British North America | |||||||||||||
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 Flag of the United Kingdom (1801 onward) | |||||||||||||
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_-_Geographicus_-_AmerNorth-johnson-1864-crop.jpg) British North Americac. 1864 | |||||||||||||
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| Capital | Administered from London, England | ||||||||||||
| Common languages | English,French,Gaelic | ||||||||||||
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• 1783–1820 | George III | ||||||||||||
• 1820–1830 | George IV | ||||||||||||
• 1830–1837 | William IV | ||||||||||||
• 1837–1901 | Victoria | ||||||||||||
• 1901–1907 | Edward VII | ||||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||||
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British North America comprised the colonial territories of theBritish Empire inNorth America from 1783 onwards.English colonisation ofNorth America began in the 16th century inNewfoundland, then further south atRoanoke andJamestown, Virginia, and more substantially with the founding of theThirteen Colonies along the Atlantic coast of North America.
The British Empire's colonial territories in North America were greatly expanded by theTreaty of Paris (1763), which formally concluded theSeven Years' War, referred to by the English colonies in North America as theFrench and Indian War, and by the French colonies aslaGuerre de la Conquête. With the ultimate acquisition of most ofNew France (Nouvelle-France),British territory in North America was more than doubled in size, and the exclusion of France also dramatically altered the political landscape of the continent.
The termBritish America was used to refer to the British Empire's colonial territories in North America prior to theUnited States Declaration of Independence, most famously in the 1774 address ofThomas Jefferson to theFirst Continental Congress entitled:A Summary View of the Rights of British America.[2]
The termBritish North America was initially used following the subsequent 1783Treaty of Paris, which concluded theAmerican Revolutionary War and confirmed the independence ofGreat Britain's Thirteen Colonies that formed theUnited States of America. The terms British America and British North America continued to be used for Britain's remaining territories in North America, but the term British North America came to be used more consistently in connection with the provinces that would eventually form the Dominion ofCanada, following theReport on the Affairs of British North America (1839), called the Durham Report.[3]
The Dominion of Canada was formed under theBritish North America (BNA) Act, 1867, also referred to as the Constitution Act, 1867. Followingroyal assent of the BNA Act, three of the provinces of British North America (New Brunswick,Nova Scotia, and theProvince of Canada (which would become the Canadian provinces ofOntario andQuebec)) joined to form "OneDominion under the Crown of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, with a Constitution similar in Principle to that of theUnited Kingdom," on July 1, 1867, the date ofCanadian Confederation.[4]
The Atlantic island ofBermuda (originally administered by theVirginia Company and, withThe Bahamas, considered with North America prior to 1783), was grouped withthe Maritime provinces from 1783, but after the formation of the Dominion of Canada in 1867 and the achievement of dominion status by the colony of Newfoundland in 1907, Bermuda was thereafter administered generally with the colonies in theBritish West Indies (although the Church of England continued to place Bermuda under theBishop of Newfoundland until 1919).
Over its duration, British North America comprised the British Empire's colonial territories in North America from 1783 to 1907, not including the Caribbean. These territories include those forming modern-day Canada and Bermuda, having also ceded what became all or large parts of six MidwesternU.S. states (Ohio,Indiana,Illinois,Michigan,Wisconsin, and the northeastern part ofMinnesota), which were formed out of theNorthwest Territory, large parts ofMaine, which had originally been within the French territory ofAcadia, and very briefly,East Florida,West Florida, and theBahamas.
When theKingdom of England began its efforts to cross theAtlantic Ocean and settle in easternNorth America in the late16th century, it ignored theKingdom of Spain's long-asserted claim ofsovereignty over the entire continent as part of its world-wideSpanish Empire. Spain's similar claim to all ofSouth America had been refuted when the PopeAlexander VI had divided the twin continents of theAmericas between Spain and theKingdom of Portugal in the 1494Treaty of Tordesillas. Spain's area of settlement was limited to only the very southern and southwestern parts and coastal edges of the continent of North America, however, and it had little ability to enforce its sovereignty. Disregarding, as did Spain, the sovereignty of the indigenous nations, England claimed the entireNorth America continent at this point (though its western, northern, and southern boundaries were ill-defined, vague, and not yet clear), which it namedVirginia in honour of the virgin queen,Elizabeth I.
