British Queen Anne Revival architecture, also known asDomestic Revival,^[1] is a style of building using red brick, white woodwork, and aneclectic mixture of decorative features, that became popular in the 1870s, both for houses and for larger buildings such as offices, hotels, and town halls. It was popularised byNorman Shaw (1831–1912) andGeorge Devey (1820–1886).

The Queen Anne Revival was to a large extent anticipated byGeorge Frederick Bodley,George Gilbert Scott,Norman Shaw,W. Eden Nesfield,J. J. Stevenson, andPhilip Webb in the 1860s; they had used and mixed together brick pediments and pilasters, fan-lights, ribbed chimneys, Flemish or plain gables, hipped roofs, wrought-iron railings, sash windows, outside shutters, asymmetry and even sunflower decorations.^[2][3]

The Queen Anne Revival style has, as the architectural historianMark Girouard writes,

comparatively little to do with Queen Anne. It was the nickname applied to a style which became enormously popular in the 1870s and survived into the early years of this century. 'Queen Anne' came with red brick and white-painted sash windows, with curlypedimented gables and delicate brick panels of sunflowers, swags, or cherubs, with small window panes, steep roofs, and curving bay windows, with wooden balconies and little fancyoriels jutting out where one would least expect them. It was a kind of architectural cocktail, with a littlegenuine Queen Anne in it, a little Dutch, a little Flemish, a squeeze ofRobert Adam, a generous dash ofWren, and a touch ofFrançois 1^er."^[4]

All of these features can be seen in houses, large or small, of the later part of the Victorian era.^[1][5]

• Some of the style's decorative features
• 
  Red brick and tile-hung detail, "a little genuine Queen Anne"^[4]
• 
  "curlypedimented gables
  ... a little Dutch"^[4]
• 
  "small window panes, ... bay windows, wooden balconies"^[4]
• 
  "little fancyoriels"^[4]
• 
  "delicate brick panels of sunflowers"^[4]

Characteristic features of Shaw's houses, well seen in theBedford Park garden suburb in west London alongside the work of other contemporary architects interpreting the Queen Anne Revival style, are red brick, walls hung with tiles,gables of varying shapes, balconies,bay windows,terracotta andrubbed brick decorations,pediments, elaborate chimneys, andbalustrades painted white.^[6][7][8]

Shaw's eclectic designs freely combinedArts & Crafts,Georgian,medieval,Tudor, and Wren styles.^[9]

• Norman Shaw
• 
  Grim's Dyke, Harrow Weald, 1870–2
• 
  Norman Shaw's design for New Zealand Chambers,Leadenhall Street, 1873
• 
  Lowther Lodge,Kensington Gore, nowRoyal Geographical Society, 1873-5
• 
  Semi-detached houses,Bedford Park, 1878
• 
  Savoy Theatre, 1881
• 
  Allianz Assurance Building,St. James's Street, 1882–3

In 1871–3, the Scottish architect J. J. Stevenson built his widely-imitated^[10] Red House onBayswater Hill; its name may have been a response toWilliam Morris'sRed House, Bexleyheath. Both inside and out it was an eclectic mix of styles, with furnishings from different continents and centuries. Outside it was brown brick with red brick dressings; dormer windows withFlemish gables in a flat facade over a cornice; bay windows, and sashes with louvred shutters.^[10]

• J. J. Stevenson
• 
  The Red House, Bayswater,J. J. Stevenson, 1874

W. E. Nesfield worked in partnership with Shaw from 1866 to 1869, helping to develop the Queen Anne Revival style. Together they examined the architecture of the English countryside, sketching Kent and Sussex's half-timbered farmhouses and tile-hung cottages, and then the structure and ornamentation of houses in country towns, with their red brick, sash windows, plasterwork, pargetting, joinery and rubbed or shaped brick. From this and a measure ofGeorge Edmund Street's Gothic Revival, they made their "Old English" style. Gradually adding in their exploration of 17th and 18th century classic architecture, they developed their Queen Anne Revival style.^[11]

• W. E. Nesfield
• 
  Cottages atStowford, nearCrewe.W. E. Nesfield, 1865^[12]
• 
  Loughton Hall, 1878

• Queen Anne Revival houses by diverse architects
• 
  Ascott House, Aylesbury Vale.George Devey, 1874
• 
  Detached house,Bedford Park, London.E. W. Godwin, 1876
• 
  Red brickterrace, Bedford Park.Edward John May, 1880
• 
  Limestone and brickalmshouses inStony Stratford,Milton Keynes.Swinfen Harris, 1892

New World Queen Anne Revival architecture and its derivative theShingle style are related to the British Queen Anne style but with time became increasingly different from it, and in Girouard's view are "both more adventurous and more exciting."^[13]

Professional criticism of the style began quickly, with comments such as that in theBuilding News of 31 May 1872, likely by the church architectJ. P. Seddon, that it was "mediaeval, but freely treated, with a good deal of impure classical details, introduced after the fashion of the Queen Anne period, now so much and so foolishly imitated".^[14] OtherGothic Revival architects followed suit, though the younger ones were more accepting;E. W. Godwin remarked on the "excellence both of the materials and workmanship" ofJ. J. Stevenson's Red House.^[14] When in 1873 theRoyal Academy showed off the designs forGeorge Frederick Bodley's School Board Offices,Edward Robert Robson & Stevenson's Board Schools, and Shaw's New Zealand Chambers, they were found in Girouard's words "clever, no doubt, but also startling and even shocking".^[14]

The lay press was more relaxed about the new style;The Globe of 13 January 1874 called it a natural response to the more assertive Gothic Revival, whileThe Saturday Review of 31 July 1875 described its own response as "perfect good humour and equal scepticism", considering the style to be artificially based on an eclectic mix and not at all serious.^[15]

• Girouard, Mark (1984) [1977].Sweetness and Light: The Queen Anne Movement, 1860–1900.Yale University Press.ISBN 978-0-300-03068-6. The primary survey of the movement.

• British architectural styles
• House styles
• 19th-century architectural styles
• Queen Anne Revival architecture in the United Kingdom

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