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 Brazil |  Spain |
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Brazil–Spain relations are thecurrent and historical relations betweenBrazil andSpain. Both nations are members of theOrganization of Ibero-American States.
Following the beginning of theEuropean exploration of the Americas, representatives of the monarchs ofPortugal andSpain signed theTreaty of Tordesillas in 1494 which divided between both crowns the newly discovered lands outside of Europe along meridian 370 leagues.[1] After 1580, in the wake of the incorporation of the Kingdom of Portugal to theHispanic Monarchy (seeIberian Union), the Portuguese overseas territories became part of the Habsburg crown, in which theCouncil of Portugal came to hold a position of primacy over the viceroy in thepolysynodial system through which the monarchy operated (even though below theCouncil of State).[2] The union lasted until 1640 after thePortuguese Restoration War.[3]
In 1834, Spain recognized the independence of Brazil and both nations established diplomatic relations.[4] Spain soon opened a diplomatic legation inRio de Janeiro.[5] In 1871, Brazilian EmperorPedro II visited Spain and met with Spanish KingAmadeo I.[6] Beginning in the 1880s until the 1930s, a wave of Spanish migrants arrived to Brazil as it was the only South American nation without immigration quotas at the time. More than 1 million Spanish migrants would arrive to Brazil.[7]
During theSpanish Civil War (1936-1939), 30 Brazilian citizens partook in the fighting for theSecond Spanish Republic and formed part of theInternational Brigade.[8] In 1939, Brazilian PresidentGetúlio Vargas donated 600 tons of coffee beans to Spain which were then sold by GeneralFrancisco Franco for 7.5 millionpesetas (equivalent to €85 million Euros).[9]
In May 1983, Spanish KingJuan Carlos I paid his first visit to Brazil.[10] The King would visit the country three more times before his abdication in 2014. In November 2012, Brazilian PresidentDilma Rousseff paid an official visit to Spain. The visit was reciprocated in April 2017 by Spanish Prime MinisterMariano Rajoy.[4]
In 2023, the Brazilian government summoned the Spanish ambassador to explain racist comments hurled by fans at soccer playerVinícius Júnior, and its foreign ministry said in a statement that after "yet another inadmissible episode" it had concluded that effective measures had not been taken by the Spanish authorities to prevent such acts of racism.[11]
Today, more than 15 million Brazilians are of Spanish descent.[5] In 2015, 133,000 Spanish citizens resided in Brazil, making it the fourth biggest Spanish expat community inLatin America. That same year, 130,000 Brazilian citizens resided in Spain.[5]
Brazil hosts a Spain House inRio de Janeiro and a Spanish Cultural Center inCuritiba,[12][13][14] while Spain hosts a Brazil House inMadrid and a Brazilian Cultural Center inBarcelona.[15][16] In addition, Brazil hostsInstitutos Cervantes inBelo Horizonte,Brasília, Curitiba,Porto Alegre,Recife, Rio de Janeiro,Salvador da Bahia andSão Paulo, being the country with the largest number of Institutos in the world.[17]
Since 1984, thetwinning between the cities ofRio de Janeiro (Brazil) andSanta Cruz de Tenerife (Spain) was established. Mainly, due to the popularity andtourist attraction of itscarnivals, which aspire to become anintangible cultural heritage.[18] Likewise, in 2022, tours offlamenco artists to Brazil were promoted.[19]
Both nations have signed numerous agreements and treaties such as an Agreement on the Exchange of Diplomatic Pouches (1919); Agreement on Air Transportation (1949); Cultural Agreement (1960); Migration Agreement (1960); Agreement on the Elimination of Tourist Visas (1965); Agreement on the Avoidance of Double-Taxation (1975); Agreement of Cooperation on the use of Nuclear Energy for Peaceful Purposes (1983); Extradition Treaty (1990); Agreement of Prisoner Exchange (1998); Agreement on Cooperation in the fight against Organized Crime (2007) and a Defense Agreement (2010).[5]
There are direct flights between Brazil and Spain through the following airlines:Air Europa,Iberia andLATAM Brasil.
In 2017, trade between Brazil and Spain totaled €6 billion Euros.[5] As of 2020, Spain's main exports to Brazil included: fuel and mineral oils; machinery and mechanical appliances; electrical appliances and equipment; other chemical products and organic chemical products; whereas Brazil's exports to Spain included fuels, mineral oil; seeds and oleaginous fruits, industrial plants; ores, slag and ash; cereals and food industry wastes.[20] In 2020, Spain exported goods to Brazil amounting to 2,257.5 million euros (18th largest destination of Spanish exports), whereas Brazil exported goods to Spain amounting to 3,515.4 million euros.[20] In 2020, Spain exported services to Brazil amounting to 733 million dollars (6th largest service provider to Brazil) whereas Brazil exported services to Spain amounting to 280 million dollars.[20]
Spain is Brazil's 16th largest trading partner globally.[5] Spain is Brazil's third largest foreign investor and in 2015, Spain had US$5 billion worth of investments in the country.[4] Brazilian multinational companyEmbraer operates in Spain. Spanish multinational companies such asBanco Santander,Mapfre,Repsol,Telefónica andZara operate in Brazil.
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