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%2c_Dublin%2c_February_1993.jpg) British Air Ferries, Vickers Viscount at Dublin Airport in 1993 | |||||||
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| Founded | 1 January 1963 (1963-01-01) (amalgamation) | ||||||
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| Ceased operations | 14 December 2001 (2001-12-14) | ||||||
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| Fleet size | 23 piston airliners (9Aviation Traders Carvair, 14Bristol Superfreighter (as of September 1967)) | ||||||
| Destinations | Channel Islands, Continental Europe | ||||||
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| Headquarters |
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| Website | british-world.co.uk | ||||||
British United Air Ferries (BUAF) was a wholly private, British independent[nb 1]car and passenger ferry airline based in the United Kingdom during the 1960s. It specialised in cross-Channelferry flights carrying cars and their owners between its numerous bases inSouthern England, theChannel Islands andContinental Europe. All-passenger and all-cargo flights were operated as well. Following several identity and ownership changes, it went out of business in 2001.
In its final years, asBritish World Airlines, its head office was at Viscount House,London Southend Airport.[1]
BUAF came into being on 1 January 1963 as a result of the merger ofChannel Air Bridge andSilver City Airways.[2][3][4] The newly formed airline was a wholly owned subsidiary of Air Holdings,[4] which in turn was a subsidiary ofBritish & Commonwealth (B&C). This ownership structure made BUAF a sister airline ofBritish United Airways (BUA), at the time Britain's biggest independent airline and the country's leading independent scheduled operator.
BUAF operated scheduled and non-scheduledvehicle ferry, passenger and freight services. This included scheduled routes fromSouthend,Lydd Ferryfield andHurn to ten points in the Channel Islands and Continental Europe.Aviation Traders Carvairs operated what the airline called "deeper penetration" routes toBasel, Geneva andStrasbourg.
Bristol Superfreighters plied the routes toJersey,Guernsey,Cherbourg,Le Touquet,Calais,Ostend andRotterdam.
The airline's scheduled services between the UK, Le Touquet and Ostend formed part of rail-air operations linking the respective capital cities at each end. These were operated in conjunction withSociété Nationale des Chemins de Fer français (SNCF) andSociété Nationale des Chemins de fer Belges/Nationale Maatschappij der Belgische Spoorwegen (SNCB/NMBS), the respective national railway companies of France andBelgium. (Amongst these, was a six-times daily Southend—Ostend vehicle ferry service operated in conjunction with erstwhile Belgianflag carrierSabena. This service, which had been launched byAir Charter in partnership with Sabena in 1957 with three dedicatedSuperfreighters in full Sabenalivery and which BUAF had inherited from Channel Air Bridge, continued until 1964.[5])Coach-air services were provided in conjunction with local coach operators between the UK, France, Belgium, theNetherlands andSwitzerland via Calais, Ostend, Rotterdam and Baswl.
