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British Cyprus

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British colony from 1878–1960

This article is about the British colony covering the whole of Cyprus until 1960. For the British Overseas Territory currently on the island of Cyprus, seeAkrotiri and Dhekelia.

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Cyprus

Κύπρος (Greek)
Kıbrıs (Turkish)

1878–1960

Flag
(1922–1960)

Badge
(1905–1960)

Anthem: God Save the King (1914–1952)
God Save the Queen (1952–1960)

Cyprus in the 1930s, with Cyprus in dark green and theUnited Kingdom in dark grey

Status

British protectorate (1878–1914)
Britishmilitary administration
(1914–1925)
BritishCrown colony (1925–1960)

Capital

Nicosia

Official languages

English

Common languages

Greek • Turkish

Religion

• 1878–1901 (first)

• 1952–1960 (last)

• 1878–1879 (first)

Sir Garnet Wolseley^[a]

• 1957–1960 (last)

Sir Hugh Foot

Legislature

Legislative Council

History

• Cyprus Convention

4 June 1878

• Protectorate established

12 July 1878

• British annexation

5 November 1914

• Treaty of Lausanne

24 July 1923

• Crown colony of Cyprus

1 May 1925

• Enosisreferendum

15 January 1950

• Cyprus Emergency

1 April 1955

• London & Zürich Agreements

19 February 1959

• Independence

16 August 1960

Area

1924^[1]

9,272 km² (3,580 sq mi)

Population

• 1924^[1]

310,709

• 1955^[2]

529,972

• 1960^[2]

572,930

Currency

Ottoman lira (1878–79)
Cypriot pound (from 1879)

Preceded by

Succeeded by

Ottoman Cyprus

Cyprus
Akrotiri and Dhekelia

Today part of

Cyprus (De Jure)
Northern Cyprus (De Facto)

Akrotiri and Dhekelia

British Cyprus (Greek: Βρετανική Κύπρος;Turkish:Britanya Kıbrısı) was the island ofCyprus under the dominion of theBritish Empire, administered sequentially from 1878 to 1914 as aBritish protectorate, from 1914 to 1925 as a unilaterally annexed military occupation, and from 1925 to 1960 as aCrown colony. Following theLondon and Zürich Agreements of 19 February 1959, Cyprus became anindependent republic on 16 August 1960.

History

[edit]

Silver coin: 45 piastre British CyprusGeorge V – 1928

Formation

[edit]

Cyprus was a territory of theOttoman Empire, lastly as part of theVilayet of the Archipelago, since it wasconquered from theRepublic of Venice in 1570–71.

Greek Orthodox priests blessing theUnion Jack as it is raised inNicosia, 1878

ABritish protectorate under nominal Ottomansuzerainty was established over Cyprus by theCyprus Convention of 4 June 1878, following theRusso-Turkish War, in exchange for British support of the Ottomans during theCongress of Berlin.^[3] Cyprus was then proclaimed aBritish protectorate and was informally integrated into theBritish Empire. This remained in place until 5 November 1914, when after the Ottomans joined theCentral Powers, in turn enteringWorld War I, Britain declared the complete annexation of Cyprus into the British Empire, albeit under a military administration status. TheCrown Colony of Cyprus was proclaimed a decade later, in 1925, after Britain's annexation of Cyprus was verified twice, firstly in theTreaty of Sèvres in 1920, which was never implemented, and then confirmed again in theTreaty of Lausanne in 1923.^[4]

Proposed union with Greece

[edit]

King Pávlos of the Hellenes declared that Cyprus desired union with theKingdom of Greece in 1948. Areferendum was presented by theOrthodox Church of Cyprus in 1950, according to which around 97% of theGreek Cypriot population wanted the union. The Greek petition andenosis became an international issue when it was accepted by theUnited Nations (UN).

Cyprus Emergency

[edit]

Main article:Cyprus Emergency

The Cyprus Emergency was a military action that took place in Cyprus from 1955 to 1959. The Cyprus Emergency primarily consisted of a campaign by the Greek Cypriot military groupEOKA to remove the British from Cyprus so it could be unified withGreece.