England's first successful settlement in North America wasJamestown, established by theVirginia Company of London in 1607, with the second being the Atlantic Ocean archipelago ofBermuda (or theSomers Isles), added to the territory of the same company in 1612 (the company having been in occupation of the archipelago since the 1609 wreck there of its flagship, theSea Venture). Two areas of settlement in North America had been laid out in 1606, with the nameVirginia coming to connote the southern area, between Latitude 34° and Latitude 41° North, administered by the Virginia Company of London. The short form of that company's name was theLondon Company, but it came to be known popularly as theVirginia Company. The northern area of settlement, which extended to 45° North (an area that would come to be known asNew England), was to be administered and settled by theVirginia Company of Plymouth (or Plymouth Company), which established thePopham Colony in what is nowMaine in 1606, but this was quickly abandoned and Plymouth Company's territory was absorbed into the London Company's.
Over the course of the17th century,Virginia would come to refer only to thepolity that is today theCommonwealth of Virginia on theEast Coast of theUnited States of America, with later areas of settlement on the continent considered separate colonies under their own local administrations and all collectively designated asAmerica (less often asNorth America). TheKingdom of England (including the adjacent Principality ofWales) and theKingdom of Scotland remained separate nations until their 1707 unification to form theKingdom of Great Britain (1707–1801).Scotland's attempts to establish its own colonies in North America and Central America before 1707 had been short-lived, but England brought substantial trans-Atlantic possessions into the new union when English America becameBritish America. In 1775, on the eve of theAmerican Revolution and parallel.American Revolutionary War (1775–1783). British America included territories in the Western Hemisphere northeast ofNew Spain, apart from the islands and claims of theBritish West Indies in the largerWest Indies islands chain in theCaribbean Sea, near theGulf of Mexico. These were:
The Somers Isles, orBermuda, had been occupied by theVirginia Company since its flagship, theSea Venture, was wrecked there in 1609, and the archipelago was officially added to the company's territory in 1612, then managed by a spin-off, theSomers Isles Company, until 1684, but maintained close links with Virginia andCarolina Colony (which had subsequently been settled from Bermuda underWilliam Sayle in 1670). The British Government originally grouped Bermuda with North America (the archipelago is approximately 1,035.26 km (643 mi) east-southeast ofCape Hatteras, North Carolina (withCape Point onHatteras Island being the nearest landfall); 1,236 km (768 mi) south ofCape Sable Island, Nova Scotia; 1,759 km (1,093 mi) northeast ofCuba, and 1,538 km (956 mi) due north of theBritish Virgin Islands.
AlthoughBermudians, with close ties of blood and trade to the southern continental American colonies (especially Virginia and South Carolina), tended towards the rebels early in theAmerican Revolutionary War /American War of Independence (1775–1783), the control of the adjacent and surroundingAtlantic Ocean by the BritishRoyal Navy meant there was no likelihood of the colony joining the rebellion. Although the rebels were supplied with ships and gunpowder by the Bermudians, Bermudian privateers soon turned aggressively on rebel shipping. After the acknowledgement by the British Government of the independence of the formerthirteen rebellious continental colonies in the negotiatedTreaty of Paris of 1783, finally recognising the independence of the newUnited States of America which it originally declared on July 4, 1776. Bermuda was grouped regionally by the British Government withThe Maritimes andNewfoundland and Labrador provinces of modern easternCanada, and, more widely, with British North America.