In addition, all-passenger configured Bristol Freighters/Superfreighters were used forinclusive tour work on behalf of BUA (Services) Ltd. Sister airline BUA (C.I.) assumed the former Silver City routes linkingthe North of England with the Channel Isles and the Continent.[6]
BUAF subsequently added routes linkingSouthampton with Rotterdam, Ostend, Calais,Deauville, Le Touquet, Jersey, Guernsey,Dinard and Cherbourg to its scheduled route network, while discontinuing its "deeper penetration" routes to Basel, Geneva and Strasbourg as these generated insufficient traffic to sustain a viable operation. Some of the new Southampton routes were part of rail-air operations in conjunction with the French and Belgian national railway companies as well.[7][8]
As a consequence of B&C'sreorganisation of the BUA group of companies during 1967/8, BUAF changed its name toBritish Air Ferries (BAF) in September 1967.[3][9][10][11][12][13]
In October 1971, BAF's ownership passed from Air Holdings to the Keegan family.[14][15]
In 1972, BAF became a wholly owned subsidiary ofTransmeridian Air Cargo (TMAC), aStansted-based all-cargo airline controlled by the Keegan family.[3]
In 1975, BAF began replacing its remaining Carvairs withHandley Page Dart Heraldturboprops on its cross-Channel routes linking Southend with Le Touquet, Ostend and Rotterdam. This resulted in these services being converted into ordinary passenger schedules and the Carvairs being transferred to cargo flying.[3][16][17]
On 1 January 1977, BAF operated its last car ferry service.[18][19] Later the same year, on 31 October, BAFHerald G-BDFE operating the airline's inaugural scheduled passenger flight from Southend toDüsseldorf under the command ofCaptain Caroline Frost andFirst Officer Lesley Hardy became Britain's firstairliner flown by an all-female crew.[20]
On 1 January 1979, BAF transferred its entire scheduled operation including associated aircraft and staff toBritish Island Airways (BIA).[19][21][22]
Following British Airways's decision to withdraw from its loss-making regional routes and to retire itsVickers Viscount turboprop fleet, BAF acquired the entire 18-strong fleet along with the spares inventory during the early 1980s. This acquisition made it the world's largestViscount operator at the time.[19][23][24][25][26]
As a result of the changes the airline underwent in the late 1970s and early 1980s, BAF mainly concentrated onleasing, charter andoil industry support work.[21][27][28][29][30][31][25][32]
In 1983, the Keegans put some of their businesses intoreceivership and in March of that year, sold the British Air Ferries name along with the airline's commercial flying operations to the Jadepoint investment group for£2m.[25][33][34]
Growing financial difficulties at Jadepoint resulted in BAF being placed inadministration in January 1988.[25][35] A newholding company, called Mostjet, was formed within a year to enable the airline to emerge from administration in May 1989, the only British airline to do so at the time.[32][34][36]
In April 1993, BAF was renamedBritish World Airlines (BWA), ICAO code BWL.[19][37]
Following delivery of BWA's firstATR 72 on 1 April 1996, the airline converted its three remaining passenger-configured Viscounts to freighters.[30][31][38] On 18 April the same year, BWA Viscount G-APEY operated the type's last passenger flight, marking the 43rd anniversary of the Viscount's entry into full commercial air service withBritish European Airways (BEA).[38]
BWA ceased trading on 14 December 2001, as a result of the tough business climate during the post-9/11 downturn.[13][39]
BUAF/BAF/BWA operated the following aircraft types:
In BUAF's days, all aircraft were given individual names.
In April 1963, the BUAF fleet comprised 28 aircraft.[6]
| Aircraft | Number |
|---|---|
| Aviation Traders ATL 98 Carvair | 3 |
| Bristol 170 Superfreighter Mark 32 | 21 |
| Bristol 170 Freighter Mark 31 | 1 |
| Bristol 170 Freighter Mark 21E | 3 |
| Total | 28 |
BUAF employed 519 people at this time.[6]
In September 1967, the BUAF fleet comprised 23 aircraft.[7]
| Aircraft | Number |
|---|---|
| Aviation Traders ATL 98 Carvair | 9 |
| Bristol 170 Superfreighter Mark 32 | 14 |
| Total | 23 |
BUAF employed 633 people at this time.[7]
In May 1972, the BAF fleet comprised eight aircraft.[40]
| Aircraft | Number |
|---|---|
| Canadair CL-44 | 3 |
| Aviation Traders ATL 98 Carvair | 5 |
| Total | 8 |
BAF employed 300 people at this time.[40]
In April 1978, the BAF fleet comprised eighteen aircraft.[41]