Independence

[edit]

Part ofa series on the
History ofCyprus

Prehistoric Philia culture Alashiya
Ancient Ten city-kingdoms Roman Cyprus
Medieval Theme of Cyprus Kingdom of Cyprus Venetian Cyprus Ottoman Cyprus
Modern British Cyprus Cyprus problem
History by topic Timeline Ancient art Ancient pottery Earthquakes
Cyprus portal
v t e

Signed on 19 February 1959, theLondon and Zurich Agreements started the process for the constitution of an independent Cyprus. The United Kingdom granted independence to Cyprus on 16 August 1960 and formed theRepublic of Cyprus. ArchbishopMakarios III, a charismatic religious and political leader, was elected as the first president of independent Cyprus. As part of the independence agreement, the United Kingdom retained possession of the Sovereign Base Areas ofAkrotiri and Dhekelia as aBritish Overseas Territory.

In March 1961 at the1961 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference, Cyprus became an independentrepublic in the Commonwealth of Nations, and ArchbishopMakarios III became both a Commonwealthhead of state and a Commonwealthhead of government.

In 1961, the Republic of Cyprus became the 99th member of theUnited Nations.

Notable residents

[edit]

Fred Harrison (born 1944), British author and economist, was born in British Cyprus.

Notes

[edit]

^as High Commissioner

References

[edit]

^^a ^b"The British Empire in 1924".The British Empire. Retrieved7 November 2017.
^^a ^b"Cyprus Population".Worldometers. Retrieved7 November 2017.
^Solsten, Eric. (ed.)Cyprus: A country study (1991).
^Xypolia, Ilia (2017).British Imperialism and Turkish Nationalism in Cyprus, 1923–1939 Divide, Define and Rule. London: Routledge.ISBN 9781138221291.

External links

[edit]

Media related toCyprus under British rule at Wikimedia Commons
British Rule in Cyprus (1878–1960) – cypnet.co.uk

Cyprus articles

History

Prehistoric	Alasiya Eteocypriot Cypro-Minoan syllabary Cypriot syllabary
Ancient	Neo-Assyrian Empire Ten city-kingdoms Achaemenid Persian Empire Ionian Revolt Ptolemaic dynasty Roman Cyprus Diaspora revolt
Medieval	Byzantine Cyprus Arab Empire Crusades Kingdom Venetian rule
Modern	Ottoman rule Cyprus Convention British Cyprus Governors Post-1878 overview Enosis Taksim Intercommunal violence Akrotiri and Dhekelia Turkish invasion Refugees Cyprus dispute Cypriot S-300 crisis Annan Plan EU accession

Cypriot nationality law Languages Education Health COVID-19 pandemic andDelta cron hybrid variant Name Poverty Public holidays Religion
Culture	Art Cinema Cuisine Wine Culture of Greece Literature Media Music Sport World Heritage Sites
Demographics	Greek Cypriots diaspora Greek Cypriots in Northern Cyprus Turkish Cypriots Linobambaki diaspora Settlers from Turkey Armenian Cypriots Maronite Cypriots
Symbols	Anthem Coat of arms Flag

Outline

FormerBritish Empire and currentBritish Overseas Territories

Legend: Former territory; Current territory; *CurrentCommonwealth realm; ^†Current member of theCommonwealth of Nations

Europe

Corsica 1794–1796
Gibraltar since 1713
Heligoland 1807–1890
Ionian Islands 1809–1864
^†pre 1800 acts of Union Ireland
- Lordship of Ireland 1177–1542
- Kingdom of Ireland (1542–1800 de facto client state; 1719-1800 de jure dependency)(Fully annexed into the UK)
Irish Free State 1921–1931
^†Malta
- Protectorate 1800–1813
- Colony 1813–1964
Minorca 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802

