 Lignol, a 23-year-old Breton bidet, from a photograph published in 1931. | |
| Country of origin | France, Britanny |
|---|---|
| Use | Saddle and pack horse |
| Traits | |
| Height |
|
| Color | Generally chestnut, more often roan, buckskin, grullo with markings on the legs. Bay, gray and black variations also possible. |
TheBreton bidet is a type ofbidet, a small horse bred inBrittany. Characterized by its ability to move atamble, and bred for its working strength, the bidet has been around since the 5th century. In the Middle Ages, it may have been crossed withoriental horses brought by theHouse of Rohan. Widespread in Brittany until the mid-nineteenth century, bidets were used for all work requiring a low-value horse. TheHaras Nationaux fought against this breeding. Transportation modernized in the 19th century, making thedraft horse more sought-after. The Breton bidet disappeared at the dawn of the 20th century.
These small horses, measuring 1.30 m to 1.45 m in height, are generallychestnut in color. Reputed to be ugly, they have great stamina and proverbial resistance to effort. Bidets are mainly used forsaddling or aspackhorses, but some are also known for their racing abilities. They are bred in southern and central Brittany, nearBriec,Carhaix,Loudéac, and on theMorbihan coast.
The Breton bidet has the particularity of goingamble, which has earned it the name "bidet d'allures" throughout its history.[1] TheBreton word for an ambling bidet isinkané (incâne according to the old spelling).[2]
The Breton bidet seems to have been used by the Celtic warriors who occupiedArmorica in ancient times:[1] according to Commandant Saint-Gal de Pons, the Celts migrated with small horses with a primitive coat (buckskin orgrullo withmarkings), which formed the stock of the Breton bidet.[3] Popular belief, supported by several scholars, has it that these bidets are descended fromArabian horses brought back from the Crusades,[4] but a few sources mention the presence of racing bidets goingamble before that time. In 880, Landévennec abbot Gurdisten cites in theCartulaire de Landévennec anamble race that took place four centuries before him, between Riwal the Duke ofDumnonia and his cousinFragan. He refers to earlier authors who were eyewitnesses. According to Guy de Sallier Dupin, anambler bidet existed inBrittany before any Arab influence, as early as the 5th century.[5] It may well have influenced the Norman bidet, or have a common origin with it.[6]
Externally, bidets are reminiscent of theBarb horse, leading some 19th-century writers to speculate that they "may have been crossbred".[7] Historian Guy de Sallier Dupin has noted several references to an Arab origin in his work, but also some oppositions, particularly from Éphrem Houël, for whom the Breton bidet is a native breed whose appearance is simply the result of asemi-feral lifestyle,[8] soil and climate.[9] A historical study of the peasants of Central Brittany reveals no evidence of large numbers of imported horses before the 19th century, apart from nineArabstallions taken fromEgypt by the deRohan family during theCrusades, and brought back to their fiefdom inBrittany in 1213.[10] It is possible, however, that Breton bidets bred on the Rohan family's lands were sometimes crossed with Oriental stallions.[8] Guy de Sallier Dupin notes a correspondence from the 15th century, in which a Rohan son-in-law ofFrançois II deals with theTurks to importhorses,falcons andgreyhounds.[8]
Historically, Breton bidets have been sought after for theiramble,[11] which they either know naturally or are taught. This particulargait made them popular in theMiddle Ages.[12]
They live wild orsemi-feral in forests and on moors.[8] According to Commandant Antoine-Auguste Saint-Gal de Pons, medieval prints show horses measuring between 1.36 m and 1.45 m in height, notably in depictions of the Duc de Richemont.[13] An unverifiable tradition has it that several oriental horses contemporary withGodolphin Arabian (1730), perhaps of theBarb breed, influenced the livestock in Brittany's Lorge forest.[9]
Road improvements inBrittany in the 18th century led to changes in the bidets bred on the coast, as they were considered bad horses. This made them faster and stronger, better suited to pulling, and represented the beginnings of the development of the Bretondraft horse.[14] Genuine bidets are generally described as ugly, small and miserable, despite their working strength.[15] After theFrench Revolution, theHaras Nationaux lost interest in the mountainous regions of inland Brittany where they were bred, and made no imported stallions available: the large horses brought by the stud farms from northern Europe were not suited to the size of the "bidettes".[16] As far back as 1756, an edict ordered breeders to trim or cut off one ear of superior quality animals, so as to differentiate them more quickly.[17] Similarly, in 1762, an order was issued to eliminate the stallions of local farmers who bred bidets.[16] As a result, many horses were castrated on authority.[17]
