Braunschweig (German:[ˈbʁaʊnʃvaɪk]ⓘ) orBrunswick[5] (English:/ˈbrʌnzwɪk/BRUN-zwik; fromLow GermanBrunswiek, local dialect:Bronswiek[ˈbrɔˑnsviːk]) is acity inLower Saxony, Germany, north of theHarz Mountains at the farthest navigable point of the riverOker, which connects it to theNorth Sea via the riversAller andWeser. In 2024, it had apopulation of 272,417. The Braunschweig-Wolfsburg-Salzgitter region had 1.02 million residents including the citiesWolfsburg andSalzgitter, it is the second largest urban center in Lower Saxony afterHanover. Theurban agglomeration of Braunschweig had a population of 551,000 with almost 45% having amigration background, making it the most diverse urban agglomeration in the wholestate. The city consists of 37.5% immigrants (approximately 102,000) with a high amount of migrants coming from otherEuropean countries,Asia andAfrica. 73% of theGermans residing in Braunschweig come from different parts of the country, particularlyNorth Rhine Westphalia,Hessen and theformer states of East Germany.[6] Braunschweig is considered an importantregiopolis. It is one of the largest regiopolitan cities in Northern Germany and the largest regiopolis in Lower Saxony. The city is seen as a major hub within the region due to it having multiple characteristics of a metropolitan city in a smaller scale or in a comparative amount to other metropolitancities in Germany.
127.12 km² (49 sq. mi.) of the city's area is made up ofgreenspaces such asparks andforests. Braunschweig has apopulation density of 4,121 per km² (10,673 per sq. mi.) excluding the green areas because only about 66 km² (25½ sq. mi.) of the total area is properly urban, making it quite a dense city.[7][8] Many districts of the city have a density over 4,450 people per square kilometer (11,525 per sq. mi.) such as Weststadt, Innenstadt, Westliches Ringgebiet, Nordstadt, or Östliches Ringgebiet. Due to the city's limited urban core and efforts in preserving green spaces, 81% of the residential buildings are multi-storey apartments limiting 74% of the flats with a space below 100 square meters (1000 sq. ft.).[9] The city is constructing more residential areas within city limits so that by 2030 the population increases by 15.000 from 2014.[10][11][12]
The date and circumstances of the town's foundation are unknown. Tradition maintains that Brunswick was created through the merger of two settlements, one founded byBrun(o), aSaxon count who died in 880, on one side of the River Oker – the legend gives the year 861 for the foundation – and the other the settlement of a legendaryCount Dankward, after whomDankwarderode Castle (the "Castle of Dankward's clearing"), which was reconstructed in the 19th century, is named.[14][15]
The town's original name ofBrunswik may be a combination of the name Bruno andLow Germanwik (related to the Latinvicus), a place where merchants rested and stored their goods. The town's name, therefore, may indicate a resting place, consistent with its location by aford across the Oker River. An alternative explanation of the city's name is that it comes fromBrand, or burning, indicating a place which developed after the landscape was cleared through burning.[16] The city was first mentioned in documents from the St. Magni Church from 1031, which give the city's name asBrunesguik.[15]
Brunswick in the 16th century, from theCivitates orbis terrarum byGeorg Braun and Frans Hogenberg[17]Brunswick Cathedral, St. Blasius, with lion statue
Up to the 12th century, Brunswick was ruled by the Saxon noble family of theBrunonids; then, through marriage, the town fell to theHouse of Welf. In 1142,Henry the Lion of the House of Welf became duke ofSaxony and made Braunschweig the capital of his state (which, from 1156 on, also included theDuchy of Bavaria). He turned Dankwarderode Castle, the residence of the counts ofBrunswick, into his ownPfalz and developed the city further to represent his authority. Under Henry's rule, theCathedral of St. Blasius was built and he also had the statue of a lion, his heraldic animal, erected in front of the castle. Thelion subsequently became the city's landmark.[citation needed]
Henry the Lion became so powerful that he dared to refuse military aid to the EmperorFrederick I Barbarossa, which led to his banishment in 1182. Henry went into exile in England. He had previously established ties to the English crown in 1168, through his marriage to KingHenry II of England's daughterMatilda, sister ofRichard the Lionheart.[18] However, Henry's sonOtto, who regained influence and was eventually crownedHoly Roman Emperor, continued to foster the city's development.[citation needed]
During theMiddle Ages, Brunswick was an important center of trade, one of the economic and political centers in Northern Europe and a member of the Hanseatic League from the 13th century to the middle of the 17th century.[19] By the year 1600, Brunswick was the seventh largest city in Germany.[20] Although formally one of the residences of the rulers of theDuchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, a constituent state of theHoly Roman Empire, Brunswick wasde facto ruled independently by a powerful class ofpatricians and theguilds throughout much of theLate Middle Ages and theEarly modern period. Because of the growing power of Brunswick'sburghers, thePrinces of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, who ruled over one of the subdivisions of Brunswick-Lüneburg, finally moved theirResidenz out of the city and to the nearby town ofWolfenbüttel in 1432.[21] The Princes of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel did not regain control over the city until the late 17th century, whenRudolph Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, took the city by siege.[22]
