Britannia Airways

IATA ICAO Call sign BY BAL BRITANNIA
Founded	1 December 1961 (1961-12-01) (asEuravia)
Commenced operations	16 August 1964 (1964-08-16) (asBritannia Airways)
Ceased operations	1 November 2005 (2005-11-01) (rebranded asThomsonfly)
Operating bases	Birmingham Bristol Cardiff Glasgow East Midlands Leeds/Bradford Liverpool London–Gatwick London–Luton London–Stansted Manchester Newcastle upon Tyne
Parent company	TUI
Headquarters	Britannia House,Luton,Bedfordshire,England

Britannia Airways was acharter airline based in theUnited Kingdom. It was founded in 1961 asEuravia and became the world's largest holiday airline. Britannia's main bases were atLondon Gatwick,London Stansted,London Luton,Cardiff,Bristol,East Midlands,Birmingham,Manchester,Newcastle,Leeds Bradford,Liverpool, andGlasgow. It had its headquarters at Britannia House inLuton.^[1]

Britannia was originally a charter operator for Universal Sky Tours and later forThomson holidays where it became the in-house airline with a fleet ofBoeing jet aircraft.

In 2000, Thomson Travel Group, and thereby Britannia Airways, were acquired by TUI Group of Germany. As part of a wider reorganisation of TUI's UK operations in September 2004, Britannia was rebranded asThomsonfly.

The airline was established asEuravia (London) by British businessman T.E.D. Langton and aviation consultant J.E.D. Williams on 1 December 1961.^[2] It was founded at a time of considerable turmoil for the independent sector of the British air operators industry, during the early 1960s, several firms suffered from severe financial hardship and were even driven intobankruptcy.^[3] Upon deciding to launch operations, the company quickly obtained the necessary licences from the Air Transport Licensing Board,airworthiness certificates for its aircraft from theAir Registration Board, and an Air Operator's Certificate from theMinistry of Aviation.^[3] These applications were not without some difficulty as Euravia had the distinction of being refused more licences than any other two airlines put together; this was due to the fact that the firm placed a larger number of applications than any British airline, except forBritish United Airways (BUA).^[4][5]

On 1 April 1962, Euravia established its initial operating base atLuton Airport; on 13 April, the airline's first aircraft, aLockheed Constellation, was delivered for certification and training.^[6] Early on, Euravia benefitted from its close association withinclusive tour holiday company Universal Sky Tours.^[7][8] On 5 May 1962, Euravia commenced flight operations, using an initial batch of three Constellations to perform flights on behalf of Universal Sky Tours.^[9] Within ten days, the operation was reportedlybreaking-even; by a month later, the firm's initial fleet was operating at its maximum planned utilisation rate.^[10]

On 5 October of that same year, a rival charter airlineSkyways, one of Britain's foremost independent airlines during the 1950s and early 1960s, was taken over by Euravia and integrated into its operations.^[10] The Skyways takeover did not includeSkyways Coach-Air Limited, a Skyways associate, established in the early 1950s by Eric Rylands to operate low-fare coach-air services between London and several European capital cities. Following Euravia's acquisition of Skyways, Skyways Coach-Air remained independent until its successor Skyways International was taken over byDan-Air in 1972.^[11]

By 15 June 1963, Euravia was operating a mixed fleet of eight Constellations and fourAvro Yorks.^[12] Euravia also took on SkywaysPan Am engine contract atLondon Heathrow using ex-Skyways Yorks; under this arrangement, one of these aircraft was on permanent standby at Heathrow ready to fly a spare jet engine to rescue any PanAmBoeing 707 jetliner that encountered engine problems. These rescue flights were flown as far afield as Singapore and Hong Kong. The other Yorks were used for ad hoc freighting until 1965 when the last aircraft G-AGNV was flown from Luton toStaverton, Gloucester to be an exhibit at the now defunct Skyfame museum. Upon retirement, this aircraft was preserved and placed on display at theRAF Museum Midlands, Cosford.^[13]

On 16 August 1964, the airline was rebranded, becomingBritannia Airways;^[8] this name was adopted to coincide with re-equipping with ex-British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC)Bristol Britanniaturboprop airliners to replace the Constellations.^[2] The type would not be used for long however; during December 1970, the last remaining Britannia 102 was withdrawn from service, consequently, the airline became an all-jet operator at this point. During the late 1960s, Britannia became the first charter airline to offer assigned seating, as well as hot in-flight meals.^[5][8]

During the mid-1960s, Britannia had attracted the interest of thenewspaperbusiness magnateLord Thomson, who sought a good prospect with which todiversify his business stakes; Thomson also approved of the company's activities being beneficial to the general public.^[2] As a result of this interest, during 1965, Britannia became part ofThomson, itself part of the Canadian-owned International Thomson Organisation. This acquisition was beneficial to the company's prospects, including financing the acquisition of a new generation of jet-powered airliners to enable Britannia's rapid transition into the jet age.^[2]

During 1968, Britannia commenced a re-equipment effort involving the then-newBoeing 737-200 jetliner; it had the distinction of being the first European airline to operate the type.^[8] The purchase of the brand new and relatively unproved 737 was seen as a major breach of traditional practice; historically, charter airliners procured secondhand aircraft from their larger scheduled airlines. In addition, the large 'flag carriers' were comparatively wary of the value of jet-powered aircraft, normally opting for comfort and high-quality passenger conditions over speeds.^[14] This unconventional purchase was also politically controversial;Sir George Edwards, the chairman of theBritish Aircraft Corporation (BAC), had expected Britannia to order the rivalBAC One-Eleven and lobbied government officials to convince the airline to procure the British airliner instead. These pressure tactics ultimately proved to be unsuccessful; by 1975, Britannia was operating a fleet of 13 Boeing 737s.^[15]