Africa

Basutoland (^†Lesotho) 1868–1966
Bechuanaland (^†Botswana) 1884–1966
Cameroons¹³ 1919–1961
Cape Colony 1795–1803
Cape of Good Hope 1806–1910
Central Africa 1891–1907
East Africa 1895–1920
Egypt 1882–1922
^†The Gambia 1816–1965
Gold Coast (^†Ghana) 1874–1957
^†Kenya 1920–1963
Lagos 1862–1906
Madeira 1807–1808
^†Mauritius 1810–1968
Natal 1856–1910
Niger Coast 1884–1900
^†Nigeria 1914–1960
Northern Nigeria 1900–1914
Northern Rhodesia¹⁵ 1924–1964
Nyasaland 1891–1964
Orange River 1900–1910
^†Seychelles 1903–1976
^†Sierra Leone 1792–1961
Somaliland 1884–1960
^†South Africa 1910–1931
South-West Africa¹² 1915–1931
Southern Rhodesia¹⁴ 1923–1965 and 1979–1980
Southern Nigeria 1900–1914
^†Swaziland 1893–1968
Sudan 1899–1956
Tanganyika¹³ 1922–1961
Transvaal 1900–1910
^†Uganda 1890–1962
Zanzibar 1890–1963
Zululand 1887–1897

¹²Now^†Namibia
¹³League of Nations mandate. British Cameroons is now part of^†Cameroon andNigeria, while Tanganyika is part of^†Tanzania.
¹⁴Self-governing Southern Rhodesiaunilaterally declared independence in 1965 (asRhodesia) and continued as anunrecognised state until the 1979Lancaster House Agreement. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.
¹⁵Now^†Zambia

Asia

Aden Colony 1839–1967
Afghanistan 1839–1842
- Protectorate 1879–1919
Akrotiri and Dhekelia since 1960 (before as part ofCyprus)
Bencoolen 1685–1824
Banka andBilliton 1812–1824
Bengal 1757–1947
Bhutan (protectorate) 1907–1949
Borneo 1874–1963
British Indian Ocean Territory since 1965 (before as part ofMauritius andSeychelles)²⁶
Burma 1824–1948
^†Brunei 1888–1984
^†Ceylon 1795–1948
^†Cyprus 1878–1960
Hong Kong 1841–1997
^†India¹⁸ 1858–1947
Java 1811–1816
Kuwait 1918–1961
Labuan 1848–1946
Malaya 1819–1826
- Federated States 1895–1946
- Unfederated States 1885–1946
- Union 1946–1948
- Federation 1948–1957
Malacca 1824–1946
- Crown Colony 1946–1957
^†Maldives 1796–1965
Manila and Cavite 1762–1764
Mesopotamia¹⁹ 1920–1932
Muscat and Oman 1891–1971
North Borneo 1882–1963
- Crown Colony 1946–1963
Padang 1781–1784 and 1795–1819
Palestine¹⁹ 1923–1948
Penang 1786–1946
- Crown Colony 1946–1957
Pulo Condore 1702–1705
Sarawak 1841–1946
- Crown Colony 1946–1963
^†Singapore 1946–1963
South Vietnam 1945–1946
Straits Settlements 1826–1946
Transjordan 1921–1946
Trucial States 1892–1971
Weihai 1898–1930

¹⁸Now^†India,^†Pakistan and^†Bangladesh
¹⁹League of Nations mandate. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by theAnglo-Iraqi Treaty
²⁶Legitimacy of territorial establishmentdisputed

