middle school and a high school,Brooks County High School.[28] The district has 167 full-time teachers and over 2,563 students.[29]
The Government consists of a five-member Board of Commissioners. Under the guidelines of the Commissioners is a County Administrator, a Sheriff and Tax Commissioner, the Judicial System and other Boards and Authorities.[citation needed]
Brooks County is well known for its wildlife. Quail, dove, ducks, and deer abound in the fields and forests. Brooks County also offers excellent fishing in its many lakes and streams, which are open to the public.[citation needed]
Georgia State Bicycle Route 10 is one of 14 bike routes across Georgia. Route 10 is 246 miles (396 km) long and goes from Lake Seminole in the west to Jekyll Island in the east. It runs a west–east route, of approximately 27.3 miles (43.9 km), through the county and passes through downtown Quitman.
^abWilliams, David; Williams, Teresa Crisp; Carlson, David (2002).Plain Folk in a Rich Man's War: Class and Dissent in Confederate Georgia. Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida Press. pp. 144–150.ISBN978-0813028361.
