| Dasyornis | |
|---|---|
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| Rufous bristlebird (Dasyornis broadbenti) | |
Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Superfamily: | Meliphagoidea |
| Family: | Dasyornithidae Sibley & Ahlquist, 1985 |
| Genus: | Dasyornis Vigors &Horsfield, 1827 |
| Type species | |
| Dasyornis australis[1] Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 | |
| Species | |
Dasyornis brachypterus | |
Thebristlebirds are a family ofpasserinebirds,Dasyornithidae. There are three species in one genus,Dasyornis. The family isendemic to the south-east coast and south-west corner ofAustralia.[2] The genusDasyornis was sometimes placed in theAcanthizidae or, as a subfamily, Dasyornithinae, along with the Acanthizinae and Pardalotinae, within an expandedPardalotidae, before being elevated to full family level by Christidis & Boles (2008).[3][4]
Taxa accepted or described bySchodde &Mason (1999)[5] include, with their estimated conservation status:
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eastern bristlebird
| Dasyornis brachypterus (Latham, 1801) Two subspecies
| Australia. | Size: Habitat: Diet: | VU |
| Rufous bristlebird
| Dasyornis broadbenti (McCoy, 1867) Three subspecies
| coastal southwestern Western Australia, southeastern South Australia and southwestern Victoria. | Size: Habitat: Diet: | LC |
| Western bristlebird
| Dasyornis longirostris Gould, 1841 | western Australia | Size: Habitat: Diet: | EN |
Once placed within various Northern Hemisphere lineages (such as Old World warblers or Old World flycatchers), the Dasyornithidae's closest relatives are now known to be Australian endemics such as the pardalotes and honeyeaters. Although their exact position within the Australasian basal lineages of passerines is not fully resolved, Markiet al.’s 2017[6] study, the first to sample and sequence molecular data for all three species of bristlebirds, placed them within the ecologically diverse infra-order Meliphagides (formerly known as Meliphagoidea). This lineage consists of five families: Maluridae (fairywrens and allies), Acanthizidae (thornbills and gerygones), Meliphagidae (honeyeaters), Pardalotidae (pardalotes) and Dasyornithidae (bristlebirds).[7] While other families within this grouping are highly speciose e.g. the Meliphagidae (honeyeaters) with 187 species,Dasyornis broadbenti, D. brachypterus andD. longirostris are only three known species of bristlebirds. Markiet al. found strong support forD. broadbenti as sister lineage toD. brachypterus andD. longirostris, having diverged from its relatives in the mid-Miocene ca.13 Mya and thatD. brachypterus andD. longirostris diverged in the early Pliocene, ca. 5 Mya. They infer from this that genetic divergences within the family may be greater than their similar morphologies might suggest and urge denser sampling to explore the possibility of overlooked cryptic species.
Bristlebirds are long-tailed, sedentary, ground-frequenting birds. They vary in length from about 17 cm to 27 cm, with the Eastern bristlebird the smallest, and the Rufous bristlebird the largest, species. Their colouring is mainly grey with various shades of brown, ranging from olive-brown through chestnut and rufous, on the plumage of the upperparts. The grey plumage of the underparts or the mantle is marked by pale dappling or scalloping.[8] The common name of the family is derived from the presence of prominentrictal bristles[3] – three stiff, hair-like feathers curving downwards on either side of the gape. This feature distinguishes them from the scrub-birds, to which they are similar in appearance although not closely related. The bristles, which are conspicuous in many birds that like the bristlebirds forage for insects in dark locations, may serve a tactile function in locating or manipulating prey.
