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Breton nationalism (Breton:Broadelouriezh Vrezhon,French:Nationalisme breton) is thenationalism of thehistorical province ofBrittany,France. Brittany is considered to be one of the sixCeltic nations (along withCornwall,Ireland, theIsle of Man,Scotland andWales).
Bretonnationalism was a political current that appeared in the 1920s in thesecondEmsav, and claimingBrittany's independence.
The political aspirations of Breton nationalists include the desire to obtain the right toself-rule, whether within France or independently of it, and to acquire more power in theEuropean Union,United Nations and other international institutions.
Breton cultural nationalism includes an important linguistic component, withBreton andGallo speakers seeking equality with theFrench language in the region. Cultural nationalists seek to reinvigorate Breton music, traditions, and symbols and forging strength links with other Celtic nations.
The French position includes a range of views, from allowing Brittany a devolved government to curbing wishes for independence.
Contemporary political parties or movements holding Breton nationalist views are theUnion Démocratique Bretonne, theBreton Party,Emgann,Adsav andBreizhistance.
The academicMichel Nicolas describes this political tendency of theBreton movement as "a doctrine putting forward the nation, in the state and non-state framework". According to him, the people belonging to this tendency can choose to present themselves as separatists or independentists, that is to say claiming the right of"any nation to a state, and if necessary must be able to separate to create one".[2]
He thus opposes it toregionalism which aims for an administrative redeployment granting autonomy at the regional level, and at the Breton federalism, which seeks it to set up a federal organization of the territory.[2]
Several authors, cultural groups, or regionalist political groups use the expression of "Breton nation" as from 19th century but without this one falls undernationalist dimension. It is only at the beginning of the 20th century that a nationalist current in Brittany began to be constituted. Imitating theFrench nationalism of the time, they focused their speech on the defense ofBreton language and valorization of thehistory of Brittany; however, the Breton Nationalist movement distinguished itself by seeking to legitimize its actions by comparing themselves with those of other European minorities,"Celts" in particular, like those ofWales and especially ofIreland.[3]
By the end of the 1900s, the journalAr Bobl ofFrañsez Jaffrennou began to spread ideas close to this ideology,[4] but 1911 is a key date for this current. The inauguration of a work byJean Boucher in a niche of the City Hall of Rennes, which showed theDuchessAnne of Brittany kneeling before theKing of FranceCharles VIII, caused an opposition movement in the regionalist movements. An activist,Camille Le Mercier d'Erm, disrupted the inauguration, and used her trial as a platform. This is the first public expression of Breton nationalism. Following this event, a group of studentsRennes founded theBreton Nationalist Party, which began with several members of theRegionalist Federation of Brittany, with the aim of breaking with theregionalist ideas of this group.[5] Among its first members wereLoeiz Napoleon ar Rouz,Aogust Bôcher, Pol Suliac, Joseph du Chauchix, Joseph Le Bras, Job Loyant,[4] but their numbers hardly go beyond the 13 members of the editorial board ofBreiz Dishual.[6]
The group is at odds withBreton regionalism, which it accused of ratifying a foreign influence, that ofFrance, inBrittany. Seeking to apply theprinciple of subsidiarity, that is claiming adecentralization with a redistribution of powers, would be equivalent, according to the nationalists, to legitimizing a French domination. They oppose as much tomonarchists (in particular by maintaining controversy with the members of theFrench Action), than to the Republicans by targeting"black hussars of the republic", accused of pursuing a policy of linguistic repression. In 1912,Breiz Dishual, the newspaper of the BNP, thus formulates for the first time this opposition towards the royalists and the republicans with the expressionna ru na gwenn, Breizhad hepken ,[7] ("neitherred norwhite, Breton only"), Picked up in the following decades by different trends. The nationalists thus refused to support certain circles such as the landed aristocracy or the urban bourgeoisie, considered to be compromised.[8] It is also within this first group that the first Federalist ideas appear from April 1914 inBreiz Dishual.[6]
This current is also positioned face to face with events and international actors, especially in thePan-Celtic current.Breiz Dishual, indicates from its first issue of July 1912 to want to take an example of theIrish nationalists methods.[9] This comparison between the Breton and Irish situations of the time is not peculiar to the Breton nationalist movement, and is also found among outside observers, such asSimon Südfeld for the liberal German newspaperVossische Zeitung in 1913.[10] TheBreton Nationalist Party as its newspaperBreiz Dishual, however, have only limited echoes in theBreton movement of the time, and his nationalism can only find a weak resonance. One of its founders,Loeiz-Napoleon Ar Rouz, will play a role later to make the link between Breton nationalist currents and Irish.[11] It is also inspired by other European examples such asHungary,Catalonia,Norway,Balkan States,[12] and inscribes its reflection on a European scale.[6]
After theWorld War I, the nationalist current continued its existence, becoming one of the most dynamic components of theBreton movement in the 1920s. TheBreton Regionalist Group is the first party created (September 1918) taking up this ideology, mixing elders of theBreton Nationalist Party asKamil Ar Merser 'Erm, and newcomers likeOlier Mordrel,Frañsez Debauvais,Yann Bricler, andMorvan Marchal;[13] it is endowed as soon as January 1919 of a newspaper,Breiz Atao, to spread their ideas.[14] The adjective "regionalist" is preferred to that of "nationalist", firstly because theFrench State of the time tolerates little separatist ideas,[15] and secondly because it makes it possible to forge links with the Breton bourgeoisie of theRegionalist Federation of Brittany.[14]
The ideology of the group was initially[13] and partially[14] in a "maurrasian movement",[13][14] but then quickly moved in towards nationalism.[16] TheBreton Regionalist Group took the name of Unvaniez Yaouankiz Vreiz in May 1920, whose status indicates that it aims at a "return to independent national life". Its newspaperBreiz Atao also evolved by taking as subtitle"monthly magazine of Breton nationalism" in January 1921, then that of "the Breton nation" in July of the same year.[17]
The nationalists aimed at first not to support the Breton population but their economic output. They intended to become the intellectual leaders, the new elite of the region.Frañsez Debauvais citedRené Johannet to this effect in theBreiz Atao of April 1921.[17] They continued to compete with the regionalism of theRegionalist Federation of Brittany, and the relations between the two groups were strained.[18] Antagonism increased in 1920 when the BRF declared the creation of a large western region encompassingPoitou, Anjou,Maine,Cotentin andBrittany,[19] provoking a unanimous rejection from other regionalist groups and nationalists.[20] From then on, the nationalists' discourse became profoundly anti-regionalist, accusing them of falling into "biniousery" and "bretonnerie".[18]
The nationalists also sought to escape the French political binaries of the time, left and right, and take up the slogan "na ru na gwenn, Breiziz hepken" previously used by the first nationalists.[18] This positioning was reinforced by the fact that no French political party paid attention to the demands expressed by the regionalist groups. They also sought to emancipate themselves from the Catholic Church and the clerical milieus. Instead, they claimed a Celtic heritage and that the Catholic religion alienating them from their identity asBretons.[21] The Alsatian affair in 1926, during which theCartel des Gauches tried to return to theConcordat in Alsace-Moselle, caused autonomist agitation in this region, and the Breton nationalists were inspired by this example to form a political party.[22]
According to an opinion poll conducted in 2013, 18% of Bretons support Breton independence. The poll also found that 37% would describe themselves as Breton first, while 48% would describe themselves as French first.[23]