By 1972, the airline had become the largest of the British independent charter airlines.^[2] Prior to the mid-1970s, Britannia, much like other British charter airlines of the era, had concentrated upon low-cost flights toSpain and the use of provincial airports (other than its Luton base) to provide its services.^[16] However, the company held ambitions to expand beyond this. During 1988, Britannia's 767s were used to commence regular charter flights between Britain and Australia, as well as to New Zealand the following year. Between 1968 and 1984, Britannia carried nearly 42 million passengers, while the company's fleet grew to include twenty-nine Boeing 737s and a pair of 767s.^[8]

Britannia also became the first European airline to fly theBoeing 767, which was added to its fleet in the 1980s; the 767 was the first widebodied aircraft to enter service in the company's fleet and enabled Britannia to become the first British holiday airline to offer passengers free in-flight audio and video entertainment.^[8]

During August 1988, Britannia's immediate parent company, the Thomson Travel Group, purchased Horizon Travel and its airline,Orion Airways, which was then integrated into Britannia.^[8]

During the 1990s, Britannia also began to operate services for Skytours and Portland Direct, themselves also part of the Thomson Group. During this time, Britannia heavily modernised its fleet and expanded its route network to holiday destinations in Asia, Canada, South Africa, and the United States.^[8] During 1997, 34 per cent of Britannia's flights were flown to long-haul destinations. By the summer of 1998, Britannia's operations, which were by then centered around Germany, Scandinavia, and the United Kingdom, operated a mixed fleet of threeAirbus A320s, a single Boeing 737-800, 24757s and 13 767s.^[8]

Several efforts were made at European expansion during this time. During 1997, Britannia formed a wholly owned subsidiary, Britannia GmbH, based in Germany to operate long and short-haul flights from airports in Germany, Switzerland and Austria for German tour operators, flying several 767-300s.^[8][17] On 3 November 1997, the subsidiary's inaugural flight was flown, flying betweenBerlin and theDominican Republic. At one point, Britannia Airways GmbH employed roughly 200 people and operated 4 Boeing 767-300s;^[8] however, this division was successful( more than 1 million passengers per year) but closed down during March 2001 due to the TUI acquisition.During early 1998, the Thomson Travel Group also acquired the Scandinavian holiday operation, Fritidsresor Group, along with its airline Blue Scandinavia, which was later renamed Britannia Nordic (since rebranded asTUI fly Nordic).^[17]

In addition, it was during this decade that Britannia launched several public image and service quality initiatives, such as theflying with confidence course and closer customer service coordination within Thomson.^[18] During the early 1990s, the airline launched its in-flightRoyal Service brand to increase the profile of the company's high-end services, somewhat akin to the premium service levels available on scheduled airlines.^[19] It was succeeded by a newer brand,360, during the late 1990s; this service was billed as being less old-fashioned and possessed greater personality.^[20]

During 2000, Thomson Travel Group, and thereby Britannia Airways, were acquired byTUI Group of Germany.^[21] As part of a wider reorganisation of TUI's UK operations in September 2004, it was announced that Britannia would be rebranded asThomsonfly.^[22]

As of January 1995, Britannia Airways operated services to the following international scheduled destinations:

The Britannia Airways fleet included of the following aircraft:^{[citation needed]}

The Airline also operatedBristol Britannia aircraft andBoeing 707s.

• 
  Britannia AirwaysBristol Britannia, late 1960s
• 
  Britannia Airways Boeing 737-200, in 1983
• 
  Britannia Airways Boeing 737-3T5, in 1989
• 
  Britannia Boeing 757-200, in 1994
• 
  Britannia Boeing 767-300, in final Thomson/Britannia colours, 2002
• 
  Britannia Boeing 757-200 in 2004, shortly before re-branding asThomsonfly

At the time of rebranding, Britannia was the largest charter airline in the United Kingdom, its position of market dominance being owed to the growth of Thomson Holidays. Initially its main competitor wasBritish Airtours. The 1980s saw the growth ofMonarch Airlines as a credible competitor. In the 1990sAir 2000,Airtours International,First Choice Airways andFlying Colours Airlines grew as competitors. Its main competitor at the time of rebranding wasThomas Cook Airlines.

Britannia Airways suffered two accidents whilst operating under that name (1961–2005):^[23]

• On 1 September 1966,Britannia Airways Flight 105, aBristol 175 Britannia, crashed into high ground on the approach to landing atLjubljana, Slovenia due topilot error after a flight fromLuton, England. Of the 117 onboard 98 died.^[24][25]
• On 14 September 1999,Britannia Airways Flight 226A, aBoeing 757-204, crashed on its second attempt at landing in heavy rain and poor weather conditions. Of the 236 passengers and 9 crew on board, two were seriously injured and 41 sustained minor injuries. One of the passengers who had apparently sustained only minor injuries died five days later of suspected internal injuries. The flight was an international charter betweenCardiff, Wales andGirona Airport, Spain.^[26]

• Thomsonfly
• Thomson Airways
• TUI fly Nordic (formerly Britannia Airways AB)
• TUI Airlines
• List of defunct airlines of the United Kingdom

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