After theCongress of Vienna in 1815, Brunswick was made capital of the re-established independentDuchy of Brunswick, later a constituent state of theGerman Empire from 1871. In the aftermath of theJuly Revolution in 1830, in Brunswick dukeCharles II was forced to abdicate. Hisabsolutist governing style had previously alienated the nobility andbourgeoisie, while the lower classes were disaffected by the bad economic situation. During the night of 7–8 September 1830, theducal palace in Brunswick was stormed by an angry mob, set on fire, and destroyed completely.[26] Charles was succeeded by his brotherWilliam VIII. During William's reign, liberal reforms were made and Brunswick's parliament was strengthened.[27]
During the 19th century,industrialisation caused a rapid growth of population in the city, eventually causing Brunswick to be for the first time significantly enlarged beyond its medievalfortifications and the River Oker.[28] On 1 December 1838, the first section of theBrunswick–Bad Harzburg railway line connecting Brunswick and Wolfenbüttel opened as the first railway line in Northern Germany, operated by theDuchy of Brunswick State Railway.[29][30]
After theLandtag election of 1930, Brunswick became the second state in Germany where theNazis participated in government, when theNational Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) formed a coalition government with several conservative and right-wing parties.[37] With the support ofDietrich Klagges, Brunswick's minister of the interior, the NSDAP organized a largeSA rally in Braunschweig. On 17–18 October 1931, 100,000 SA stormtroopers marched through the city; street fights between Nazis, socialists, and communists left several dead or injured.[38] On 25 February 1932, the state of Brunswick grantedAdolf Hitler German citizenship to allow him to run in the1932 German presidential election.[39] In Braunschweig, Nazis carried out several attacks on political enemies, with the acquiescence of the state government.[40]
During theSecond World War, Braunschweig was a sub-area headquarters ofWehrkreis XI (one of Germany's military districts),[44] and was the garrison city of the31st Infantry Division that took part in the invasions of Poland, Belgium, and France, largely being destroyed during its retreat following the invasion of Russia.[citation needed] In this period, thousands ofEastern workers were brought to the city asforced labor,[45] and in the 1943–1945 period at least 360 children taken away from such workers died in theEntbindungsheim für Ostarbeiterinnen ("Maternity Ward for Eastern Workers").[46]
In 1944, twosubcamps of theNeuengamme concentration camp were established in Braunschweig. The subcampSchillstraße orBüssing-NAG/Schillstraße, located where the BraWo Park's parking lot is today, held about 800 male prisoners, who were forced to work in the arms production atBüssing-NAG. After about 300 had died due to disease, hunger, and maltreatment over the course of just a few months, a further 200 were transferred to the infirmary of a nearby subcamp in early January 1945 in order to reduce the number of deaths. However, this was only effective to some degree, as another 80 bodies landed in the city's crematory until the subcamp's closing in March 1945, when Büssing-NAG had to halt production due to severe bombing damages.[47][48][49] Today theGedenkstätte Schillstraße, located very close to the former premises of the subcamp, documents Braunschweig's history during theThird Reich.[49][50] Büssing-NAG also had another subcamp in the nearbyVechelde, which held a further 400 male prisoners.[51][52]
The subcampSS-Reitschule, named so as it was located on the former premises of theSS-Junker School's riding school, held approximately 800 prisoners, all female, who were tasked with clearing away rubble. This subcamp was commissioned by the city of Braunschweig. Although it was only open for two months - from December 1944 until February 1945, there were at least 17 deaths and a transfer of about 50 prisoners to a nearby subcamp's infirmary. The number of survivors is unknown.[53][54]
Piera Sonnino (1922–1999), an Italian author, writes of her imprisonment in Braunschweig in her book,This Has Happened, published in English in 2006 by MacMillan Palgrave.[citation needed]
TheAllied air raid on October 15, 1944, destroyed most of the city's churches, and theAltstadt (old town), the largest homogeneous ensemble of half-timbered houses in Germany.[55] 100 out of 800 half-timbered houses survived as well as the most important places and streets, preserved in 5 areas of the old town.[56][57]
The city's cathedral, which had been converted to aNationale Weihestätte (national shrine) by the Nazi government, still stood.[58]
About 10% of the inner city survived Allied bombing and remain to represent its distinctive architecture.[59] The cathedral was restored to its function as aProtestant church.[60] Outside the old town city centre large historic quarters remain likeÖstliches Ringgebiet with itsGründerzeit architecture.
