| British Railways AL4 British Rail Class 84 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Preserved locomotive 84001 on display atCrewe Works open day on 11 September 2005 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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TheBritish RailClass 84 was a 25 kV ACelectric locomotive that operated on theWest Coast Main Line (WCML) of theLondon Midland Region.
The ten strong class was one of five prototype classes of electric locomotives built in the early stages of WCML electrification. Built between 1960 and 1961, the type was not a success, as they were beset by technical problems, and after several lengthy periods of storage, and unsuccessful attempts at resolving these problems, British Rail decided to withdraw the entire fleet between 1977 and 1980.
As part of the modernisation of theWest Coast Main Line, which included electrification, 100 locomotives of five types were acquired from different manufacturers. Ten Class AL4 locomotives numbered E3036 - E3045 were built in 1960 by theNorth British Locomotive Company in Springburn,Glasgow, to a design byGEC.[4]
Locomotive E3040 worked the inaugural AC electric-hauled train fromManchester Piccadilly toCrewe on 12 September 1960.[2]
The locomotives always worked on power provided byoverhead catenary energised at 25,000 V AC. However, the main transformer, normally operated with the four windings in series, could be operated at 6250V AC with the transformer windings in parallel. This voltage was initially to be used where limitedclearances gave concern over use of the higher voltage. Since the clearances were found to be adequate, the lower voltage connections were locked out of use.[5]
Once in service a number of problems emerged with the class, including rough riding, flashovers in thetransformer windings, short lifespans for the motor spring drives, and major problems with themercury-arc rectifiers. In April 1963 the entire fleet was temporarily taken out of service, and was returned to GECDukinfield, the builder of the electrical equipment, in an attempt to find a solution, and remedial work was carried out.[6][7]
When the class returned to service, the problems persisted, and in 1967 they were placed into storage, using the former steam shed at Bury,[8] along withClass AL3.[9] During this time E3043 went toRugby Testing Centre for trials.[10]
The persistent problems could have been the end of the ten locomotives of Class 84, but the extension of theWest Coast Main Line electrification toGlasgow meant that more electric locomotives would be needed. It was therefore decided that the storedClass AL3 and AL4 locomotives would be repaired, and returned to service which was conducted atDoncaster.[10]
After spending five years in storage, all ten locomotives were rebuilt withsilicon rectifiers and dual brakes in 1972.[1][11] and were reclassified underTOPS as Class 84, being renumbered 84001 - 84010.
The second rebuild overcame some of the previous problems, however new problems emerged involving traction motor failures, caused in part by the long period they had spent in storage, and the class continued to give trouble in service. By the mid-1970s, having already spent a substantial amount of money on them,British Rail could not justify any further investment in the fleet, especially since the recently introducedClass 87s allowed them to be sidelined. The decision was taken to withdraw them from service, with 84005 and 84007 being the first to be withdrawn in April 1977, the last to be withdrawn were 84003 and 84010 in 1980.[6][7][12]
Several of the locomotives were saved from scrap: 84001 was donated to theNational Railway Museum for preservation. 84002 and 84010 were returned to GEC for a proposed scheme to use them as new-technology test bed locomotives, however this project never materialised, and both were scrapped in December 1982.[12]
84009 saw further use in a new guise; it passed to theBritish Rail Research Division, and was rebuilt as an unpowered mobileload bank tester, to test the power supply to new and upgradedoverhead line equipment, and was renumbered as ADB968021. In 1992 it was withdrawn from service and broken up.[6] 84003, was saved to be used as a source of spares for 84009 and for possible conversion to departmental use, but was scrapped in 1986.[12]
One locomotive (84001) has been preserved by theNational Railway Museum: This was initially meant to be temporary; the locomotive was to be exchanged at a later date for a more representative example of WCML electric traction such as aClass 86 orClass 87.[12] It was later on loan to the Scottish Railway Museum, Bo'ness.[13]
| Key: | Preserved | Scrapped |
|---|
| Numbers[1] | Date Introduced[1] | Withdrawn[14][15] | Disposal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-TOPS | TOPS | NBL Works No. | |||
| E3036 | 84001 | 27793 | March 1960 | 22 January 1979[1] | Preserved by the National Railway Museum.[13] |
| E3037 | 84002 | 27794 | May 1960 | September 1980 | Scrapped at Texas Metals |
| E3038 | 84003 | 27795 | June 1960 | November 1980 | To Research Department Scrapped at Vic Berry, Leicester |
| E3039 | 84004 | 27796 | July 1960 | 12 November 1977[1] | Scrapped at Birds, Long Marston |
| E3040 | 84005 | 27797 | August 1960 | 20 April 1977[1] | Scrapped at Birds, Long Marston |
| E3041 | 84006 | 27798 | October 1960 | January 1978 | Scrapped byJ Cashmore at Crewe Yard |
| E3042 | 84007 | 27799 | October 1960 | April 1977 | Scrapped byJ Cashmore at Crewe Yard |
| E3043 | 84008 | 27800 | December 1960 | October 1979 | Scrapped at Crewe Works |
| E3044 | 84009 | 27801 | December 1960 | 3 August 1978[1] | To Research Department Scrapped at Gwent Demolition, Margam |
| E3045 | 84010 | 27802 | March 1961 | November 1980 | Scrapped at Texas Metals |
