Brixen is the third-largest city and oldest town in the province, with a population of nearly twenty-three thousand.[3][4][5] It is located at the confluence of theEisack andRienz rivers, and today it is the capital of the Eisack district community.
As it is more than 70%German-speaking, the town is usually known in English by its German name,Brixen.[6] It is also known by its Italian name,Bressanone.[7] The municipality is officially bilingual in German and Italian.[8][9]Ladin is the third-largest and the oldest language spoken in South Tyrol;[10] Brixen is namedPorsenù orPersenon (pronounced[pəʀsəˈnɔŋ]) in Ladin.
The reconstruction of Brixen's pre-Roman name has been debated. Some linguists propose a Celtic form *Brigsa or*Brigsina, from the rootbrig- ('hill, hillfort').[11][12] However, the toponym probably first appeared asPressena in the Quartinus Charter of 828, then asPrihsna in 901,[13][14] suggesting a possible proto-form *Prixina.[14] According to Diether Schürr, archaeological finds in Stufels (Brixen's early settlement area) point to aRhaetian rather thanCeltic culture in pre-Roman times. While Celts may have renamed the site at some point, Schürr argues, the evidence suggests that the nameBrixen could be pre-Celtic in origin.[14]
TheBrenner Pass, on the Italian-Austrian border, is 45 km to the north of Brixen, andBolzano lies 40 km to the south. To the east lies thePlose mountainmassif with three peaks, the closest of which being the Telegraph peak (Monte Telegrafo) (2,486 m), formally known as Fröllspitze. On the western side, there is theKönigsangerspitze mountain (Monte Pascolo) (2,439 m) and thePfeffersberg slope (Monteponente), both of which are located within theSarntal Alps.
Brixen is especially known for its skiing, with a majorski resort,the Plose.
Brixen is made up of about 22 smaller villages and hamlets calledfrazioni. They include: Afers/Eores, Albeins/Albes, Elvas, Gereuth/Caredo, Karnol/Cornale, Klerant/Cleran, Kranebitt/Costa d'Elvas, Mahr/Elvas La Mara, Mairdorf/Villa, Mellaun/Meluno, Milland/Millan, Pairdorf/Perara, Pinzagen/Pinzago, Plabach/Rivapiana, Rutzenberg/Monte Ruzzo, Sarns/Sarnes, St. Andrä/Sant'Andrea, St. Leonhard/San Leonardo, Tils/Tiles, Tötschling/Tecelinga, Tschötsch/Scezze, and Untereben.
The area of Brixen has been settled since theUpper Paleolithic (8th millennium BC). Other settlements from the late Stone Age have been found and in 15 BC, the area was conquered by theRomans, who had their main settlement in the nearbySäben (Sabiona). They held it until around 590, when it was occupied byBavarians.
The first mention of Brixen dates to 901 in a document issued by the King of Germany,Louis III the Child, in which the farm ofPrihsna was presented to Bishop Zacharias ofSäben. As time passed, 'Prihsna' turned into the current name of Brixen. The bishops moved here from Säben in 992, after the cathedral had been finished.
In 1048, theBishop of Brixen,Poppo, was made pontiff as Pope Damasus II by emperorHenry III. His reign was especially short, lasting only 23 days before dying. Rumours circulated that Poppo had been poisoned by Gerhard Brazutus, an ally to bothPope Benedict IX, whom Poppo had just dethroned, and to bePope Gregory VII. These claims have not proven to be substantial and a modern conjecture suggests he died of malaria.
On 15 June 1080, at the request of Henry III, thesynod of Brixen condemned Pope Gregory VII over theInvestiture Controversy, a conflict during the 11th and 12th centuries over the ability to appoint bishops.
In 1115, a first line of walls encircling Brixen was completed. In 1174, and later again in 1234 and 1445, Brixen was devastated by fires.
Some time between 1851 and 1855, theCzech journalist and writerKarel Havlíček Borovský was exiled to Brixen by the Austrian government.
In 1866, after theAustro-Prussian War, the Austrians were on the verge of collapse. In 1867 theAustro-Hungarian Compromise was arranged. This established a dual monarchy comprising Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary, which were respectively known unofficially as Cisleithania and Transleithania. South Tyrol, including Brixen, was part of Cisleithania.
In 1915, theTreaty of London was concluded. Its objective was, in part, to entice Italy to join theTriple Entente. One provision, Article 4, promised the Italians the largely German-speaking Austrian territory ofSouth Tyrol, which would create a new Italian-Austrian frontier. In 1919, after the victories of the allies, Brixen, along with the rest of South Tyrol, was awarded to Italy by theTreaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye.
Under Mussolini, Brixen and the surrounding villages experienced an enormous growth, as part of the fascist effort to consolidate territorial subdivisions in the country. In 1928, this included the addition of Milland, Sarns, and Albeins, as well as Elvas and Kranebitt which were annexed fromNatz, a neighbouring municipality.
During WW2, the Austrians attempted to reclaim South Tyrol but were unsuccessful.
After the war, Austria deemed the post-war treaty to be unsatisfactory, raisingThe South Tyrolean Question (Die Südtirolfrage). The Austrians believed, along with the South Tyroleans, that the region should be autonomous to protect minorities. South Tyrol has 69.4% native German-speaking population, and a 4.5% nativeLadin-speaking population, with the two languages making up a majority in 111 out of the 116 municipalities in South Tyrol.