Following the world-wide war, theRoyal Navy spent a dozen years of peace-time charting the barrier reef around Bermuda to discover the channel that enabled access to the northern lagoon, theGreat Sound, andHamilton Harbour. Once this had been located, a base was established (initially atSt. George's before the construction of theRoyal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda) in 1794, when Vice-AdmiralSir George Murray, Commander-in-Chief of the newRiver St. Lawrence and Coast of America and North America and West Indies Station, set up the firstAdmiralty House, Bermuda at Rose Hill, St. George's. In 1813, the area of command became theNorth America Station again, with the West Indies falling under theJamaica Station, and in 1816 it was renamed theNorth America and Lakes of Canada Station. The headquarters was initially in Bermuda during the winter and Halifax during the summer (both of which were designated asImperial fortresses, along withGibraltar andMalta), but Bermuda, became the year-round headquarters of the Station in 1821, when the area of command became theNorth America and West Indies Station.[5] TheRoyal Naval Dockyard, Halifax, was finally transferred to the Government of theDominion of Canada in 1907.[6][7]
Before 1784, theBermuda Garrison had been placed under the military Commander-in-Chief America in New York during the American War of Independence. A small regular infantry garrison had existed from 1701 to 1768, alongside the militia, and part of the Royal Garrison Battalion had been stationed there in 1778 but that battalion was disbanded in Bermuda in 1784. The regular military garrison was re-established at Bermuda in 1794 by part of the British Army's47th Regiment of Foot and the Board of Ordnance also stationed an invalid company of theRoyal Artillery there soon after. The Bermuda garrison was to be part of the Nova Scotia Command until 1869 (in 1815, Lieutenant-General SirGeorge Prevost wasCaptain-General and Governor-in-Chief in and over the Provinces of Upper-Canada, Lower-Canada, Nova-Scotia, and New-Brunswick, and their several Dependencies, Vice-Admiral of the same, Lieutenant-General and Commander of all His Majesty's Forces in the said Provinces of Lower Canada and Upper-Canada, Nova-Scotia and New-Brunswick, and their several Dependencies, and in the islands of Newfoundland, Prince Edward, Cape Breton and the Bermudas, &c. &c. &c. Beneath Prevost, the staff of the British Army inthe Provinces of Nova-Scotia, New-Brunswick, and their Dependencies, including the Islands of Newfoundland, Cape Breton, Prince Edward and Bermuda were under the Command of Lieutenant-General SirJohn Coape Sherbrooke. Below Sherbrooke, the Bermuda Garrison was under the immediate control of theLieutenant-Governor of Bermuda, Major General George Horsford).[8]), and was expanded greatly during the 19th century, both to defend the colony as a naval base and to launch amphibious operations against the Atlantic coast of the United States in any war that should transpire.
TheRoyal Navy,British Army,Royal Marines, andColonial Marines forces based in Bermuda carried out actions of this sort during the subsequent American / CanadianWar of 1812 (1812–1815), theNorth American phase of the largerNapoleonic Wars (1803–1815), elsewhere inEurope and the world, versusNapoleon Bonaparte (1769–1821), ofFrance. When the Royal Navy's blockade of theAtlantic seaboard of theUnited States was orchestrated from Bermuda (In theNew England region, where support for the United States Government's war against Britain was low and from which Britain continued to purchase and receive grain to feed its army engaged in thePeninsular War inSpain andPortugal, was at first excluded from this blockade). In 1813, Lieutenant-Colonel, SirThomas Sydney Beckwith arrived in Bermuda to command an expeditionary force tasked with raiding the Atlantic Seaboard of the United States, specifically in the region of theChesapeake Bay and surrounding coasts ofMaryland andVirginia. The force was to be composed of the infantry battalion then on garrison duty in Bermuda, the102nd Regiment of Foot (with its Commanding Officer, Lieutenant-ColonelCharles James Napier as Second-in-Command) forming one brigade with Royal Marines and a unit recruited from French prisoners-of-war, which was under Lt. Col. Napier's command, and another brigade formed under Lieutenant-Colonel Williams of the Royal Marines. The force took part in theBattle of Craney Island on 22 June 1813.[9] The most famous action carried out during the war by forces from Bermuda was theChesapeake Campaign of 1813 and later 1814, including theBattle of Bladensburg northeast outsideWashington, D.C. with the subsequentBurning of Washington in August 1814, retribution for the "wanton destruction of private property along the north shores of Lake Erie" by American forces under Col. John Campbell in May 1814, the most notable being theRaid on Port Dover[10] to draw United States forces away from the Canadian border.[6][11] In 1828, His ExcellencyGeorge, Earl of Dalhousie, (Baron Dalhousie, of Dalhousie Castle,) Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath wasCaptain General and Governor in Chief in and over the Provinces of Lower-Canada, Upper-Canada, Nova-Scotia, and New-Brunswick, and their several dependencies, Vice-Admiral of the same, Lieutenant-General and Commander of all His Majesty's Forces in the said Provinces, and their several dependencies, and in the Islands of Newfoundland, Prince Edward, and Bermuda, &c. &c c. &c. Beneath Dalhousie, theProvinces of Nova-Scotia, New-Brunswick, and their Dependencies, including the Island of Newfoundland, Cape Breton, Prince Edward and Bermuda were under the Command of His Excellency Lieutenant-General Sir James Kempt GCB, GCH.[12][13]