The animal has a bad reputation in the memories of the time, although some documents report crossbreeding withBarb horses and anArabian stallion in 1785.[18] In 1780, 12 bidets were selected in the arrondissements ofQuimper andChâteaulin, indicating that these animals had been selected for the native population.[18] In 1819, bidets were still a source of prosperity in the country, and their numbers increased, as did their size, while their conformation improved.[19]
At the beginning of the 19th century, the majority of Breton farmers still owned bidets. Many bred these smaller horses to avoid having them requisitioned by the army, since a minimum size was required.[20] According toanthropologist Philippe Lacombe, theHaras Nationaux are engaged in a process of "nationalization" and "civilization" of animals and people, as they attack bidet breeding, which is being "stigmatized".[21] The Breton bidet, decried by the French stud farm administration for its lack of elegance,[22] is, in their view, the embodiment of peasant gaucherie.[21]Yann Brekilien speaks of a "merciless struggle" to impose standards in defiance of the real needs of Brittany's inhabitants.[4] Théophile de Pompéry is equally critical, saying (in 1851) that the stud system confuses and deteriorates horse breeds by denying their regional particularities.[23]
For Guy de Sallier Dupin, the work of theHaras Nationaux is more nuanced. The Breton bidet really improved over the course of the century, through crossbreeding with bidets from the Midi region and then withThoroughbreds andArabians.[24] The distribution of premiums by the Conseil Général and theHaras Nationaux, rewarding the best breeders, led to the emergence of pioneers who bred half-bloods, notably inCorlay, where theCorlay horse was born.[24] The stud officer in charge ofLangonnet between 1837 and 1847, Éphrem Houël, reports on numerous efforts to force farmers to breed larger animals.[25]
Opinions differ as to the precise date of the disappearance of Breton bidets. According toMikael Bodlore-Penlaez and Divi Kervella, the last true bidets disappeared in the1850s.[26] However, in 1897, Martial Cornic testifies to a clear distinction between the Breton draft breed and the bidet.[27] At the beginning of the 20th century, according to René Musset and Camille Vallaux (1907), Breton bidets were "no more than a memory",[28][29] while a 1910 issue of theJournal d'agriculture pratique spoke of a "plan to halt the disappearance of the Breton bidet".[30] Other, more mainstream sources date their disappearance to theWorld War I, due to the demands of the French army.[31]
Several reasons are cited for this disappearance: modernization of transport, crossbreeding withhot-blooded ordraft horses, and the influence ofHaras Nationaux. Evidence from the period shows that the Breton bidet became much less sought-after, at least in centralCornouaille andMorbihan. The state of the roads led to the widespread use ofhorse-drawn vehicles. Around 1859, these small horses were no longer used except in their country of birth, despite their qualities of sobriety and robustness.[32] They were replaced by Bretondraft horses from Léon andTrégor:[33] "the transformation of the old Breton bidet by crossbreeding was decided and hastened by road construction", according to Camille Vallaux.[28] Crossbreeding with blood horses also led to an evolution of the breed "towards blood".[11] According toYann Brekilien[4] and Thierry Jigourel,[34] it was theHaras Nationaux's action against the breeding of bidets that led directly to the disappearance of this little horse throughout Brittany, an analysis previously defended by Jacques Charpy, director of the Finistère archives.[35]
Public action by the stud farms encouraged cross-breeding, notably with Norfolks,[34] but also with stallions fromBoulonnais,Ardennais,Percheron, etc., causing the Breton bidet to evolve in the course of the 19th century into the larger Bretondraft horse.[36]
According to history professor Bernard Denis, bidets disappeared without giving rise to any breeds, but they did influence some.[37] The Centre-Montagne, also known as the "petit trait Breton", originated in the mountainous areas of Brittany where bidets were bred. It is the smallest variety of the Breton breed. It was included in the breed's recognized types in 1927, along with the trait and the postier breton. At the time, it stood around 1.40 m tall. It is said to be descended from mountain bidets, and to have survived "because there have always been breeders to ride horses in the mountains".[38][39] However, the Centre-Montagne also disappeared in the 1980s.[40]