Politically, after the war, the Free State of Brunswick was dissolved by theAllied occupying authorities, Braunschweig ceased to be a capital, and most of its lands were incorporated in the newly formed state ofLower Saxony.[61]
During theCold War, Braunschweig, then part ofWest Germany, suffered economically due to its proximity to theIron Curtain. The city lost its historically strong economic ties to what was thenEast Germany; for decades, economic growth remained, on average, below the rest of the country while unemployment was above-average for West Germany.[62]
On 28 February 1974, as part of a district reform in Lower Saxony, therural district ofBraunschweig, which had surrounded the city, was disestablished. The major part of the former district was incorporated into the city of Braunschweig, increasing its population by roughly 52,000 people.[63]
In the 1990s, efforts increased to reconstruct historic buildings that had been destroyed in the air raid.[citation needed] The façade of theBraunschweiger Schloss was rebuilt, and buildings such as theAlte Waage (originally built in 1534) now stand again.[64][65]
Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.
Braunschweig has a population of 272,000 and is the 2nd largest city inLower Saxony. Braunschweig is considered as one of the oldest cities in Germany, founded in 1031 byHenry the Lion. Braunschweig first reached its peak of over 100,000 in 1890. In the 1960s and 1970s industrialization boomed in Braunschweig due to automobile and other companies coming to Braunschweig and surrounding cities likeWolfsburg andSalzgitter. Braunschweig's population reached its highest peak of population in 1975 with population of about 273,000 and is expected to exceed this count during the year 2025 and other years. Braunschweig's population started to decline in the 1980s. In the 1990s - after theGerman reunification - it began to grow again as many East Germans moved there due to its close proximity to formerEast Germany, 75% of the Germans living in Braunschweig come from different parts of Germany; most are fromFormer East Germany,Hessen andNorth Rhine Westphalia. Currently, Braunschweig has a strong focus on research and development. According to 2019 data, it has the highestR&D intensity (ratio of R&D expenditure toGDP) in the entire EU and over 4% of all employed people are R&D personnel.[66]
In 2015, 91,785 people (or 36.3% of the population) wereProtestant and 34,604 (13.7%) people wereRoman Catholic; 126,379 people (50.0%) either adhered to other denominations or followed no religion.[67]
Roughly 27,000 Muslims (9.8% of the population)were in Braunschweig during 2024. Mosques like DMK Moschee, Fatih Moschee Braunschweig and cultural clubs are present throughout the city but mosque buildings with minerates have not been built in Braunschweig but can be seen in itsurban area for example the Grüne Moschee in Wolfenbüttel, Fatih Moschee Salzgitter and the Albanischer-Kulturverein in Gifhorn. The region had around 95,000 to 105,000 Muslims, accounting to approximately 10% of the total region's population.
Largest group of foreigners in Braunschweig as of 2024.
A total of 102,156 of Braunschweig's residents, including citizens withsecond passport, had amigration background in 2024 (37.5% of the total population). People from over 175 nations live in Braunschweig, contributing to itscosmopolitan atmosphere and demographics. Among the 37.5% of people with a migration background, 26% or 70,828 were Non-German citizens or Germans with a second passport but without a migration background.[68] A high proportion of foreigners in the city come fromAsia andAfrica, something not seen in many cities in a similar size range. One of the mainasylums, for refugees and asylum seekers, of Lower Saxony is located in Braunschweig as well as multiple smaller asylums are present throughout the city too, contributing to a higher amount of migrants and refugees in the city compared to other parts of the state though a high number of them are not counted as residents.[69] The city'suniversities and interest in increasing the number of families from foreign countries has led to a higher trend in immigration. Braunschweig has had a relatively stable population because of multiple housing restrictions and other factors but many Germans are leaving the city so in order to take up their spaces, many foreigners are coming to the city. Multipleresidential areas are being constructed in order to withstand the high inflow of migrants to the city.