TheestablishedChurch of England in Bermuda (since 1978, titled theAnglican Church of Bermuda) and Newfoundland was attached to theSee of Nova Scotia from 1825 to 1839 and from 1787 to 1839, respectively. From 1839, the island of Newfoundland and the coast of Labrador, as well as Bermuda, became parts of theDiocese of Newfoundland and Bermuda, with the shared Bishop (Aubrey George Spencer being the first) alternating his residence between the two colonies. A separate Bermuda Synod was incorporated in 1879, but continued to share its Bishop with Newfoundland until 1919, when the separate position ofBishop of Bermuda was created (in 1949, on Newfoundland becoming a province of Canada, the Diocese of Newfoundland became part of theAnglican Church of Canada; the Church of England in Bermuda, which was re-titled theAnglican Church of Bermuda in 1978, is today one of sixextra-provincial Anglican churches within the Church of England overseen by theArchbishop of Canterbury inCanterbury,England).[14][15][16]
Other denominations also at one time included Bermuda with Nova Scotia or Canada. Following the separation of theChurch of England from theRoman Catholic Church in the16th century of theEnglish Reformation period, Roman Catholic worship was outlawed in England (subsequentlyBritain) and its colonies, including Bermuda, until theRoman Catholic Relief Act 1791, and operated thereafter under restrictions until the [[20th century]]. Once Roman Catholic worship was allowed and reestablished, Bermuda formed part of theArchdiocese of Halifax, Nova Scotia, until 1953, when it was separated to become theApostolic Prefecture of Bermuda Islands.[17] The congregation of the firstAfrican Methodist Episcopal Church in Bermuda (St. John African Methodist Episcopal Church, erected in 1885 inHamilton Parish) had previously been part of theBritish Methodist Episcopal Church of Canada.[18]
TheKingdom of Great Britain acquired most ofAcadia or Acadie, Nouvelle-France, in connection with theQueen Anne's War of 1702–1713, and subsequent lands later, after theSeven Years' War /French and Indian War (1753/1756-1763). These territories would become the future provinces ofNova Scotia,New Brunswick, andPrince Edward Island, as well as parts ofQuebec in the modernDominion of Canada and additional territories that would eventually form part of the oldMassachusetts Bay Colony, later after 1776 as theCommonwealth of Massachusetts, and later separated to form theState of Maine in 1820, in theUnited States.
Britain acquired much of the remainder ofCanada (New France) and the eastern half ofLouisiana, including West Florida, from theKingdom of France, andEast Florida from theKingdom of Spain, by the earlier 1763Treaty of Paris (1763), which ended theSeven Years' War (inEurope) /French and Indian War (inNorth America). Spain had not taken possession of any ofSpanish Louisiana, which had been ceded to it under the earlier secretTreaty of Fontainebleau of 1762, from France ofFrench Louisiana until seven years later in 1769. By the terms of the laterTreaty of Paris (1783), the United States acquired the southern and western portions of the former Royal French colony in the interior of the North American continent ofNew France / (laterQuebec), south of theGreat Lakes to theOhio River and west to theMississippi River. At the same time that Spain gained along theGulf of Mexico coastline ofWest Florida (western panhandle of Florida) and regained againEast Florida (of the Florida peninsula), formingSpanish Florida until its 1813 / 1819 cession to the adjacent United States.
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Nova Scotia was split into modern-dayNova Scotia andNew Brunswick in 1784. The part of Quebec retained after 1783 was split into the primarily French-speaking Province ofLower Canada (futureQuebec) and the primarily English-speaking Province ofUpper Canada (futureOntario) in 1791. Later the two provinces north of theGreat Lakes of theBritish Empire were combined in 1841 as theProvince of Canada (also known as the United Provinces of Canada or the United Canada). This lasted a quarter-century until 1867 and the passage of theBritish North America Act by theBritish Parliament inLondon, with the then establishment of the modernDominion of Canada.
After theWar of 1812 (1812–1815), theTreaty of 1818 established the east/west49th parallel, north oflatitude as the United States–British North America international border, extending from Rupert's Land (north of the Great Lakes) further west to the edge of theRocky Mountains. Then 28 years later, in the subsequent 1846 treaty, Britain and the United States split the jointly-administeredOregon Country lands of thePacific Northwest region between the Americans and the British, extending the 49th parallel line further west to thePuget Sound. The United States was assigned lands south of the 49th parallel, but Britain retained all of the off-shore of theWest Coast ofVancouver Island (including a small portion of the southern tip of Vancouver Island south of the 49th parallel).