North America

Anguilla since 1650
*Antigua 1632–1860
*Antigua and Barbuda 1860–1981
^†*Bahamas 1670–1973
^†Barbados 1624–1966
Bay Islands 1643–1860
^†*Belize 1871–1981
Bermuda since 1619
British Arctic Territories 16th c.–1880
British Columbia 1858–1866
- 1866–1871
Cape Breton Island 1754–1820
^†Dominica 1763–1978
East Florida 1763–1783
^†*Grenada 1762–1974
^†*Canada
- Lower 1791–1841
- Upper 1791–1841
- Province 1841–1867
- Dominion 1867–1931
Carolina 1663–1712
Cayman Islands since 1670
Columbia District/Oregon Country 1818–1846
Connecticut 1636–1776
Delaware 1701–1776
East Jersey 1674–1702
Georgia 1733–1776
^†*Jamaica 1655–1962
Leeward Islands 1671–1816, 1833–1960
Massachusetts Bay 1629–1691
- Province, 1691–1776
Maryland 1632–1776
Montserrat since 1632
Mosquito Coast 1655–1860
Nevis 1628–1983
New Albion 1579
New Brunswick 1784–1867
New England 1686–1689
New Hampshire 1680–1776
New Haven 1637–1662
New Jersey 1665–1674 and 1702–1776
New York 1664–1776
Newfoundland 1907–1949
Newfoundland and Labrador 1583–1907
North Carolina 1712–1776
North-Western Territory 1859–1870
Nova Scotia 1713–1867
Paulet affair 1843
Prince Edward Island 1763–1873
Pennsylvania 1681–1776
Plymouth 1620–1691
Quebec 1763–1791*Queen Charlotte Islands 1853–1863
Rhode Island 1636–1776
Rupert's Land 1670–1870
Saint Croix 1625–1650
Saint Kitts 1623–1983
^†*Saint Kitts and Nevis 1882–1983
^†*Saint Lucia 1605–1979
^†*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1627–1979
Saybrook 1635–1644
South Carolina 1712–1776
Stickeen 1862–1863
^†Trinidad and Tobago 1889–1962
Turks and Caicos Islands since 1799
Vancouver Island 1849–1866
Virgin Islands since 1666
Virginia 1607–1776
West Florida 1763–1783
West Indies Federation 1958–1962
- Associated States 1967–1983
West Jersey 1674–1702
Windward Islands 1833–1960

South America
Providence Island 1631–1641 Willoughbyland 1651–1667 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands⁴ 1670–1688 ^†Guiana 1831–1966
⁴Now adepartment ofColombia

Oceania

New South Wales 1788–1901
Van Diemen's Land/Tasmania 1803–1901
Auckland Islands²⁰ 1807–1863
New Hebrides²¹ 1824–1980
Queensland 1824–1901
Swan River/Western Australia 1829–1901
South Australia 1836–1901
Pitcairn Islands since 1838
New Zealand 1841–1907
North Australia 1846–1847
Victoria 1851–1901
^†Fiji 1874–1970
Western Pacific Territories 1877–1976
British New Guinea 1884–1902
Rarotonga/Cook Islands²⁰ 1888–1901
Union Islands²⁰ 1889–1948
Gilbert and Ellice Islands²² 1892–1979
^†*Solomon Islands 1893–1978
^†Tonga 1900–1970
Niue²⁰ 1900–1974
^†*Australia 1901–1942
^†*New Zealand 1907–1947
^†Samoa 1914–1962
^†Nauru 1919–1942 and 1945–1968

²⁰Now part of the^†Realm of New Zealand
²¹Now^†Vanuatu
²²Now^†Kiribati and^†*Tuvalu

Antarctica and the South Atlantic

Saint Helena²³ since 1658
Ascension Island²³ since 1815
Tristan da Cunha²³ since 1816
Falkland Islands⁵ since 1833
^†Australian Antarctic Territory(transferred to theCommonwealth of Australia) 1841–1933
^†Ross Dependency(transferred to theRealm of New Zealand) 1841–1947
British Antarctic Territory²⁴ since 1908
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands²⁵ since 1908

⁵Occupied by Argentina during theFalklands War of April–June 1982.
²³Since 2009 part ofSaint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.
²⁴Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under theAntarctic Treaty.
²⁵Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985

Great Eastern Crisis

Wars and conflicts

Montenegrin	Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877) Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)
Serb	Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877) Serbian–Turkish Wars (1876–1878) Kumanovo uprising
Bulgarian	Stara Zagora Uprising April Uprising of 1876 Razlovci uprising Kresna–Razlog uprising
Greek	1878 Macedonian rebellion Epirus Revolt of 1878 Cretan revolt (1878)
Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) Romanian War of Independence Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878 Expulsion of the Albanians, 1877–1878

International
agreements

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History

Formation

Proposed union with Greece

Cyprus Emergency

Independence

Notable residents

See also

Notes

References

External links