Eastern bristlebirds were first seen by Europeans in Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour) when Latham first described the species for science in 1801. According to Gould, they were "to be found throughout New South Wales in all places suitable to its habits, although, from the recluse nature of its disposition, it is a species familiar to few, even of those who have long been resident in the colony."[9] After two centuries of European colonisation, two of the three species of bristlebirds are endangered (see Status and Conservation), and all have restricted and disjunct ranges.[5] Their distributions are non-overlapping, with the Western bristlebird, inhabiting a tiny area of dense heathland on the south-west coast of Western Australia, the most specialised. On the east coast, the Eastern bristlebird occupies a wider range of habitats in relict pockets of far south-east Queensland and northern New South Wales, and coastal fringes south of Sydney to the Victorian border. The Rufous bristlebird's range is dense coastal shrub and heathland in far south-west Victoria and extreme east South Australia. The least-shy member of the family, the newly discovered subspeciescaryochrous, occurs in open eucalyptus forest with dense understorey in the Otway range, but is also found in car parks, tracks and gardens along the edges of its dense habitat.[3] Gould's description of the Eastern bristlebird's habitat as "reed-beds and thickets, particularly such as are overgrown with creepers and vegetation" captures the density of coastal heath scrub and grasslands favoured by the Dasyornithidae, although not the fire-dependence of these environments, which require burning to prevent the trees shading out the grass component.
Often described as shy, elusive or secretive, they scamper through the thickest vegetation on strong legs, sometimes with their tails held partly erect.[2] They preferentially run to avoid danger, but are capable offlying short distances on their short rounded wings. They are more often heard than seen, singing in sweet and resonant voices with a distinctive metallic character. It is usually the male that sings. The song is thought to beterritorial in nature and is often made from on top of a log or shrub to better carry in the air. Diurnal, nothing is known of their roosting behaviour except that it is in dense thickets.
They generally occur in pairs, but their social structure has not been studied closely. Most of the food is found by foraging on the ground. Birds forage in pairs, making small contact calls to keep in touch, and constantly flicking their tails whilst moving. The major part of the diet is composed of insects and seeds. Spiders and worms are also taken, and birds have been observed drinking nectar as well.[citation needed]
The breeding behaviour of bristlebirds is poorly known. They are thought to mostly bemonogamous and defend a territory against others of the same species. The Western bristlebird breeds July–October, the two eastern species between August and February. All are single-brooded, and eastern and Rufous bristlebirds will lay replacement clutches if the first one is lost, an important factor in the success of captive breeding programs being undertaken in Queensland for the critically endangered northern subspeciesmonoides of the Eastern bristlebird.[10]
Thenest is constructed by the female in low vegetation and is a large ovoid dome with a side entrance with finer grasses for lining. Two eggs are laid, white or dullish whitish-brown or pink dotted with purplish-brown spots.[11] As far as is known only the femaleincubates the clutch, for a period of between sixteen and twenty-one days. Both sexes feed the young. The nestling stage is known to be long, eighteen to twenty-one days.[citation needed]
With two of the three recognised species already on the IUCN Red List, the Dasyornithidae are increasingly vulnerable tohabitat destruction by ever more fierce and frequent bush fires. The Rufous bristlebirdD. broadbenti is still comparatively common in its core areas of western Victoria and far south-east South Australia, but the ranges of the other two species have contracted since European settlement to relict populations found almost entirely within national parks and reserves with appropriate weed eradication and fire management regimes. The latter are essential for bristlebirds: with their small rounded wings they are poor flyers and prefer to run than to fly. Large and unchecked bushfires can cause local extinctions, compoundingpopulation fragmentation. Recent research suggests total avoidance of fire in the management of Western and Rufous bristlebird populations. Eastern bristlebirds require a more delicate balance with some degree of burning needed to promote regeneration of the grasslands they favour but too much destroying both habitat and potential refugia where populations can shelter until vegetation recovers.[12] Habitat loss since European settlement from land-clearing for agriculture and extensive housing development along coastal strips in more recent times also threatens bristlebird survival. The western subspecieslitoralis of the Rufous Bristlebird, once found in dense impenetrable shrub-land on the coastal dunes of extreme south-west Western Australia is probably extinct.[3][8][13]
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