After threats and squabbles over rich timber lands,[19] the boundary betweenMaine andNova Scotia was clarified by theWebster–Ashburton Treaty of 1842, negotiated byDaniel Webster andLord Ashburton.
The Canadas were united into theProvince of Canada in 1841.
On 1 July 1867, the Dominion of Canada was created by theBritish North America Act, 1867. Theconfederation process brought together the provinces of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. The former Province of Canada was split back into its two parts, withCanada East (Lower Canada) being renamedQuebec, andCanada West (Upper Canada) renamedOntario.
Following confederation in 1867, the British Army withdrew from Canada in 1871, handing military defence over to theCanadian Militia. With the consequent abolition of the British Army's Nova Scotia Command, and the office of itsCommander-in-Chief for British North America, the still-growing Bermuda Garrison was elevated to a separate.Bermuda Command[20]
TheColony of Newfoundland, like Bermuda, was not included in the confederation that unified the other British North American colonies to form the Dominion of Canada in 1867.[21]
In 1870,Rupert's Land, which consisted of territories of theHudson's Bay Company, was annexed to Canada as theNorth-West Territories (NWT) and the new province ofManitoba.British Columbia, the British colony on the west coast north of the49th parallel, including all ofVancouver Island, joined as Canada's sixth province in 1871, and Prince Edward Island joined as the seventh in 1873. The boundary of British Columbia withWashington Territory was settled by arbitration in 1872, and withAlaska by arbitration in 1903.
TheArctic Archipelago was ceded by Britain to Canada in 1880 and added to the North-West Territories. Later on, large sections of the NWT were split off as new territories (theYukon Territory in 1898 andNunavut in 1999), or provinces (Alberta andSaskatchewan, both in 1905), or were added to existing provinces (Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec, in stages ending in 1912).
In 1907,Newfoundland became theDominion of Newfoundland, leaving Bermuda as the sole remaining colony in British North America. British North America ceased to exist as an administrative region of the British Empire, with all remaining British colonies in the Western Hemisphere, from Bermuda to theFalkland Islands grouped in the "West Indian Division" of the "Crown Colonies Department" of the Colonial Office.
In 1934, Newfoundland returned to British administration under theCommission of Government. Bermuda was increasingly perceived by the British Government as in, or at least grouped for convenience with, the British West Indies. The last official administrative link to the Maritimes was through the established church. In 1879 the Synod of the Church of England in Bermuda was formed and a Diocese of Bermuda became separate from the Diocese of Newfoundland, but continued to be grouped under theBishop of Newfoundland and Bermuda until 1919, when Newfoundland and Bermuda each received its own bishop.[14]
In 1949, the island ofNewfoundland, and its associated mainland territory ofLabrador, joined Canada as thetenth province.
Canada became semi-independent beginning in 1867, and fully sovereign on foreign affairs beginning with theStatute of Westminster 1931. Canada gained the right to establish and accept foreign embassies, with the first one being in Washington, D.C.
The last vestiges of Canada's constitutional dependency upon Britain were eliminated when Canadians from various provinces agreed on an internal procedure for amending the Canadian Constitution. This agreement was implemented when the British Parliament passed theCanada Act 1982 at the request of theSenate andHouse of Commons of Canada, with the support of nine of the tenprovinces of Canada.[1][22]
Following the 1776 declaration of independence of the colonies that were to form the United States (which was to be recognised by the British Government in 1783), the areas that remained under British sovereignty were administered by theHome Office, which had been formed on 27 March 1782, and which also controlled the military until this was transferred to theWar Office in 1794. The Home Office referred to the remaining North American continental colonies and the archipelago of Bermuda (located 640 miles (1,030 km) offNorth Carolina) asBritish North America and their administration was increasingly linked. In 1801, administration of the colonies was moved from the Home Office to the War Office (which became theWar and Colonial Office), with theSecretary of State for War thus becoming theSecretary of State for War and the Colonies until 1854, when theWar and Colonial Office was split into theWar Office (under theSecretary of State for War) and theColonial Office (under theSecretary of State for the Colonies).
Prior to the signing of the 1846Oregon Treaty, the North Americancontinental colonies were as follows:[23]
The North Atlanticoceanic archipelago ofBermuda, not strictly part of the Americas at all, was also included as its nearest neighbour (after the United States) is Nova Scotia.