The oldest coat of arms dates back to 1297 with the lamb, known then from 1304 as a symbol of the lamb. On 13 November 1928, a shield with the city walls and a gate on the lawn in the upper half and the lamb in the lower was adopted. The emblem is a turnedargent lamb with anor halo on agules background; the right foreleg supports a flag with a gules cross. The emblem was granted in 1966.[15]
TheCathedral (10th century), dedicated to the Assumption of Mary, was rebuilt in the 13th century and again in 1745–54 alongBaroque lines. The ceiling of the nave has a large fresco byPaul Troger portraying theAdoration of the Lamb.
TheHofburg, a Renaissance Bishop's Palace (started in the 13th century), one of the main noble residences in South Tyrol. The Diocesan Museum has several artworks, including apresepe with 5,000 figures created for BishopKarl Franz Lodron.
The round parish church ofSaint Michael (11th century). The Gothic choir and the bell tower are from the 15th century while the nave is from the 16th. The main artwork is a woodenCireneus from the 15th century.
The Pharmacy Museum (Pharmaziemuseum Brixen [it]), located in a nearly 500-year-old townhouse, shows the development and changes of the local pharmacy. The Peer family (now the 7th generation) has run this pharmacy since 1787, always in the same location. The museum's carefully restored rooms illustrate the development of the pharmaceutical profession over the centuries and the changes in remedies used, from the testicles of a beaver and pieces of an ancient Egyptian mummy to modern plasters and lyophilisates. All the objects and medicines on display were in use over the centuries. The museum also has a library for historical research and the archive of the Peer family. In a separate room there is a multimedia display of the history of the family.
TheWhite Tower (also known as "Weißer Turm") was completed in 1591, but subsequently modified. The 72-meter-tall tower, which is located next to the parish church of Saint Michael, is inside the city walls in the historic center of Brixen.[16] It contains a complexcarillon mechanism of 43 bells, which ring every day at 11:00 a.m. and can play more than a hundred different tunes.[17] On the top floor there is a large roof where it is possible to observe the surroundings. The Tower also has alunar clock. The tower'sGothic Architecture is one of the few remaining in South Tyrol. It is the cultural heritage monument with the number 14186 in South Tyrol. The White Tower is in use as a museum since 2007.[18]
According to the 2024 census, the majority of the population speaksGerman as first language (72.61%). The remainder of the inhabitants speakItalian andLadin as first languages, with percentages of 26.03% and 1.36%, respectively.
Brixen has a railway station on theBrenner Railway, which connects the town toVerona andInnsbruck. It has an individual fare structure for public transport within the Tirol-Südtirol zone.
Regional Train (Südtirol Bahn Regio)Brixen/Bressanone-Lienz: Brixen/Bressanone – Franzensfeste/Fortezza – Mühlbach/Rio di Pusteria – Vintl/Vandoies – Ehrenburg/Casteldarne – St. Lorenzen/San Lorenzo di Sebato – Bruneck/Brunico – Olang/Valdaora – Welsberg/Monguelfo – Niederdorf/Villabassa – Toblach/Dobbiaco – Innichen/San Candido – Lienz (A)
Train connects at Verona with ÖBBEuroNight Rome-Vienna: DB CityNightLine splits into two trains (first half couples with ÖBB Rome-Vienna and leaves for Vienna or Rome; second half continues to Munich or Milan). Vienna-Rome splits into two trains (first half continues to Rome or Vienna; second half couples with DB CityNightLine for Milan or Munich).
^de Bernardo Stempel, Patrizia (2015). "Zu den keltisch benannten Stämmen im Umfeld des oberen Donauraums". In Lohner-Urban, Ute; Scherrer, Peter (eds.).Der obere Donauraum 50 v. bis 50 n. Chr. Frank & Timme. pp. 88–89.ISBN978-3-7329-0143-2.
^Delamarre, Xavier (2003).Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental. Errance. p. 87.ISBN9782877723695.
^Kollmann, Cristian. "Alte und neue Überlegungen zum Namen Brixen", in: Barbara Fuchs, Hans Heiss, Carlo Milesi und Gustav Pfeifer (Hrsg.): Brixen. I. Die Geschichte. Im Auftrag des Vereins "Prichsna 901–2001". Bozen 2004, pp. 13–27.
^abcSchürr, Diether, "Aus welcher Sprache stammt der Ortsname Brixen?", in Giampaolo Borghello e Vincenzo Orioles (a cura di), Per Roberto Gusmani 1. Linguaggi, culture, letterature 2. Linguistica storica e teorica. Studi in ricordo, Udine, Forum, 2012, pp. 435-450
Helmut Flachenecker, Hans Heiss, Hannes Obermair (eds),Stadt und Hochstift, Brixen, Bruneck und Klausen bis zur Säkularisation 1803 – Città e Principato, Bressanone, Brunico e Chiusa fino alla secolarizzazione 1803 (= Veröffentlichungen des Südtiroler Landesarchivs 12). Bozen: Verlagsanstalt Athesia 2000.ISBN88-8266-084-2
Barbara Fuchs, Hans Heiss, Carlo Milesi,Brixen. Die Geschichte. Kunst, Kultur, Gesellschaft. 2 vols. Bozen: Athesia/Tappeiner 2004–06
Ludwig Tavernier,Der Dombezirk von Brixen im Mittelalter. Gestalt, Funktion, Bedeutung (= Schlern-Schriften 294). Innsbruck: Universitätsverlag Wagner 1996.ISBN3-7030-0266-2
.jpg)
.jpg)