| Aircraft | Number |
|---|---|
| Aviation Traders ATL 98 Carvair | 2 |
| Handley Page Dart Herald 200 | 16 |
| Total | 18 |
BAF employed 450 people at this time.[41]
In March 1984, the BAF fleet comprised ten aircraft.[42]
| Aircraft | Number |
|---|---|
| Vickers Viscount 800 | 8 |
| Handley Page Dart Herald 200 | 2 |
| Total | 10 |
BAF employed 165 people at this time.[42]
In March 1990, the BAF fleet comprised 22 aircraft.[34]
| Aircraft | Number |
|---|---|
| BAC One-Eleven 200 | 3 |
| Vickers Viscount 810 | 5 |
| Vickers Viscount 806 | 10 |
| Handley Page Dart Herald 200 | 3 |
| Fokker F-27 600 | 1 |
| Total | 22 |
BAF employed 450 people at this time.[34]
In March 1994, the BWA fleet comprised eighteen aircraft.[43]
| Aircraft | Number |
|---|---|
| BAe 146–300 | 2 |
| BAC One-Eleven 500 | 6 |
| Vickers Viscount 800 | 10 |
| Total | 18 |
The BWA group employed 400 people at this time.[43]
In March 1998, the BWA fleet comprised nine aircraft.[44]
| Aircraft | Number |
|---|---|
| BAC One-Eleven 500 | 5 |
| BAe ATP | 2 |
| ATR 72–210 | 2 |
| Total | 9 |
BWA employed 222 people at this time.[44]
In December 2001, the BWA fleet comprised fifteen aircraft.[13]
| Aircraft | Number |
|---|---|
| Boeing 757-200 | 1 |
| Boeing 737-300 | 3 |
| BAC One-Eleven 500 | 3 |
| BAe ATP | 6 |
| ATR 72–210 | 2 |
| Total | 15 |
During the early part of its existence, when the airline traded as British United Air Ferries, it suffered one non-fatal incident.[45]
On 24 September 1963, aBristol 170 Superfreighter Mark 32 (registration: G-AMWA) was damaged beyond repair in a takeoff accident atGuernsey Airport.[46]
Operating a scheduled passenger flight toBournemouth, the Bristol 170 was preparing for takeoff from Guernsey Airport's runway 28. Thefirst officer, who was flying the aircraft used full power to counteract the effects of a 17 kn (20 mph)crosswind. Due to a problem with theport engine the First officer decided to abort takeoff as speed approached 80 knots. As the aircraft was going to overshoot the end of the runway he steered it to the left to avoid hitting obstacles. The aircraft became airborne for a short distance, crashing through the airport boundary fence, crossing a public road and coming to a halt a quarter of a mile from the runway end. Although the aircraft was a completewrite-off, there were no fatalities among the four occupants (three crew and one passenger).
The accident investigators established the probable cause of the accident as the inability of the pilot in command to bring the aircraft to a stop within the remaining runway length, following his decision to abandon the takeoff due to a malfunction of the port engine, .[47]
The company suffered two non-fatal incidents during the British Air Ferries era.[48]
Vickers Viscount 806 G-APIMViscount Stephen Piercey,[nb 2][49]was hit on 11 January 1988 by a FairflightShorts 330 (registration: G-BHWT), which had suffered anosegear brake and steering failure while preparing to take off fromSouthend Airport to Fairflight'sBiggin Hill base. The collision destroyed the left-hand side of the Viscount's nose. Although the aircraft was deemed damaged beyond economical repair, it was subsequently restored and put on display at theBrooklands Museum.[49][50]
The final two recorded incidents occurred during the British World period. One of these involved fatalities.[51]
On 25 February 1994, a BWA Vickers Viscount 813 (registration: G-OHOT) operating an all-cargo flight fromEdinburgh toCoventry encountered severe icing conditions en route. This caused the no. 2 engine to fail and its propeller toautofeather while the aircraft had begun its descent fromflight level (FL) 150. During that time, the no. 3 engine started losing power as well. In responseair traffic control immediately cleared the flightdeck crew to descend to FL070 and thereafter, FL050. The crew attempted to restart the no. 2 and 3 engines but when this proved futile, they elected to divert toBirmingham. The crew did manage to restart the no. 2 engine but this was followed by failure of no. 4. Five minutes short of Birmingham, the aircraft lost all electrical power and as a resultradio navigation andintercom. The aircraft struck trees on 7.5 km (4.7 mi) southwest ofUttoxeter, causing it to break up and kill one of the two pilots.[52][53]
The official accident investigation report of the UK'sAir Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB) identified the several factors as the likely cause:
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