The Breton bidet is probably a small, primitive type of horse, comparable to theSorraia pony fromPortugal and theFjord fromNorway.[41] These animals are not very homogeneous.[42] According toMikael Bodlore-Penlaez and Divi Kervella, there are four types of Breton bidet. The Briec bidet (Kezeg Kernev bidochenn), bred inCornouaille,[26] hence its other name of "Cornouaille bidet", has enjoyed great popularity.[43] Mountain bidet (Kezeg-menez) comes from the easternMonts d'Arrée. The Landes bidet (Kezeg-lann) is bred inLoudéac, nearRennes. They also include the small Ushant horse (Kezeg bihan Eusa),[26] considered differently by other authors. InLoire-Atlantique, a heathland and woodland bidet is described at the end of theAncien régime, nearDerval andBlain.[33]
The height is generally small,[44] averaging 1.30 m to 1.45 m, with some horses even smaller.[15] At the end of the Ancien Régime, the height of Breton bidet was from 1.24 m to 1.30 m, according to contemporary sources.[17] In 1840, Count Achille de Montendre estimated this height at between 1.35 m and 1.52 m, pointing out that the biggest are rarely the best.[45] Two years later, Eugène Gayot estimated the average height of bidets at between 1.38 m and 1.40 m.[42] A larger, stronger bidet is called a "double-bidet".[4] Mountainous countries produce bidets from 1.20 m to 1.40 m at most.[46] The bidet from Derval and Blain barely exceeds 1.20 m,[33] and the small horse fromUshant is the size of aShetland pony.[26]
All bidets are frustratingly inelegant, thin and dry animals. They are often puny and angular,[17] with a short, stocky build.[44] Animals from theCarhaix area are more angular and slightly taller than those fromBriec andChâteauneuf.[42] Briec bidets have a fleshier, better-planted neck, a squarer head and rounder ribs.[45]
While some authors describe the head of Breton bidets as small,[17] others describe it as large and poorly attached,[45] fairly strong, square, with a cambered nose, dry and usually flat.[47] The forehead is broad[15][42] and flat, with open gables. Theeyes are bright, but those of stallions tend to be hidden by thick eyelids. The nostrils are wide open, and the ears are small and well placed.[17]
The neck is short and strong,[15] curved[17] or straight,[45] and fairly slender.[15] It is often axed and spiked.[17] Thewithers are round, underdeveloped and not very prominent.[44][45] Shoulders are dry, body rounded, ample, short and compact.[42][47] The chest is broader than it is deep.[44] The loins are straight and short.[17] Therump is well-fleshed, rounded and low,[42][47] or swallowed/folded.[44][45] The tail is short and set high, well detached on the move.[17]
Limbs are strong and short, lean, well joined, with broad, flat, well sunken hocks. The forearms are long, and the legs of the forelegs are said to be "perfect". The hocks are sometimes closed (hooked),[45] especially in mountain horses, whose topline is reminiscent of that of the mule.[45] Joints are good.[44] The fetlocks are full of hair, but without longdewlaps (some authors attest to the total absence of dewlaps).[45] Thehooves are very well conformed, although some horses have "panard" or "crochard" legs.[17][42][47]
According to most descriptions, the most common coat ischestnut, in various shades.[17][44][42][47] Darkmanes (in red tones) are preferred, as horses with washed-out manes are generally castrated;[17] however, the actual presence of washed-out manes is frequent.[44] There are also dapple-gray,[17]strawberry roan,grullo with markings on the legs.[4] These primitive characteristics, notably the mouse-gray coat, are shared by many of Europe's ancient horse breeds.[41] Bidets from theLoudéac area can also bebay, or more rarelyblack.[15]
Trotting bidets have long, lively gaits. They work well into old age, without their legs or limbs suffering, while making do with little food,[47] usually a supplement of crushed gorse and very little hay in winter. They live outside on the moors, without shelter.[16]
"The Breton bidet is satisfied with what Mother Nature offers: a littlehay, crushed heath, exceptionally bran and a few measures ofoats. A marvel of a horse [...]".– Alexandre Bouët[48]
This sobriety would have earned the Breton bidet the nickname of "France's Cossack" during theRussian campaign,[43] but Guy de Sallier Dupin casts doubt on the veracity of this Napoleonic statement.[16]
The Derval bidet is reputed to be "of astounding vigor, sobriety and robustness".[33]Yann Brekilien also testifies to the qualities of hardiness, docility, resistance and courage that are uncommon in Breton bidets.[4] Period documents are full of praise for its vigor and stamina,[16] evoking "surprising" means despite its small size, unfailing hardiness, exceptional endurance and ability to bear the weight of traction.[44] A testimonial published in the press in 1894 reported that one bidet covered forty leagues in one day, with no signs of fatigue.[49]
The Breton bidet has seen many uses as apack horse,saddle horse, and more exceptionally as a racehorse or traction horse.