Besides the local colonial governments in each colony, British North America was administered directly via London.
Other than the territory administered by theHonourable East India Company andprotectorates, the British Empire, including British North America (but not including the territory administered by theHudson's Bay Company), was administered until 1783 by theBoard of Trade, from 1783 through 1801 by theHome Office and by theHome Secretary, then from 1801 to 1854 by theWar Office (which became theWar and Colonial Office) and Secretary of State for War and Colonies (as theSecretary of State for War was renamed). From 1824, theBritish Empire was divided by the War and Colonial Office into four administrative departments, includingNORTH AMERICA, theWEST INDIES,MEDITERRANEAN AND AFRICA, andEASTERN COLONIES, of which North America included:[24]
North America
Until 1846, the postal system had a deputy based in British North America, with administration from London.[25]
TheColonial Office and War Office, and theSecretary of State for the Colonies and the Secretary of State for War, were separated in 1854.[1][22] The War Office, from then, until the 1867confederation of theDominion of Canada, split the military administration of the British colonial and foreign stations into nine districts:North America And North Atlantic;West Indies;Mediterranean;West Coast Of Africa And South Atlantic;South Africa;Egypt And The Sudan;INDIAN OCEAN;Australia; andChina. North America And North Atlantic included the followingstations (or garrisons):[26]
North America and North Atlantic
The Colonial Office, by 1862, oversaw eight Colonies in British North America,[27] including:
North American Colonies, 1862
By 1867, administration of theSouth Atlantic Ocean archipelago of theFalkland Islands, which had been colonised in 1833, had been added to the remit of the North American Department of the Colonial Office.[28]
North American Department of the Colonial Office, 1867
Following the 1867 confederation of most of the British North American colonies to form the Dominion of Canada, Bermuda and Newfoundland remained as the only British colonies in North America (although the Falkland Islands also continued to be administered by the North American Department of the Colonial Office).[29] Although the British Government was no longerresponsible for Canada, its relationship with Canada and subsequent dominions would continue to be overseen by theSecretary of State for the Colonies (who headed the Colonial Office) until the creation of theSecretary of State for Dominion Affairs (a position initially held in common with the Secretary of State for the Colonies) in 1925. The reduction of the territory administered by the British Government would result in re-organisation of the Colonial Office. In 1901, the departments of the Colonial Office included:North American and Australasian;West Indian;Eastern;South African; andWest African (two departments).
Of these, the "North American and Australasian Department" included:[30]
North American and Australasian Department, 1901
In 1907, theColony of Newfoundland became theDominion of Newfoundland, leaving theImperial fortress of Bermuda as the sole remaining British North American colony.
Bermuda, with a land mass totalling less than 21 square miles and a population of 17,535, could hardly constitute an Imperial administrative region on its own. By 1908, the Colonial Office included two departments (one overseeing dominion andprotectorate business, the other colonial): Dominions Department (Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Cape of Good Hope, Natal, Newfoundland, Transvaal, Orange River Colony, Australian States, Fiji, Western Pacific, Basutoland, Bechuanaland Protectorate, Swaziland, Rhodesia); Crown Colonies Department. The Crown Colonies Department was made up of four territorial divisions: Eastern Division; West Indian Division; East African and Mediterranean Division; and the West African Division.
Of these, theWest Indian Division now included all of the remaining British colonies in the Western Hemisphere, from Bermuda to the Falkland Islands:
Jamaica, Turks Islands, British Honduras, British Guiana, Bahamas, Bermuda, Trinidad, Barbados, Windward Islands, Leeward Islands, Falkland Islands, and St. Helena.[31]
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{{cite magazine}}:Missing or empty|title= (help)The Diocese of Hamilton in Bermuda was established in 12th June 1967. Bermuda was served by the Diocesan clergy of Halifax until 1953, after which pastoral responsibility transferred to the Congregation of the Resurrection.
The annual return has been issued by the Colonial-office, containing the list of Governors and Bishops. Our North American colonies are eight in number, - Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland, Bermuda, Vancouver Island, and British Colombia;
CANADA: PROVINCES OF CANADA-Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Manitoba, North-west Territories, British Columbia, Prince Edward Island; NEWFOUNDLAND; BERMUDA; FALKLAND ISLANDS
{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