Breton bidets were used in the trenches during theWorld War I, where 50,000 died.[34]
Breton bidets are mainly used at work, forcarrying people or materials. Breton bidets carry all kinds of loads: grain, flour, salt, coal, linen, canvas or slate tiles.[16] Peasants used the "double-bidet" to carry flour sacks over rough roads.[4] At the beginning of the 19th century, the Breton bidet was, "in France, the mount of almost all those whose profession required them to ride daily".[47] According to Éphrem Houël, it was not uncommon for train bidets to cover distances of thirty to forty kilometers, at a rate of "twenty-four kilometers an hour".[50]Yann Brekilien, who holds a diploma in equestrian tourism, believes that the Breton bidet would have made an excellent mount for equestrian tourism in Brittany, had it survived.[4]
Whether or not Breton bidets were integrated intoNapoleon's army is a matter of debate. Although Brittany's horses were requisitioned in large numbers for this purpose, it's unlikely that they were bidets, as they were too small for the purpose. In 1812, the mayor of Corlay observed that the horses in his commune were below army size.[16] The horses used by Napoleon's army were probably crossbred animals, impregnated with Arab andThoroughbred blood.[51]
Bidets are not suited to pulling or plowing, jobs long reserved foroxen. In 1825, some mayors reported in a survey the lack of aptitude of these small horses for draft work. Exceptionally, however, one may be placed in a team in front of theoxen,[16] as reported by Chabert in thediocese of Vannes.[52]
An anecdote is recorded in 1850. A senior English officer urgently requested transport betweenLannion andMorlaix in the middle of winter. He called on a local valet, who showed up with a heavy carriage hitched to a puny bidet. At first, the Englishman refused to get in, fearing for his safety on the rough, snowy and icy ground. But the carriage proves so efficient that he offers the driver 125francs, or five guineas, to buy a few hairs from his bidet. The Englishman had the manes framed alongside those of the thoroughbredEclipse, as a tribute to "the bravest horse he had ever met".[53]
From 1806 onwards, local races were organized inMorbihan. For a time, bidets took part in these races in Brittany.[54] They distinguished themselves at the Saint-Brieuc racecourse in 1807.[53] The tradition of the "clocher à clocher" race, well documented by 19th-century folklorists, saw riders compete on local bidets. Those from the Breton mountains are ambleurs.[29] Breton peasants also found plenty of opportunities to pit their horses against each other at weddings,pardons and other festivities.[55] In Nantes in 1835, Breton bidets andThoroughbreds shared the racecourse.[56]
However, legends mingle with historical facts. Moggy, a "peasant bidet", is reputed to have beaten a Thoroughbred mare in a race betweenSaint-Brieuc andGuingamp.[53] Sallier Dupin's critical study reveals that Moggy is not a pure-bred Breton bidet, having been bred from anArabian horse. The opposing mare was not a thoroughbred, but a strolling mare, barely half-blood.[24]
Breton bidets are common in southern and central Brittany.[11] They are found aroundBriec andCarhaix, in the valleys and on the sunset of theMonts d'Arrée, and on theMorbihan coast, generally bred by fairly poor farmers.[42][47] In the Côtes d'Armor region, bidets are mainly raised in the arrondissement ofLoudéac nearCorlay,Gouarec, a few communes aroundMûr-de-Bretagne, in the south of the arrondissement ofGuingamp, atSaint-Nicolas-du-Pélem,Callac andRostrenen.[15] This type of breeding continues in areas where the nature of the pastures does not allow for the greater needs of draft horses. Farms have one or two mares.[16] Briec bidets were particularly expensive in the early 19th century, with the price of a good animal rising to 800francs.[17]
Breton bidets were widely exported. In the 17th century, representatives of the breed were sent toNew France (now Canada) at the instigation of the king. The Canadian horse breed still reflects this influence.[57] At the beginning of the 20th century, bidets were sent to Cochinchina to be crossed with native mares.[58]
A breeder in Haut Corlay is trying to revive the local bidet by crossing Breton draft horses with thoroughbreds. A first foal was approved by the Breton horse studbook in 2010.[59]
The memory of bidets remains particularly vivid. A folk tale collected byÉmile Souvestre,La Groac'h de l'île du Lok, tells of a stick that changes into "Saint-Thégonnec's red bidet" with an incantation:[60]
"From Saint Vouga, remember!
Bidet de Léon, lead me
On the ground, in the air, on the water,
Wherever I must go!"
-Émile Souvestre,La Groac'h de l'île du Lok.[60]
PainterRosa Bonheur sketched a number of Breton bidets.[61]Brittany regularly celebrates the memory of these little horses, an integral part of local history.[62]