By the year2030, over 44% of the population in Braunschweig is projected to have a foreign background, this includes first and secondgeneration foreigners andnaturalized foreigners due to around 51% of the population below 18 having foreign ancestry and high immigration rate. The population is also expected to increase by 20% by the year 2030 from 2020.[12]
Weststadt has the highest migration percentage of alldistricts being 63.2%, followed by Nordstadt-Schunteraue with 55.8%, Westliches Ringgebiet with 52.4% andMitte with 49.6%.[67] the following table lists up the largest minority groups, including citizens with amigration background from a specific nation or region:
43,537 residents in the city are from Asia and largest groups of people from Asia areTurkey (10.665),Syria (5.770),Kazakhstan (4.235),China (3.100) andIndia (3.085).
From other European countries, there are 38,734 residents with majority of the people coming fromPoland (13.365),Russia (8.278),Italy (3.630) andUkraine (3.462).
15,398 people with African descent live in the city.Majority are fromCameroon (2.233),Tunisia (2.215),Algeria (1.207),Ghana (1.100) andNigeria (871).
The combined population of residents with descent from bothAmericas is 4,233 with the two most common nations present beingBrazil (786) andColombia (713).
Themetropolitan population of Braunschweig is 1.66 million and is considered asRegion Braunschweig, including cities and towns such as Wolfsburg, Goslar or Gifhorn, which is the further range of Braunschweig and is not the same as the smaller ranged urban aggomeration.The metropolitan region of Braunschweig is a subdivision of the largerMetropolregion Hannover-Braunschweig-Göttingen-Wolfsburg.
Est. population of the areas within the urban agglomeration of Braunschweig
Place
Population within the agglomeration
Area in km² excluding green spaces
Population density per km²
Percentile of people with a migration background
Urban Agglomeration
551,628
215.3
2,563
44.8%
Braunschweig
272,000
82.8
3,265
37.5%
Salzgitter(Nord, Ost, Nord-Ost)
76,500
22.2
3,446
58.2%
Wolfenbüttel(Kernstadt)
53,300
14.5
3,655
28.8%
Kreis Gifhorn
62 000
30.2
2,053
30.3%
Kreis Wolfenbüttel
47 000
38.7
1,233
18%
Kreis Peine
41 500
17.3
2,398
33.1%
[3][76]The population of the urban aggomeration with amigration background in 2024 was 246,995: almost 45% of the population.[70][71][77][78] This makes the agglomeration one of the most diverse inGermany and the most inLower Saxony. Over 70% of the Germans in the urban agglomeration come from different parts of Germany with most of them coming from eastern States due to the proximity. The city is unique because unlike most cities with immigrant populations concentrated inside the city itself, higher number of migrant populations are also found in surrounding areas. Braunschweig'surban agglomeration has a highermigration percentage compared to its city due to industrialization and other major factors since 2011. One of the largestChinese,Indian,Cameroonian,Russians,Polish,Vietnamese andTunisian communities in Germany are located in the surroundings and within Braunschweig.
Largest nationality groups in the urban aggomeration (including citizens with a migration background and a second passport)
The three cities form aOberzentren and asub-metropolitan area.The area is primarily dependent on thesteel,automotive and R&Dindustries. The population of the area is a bit over 1 million (1,014,477) as of 2023. The three main cities have a total population of 512,600, where over half the population lives. The area has 40.6% of the population with a migration background. The area contributes highly to the economy of the country especially due to Volkswagen, Siemens, Salzgitter AG and other companies. The area has one of the highest GDP per Capita in the whole of Europe with Wolfsburg having the highest in the whole country and Braunschweig having one of the highest.[79]
Braunschweig's climate is classified asoceanic (Köppen:Cfb;Trewartha:Dobk). The average annual temperature in Braunschweig is 9.9 °C (49.8 °F). The average annual rainfall is 614.8 mm (24.20 in) with July as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around 18.7 °C (65.7 °F), and lowest in January, at around 1.8 °C (35.2 °F).
The Braunschweig weather station has recorded the following extreme values:[80]
Highest Temperature 38.3 °C (100.9 °F) on20 July 2022.
Warmest Minimum 22.6 °C (72.7 °F) on 10 July 2010.
Coldest Maximum −17.5 °C (0.5 °F) on 11 February 1929.
Lowest Temperature −26.3 °C (−15.3 °F) on 11 February 1929.[81]
Highest Daily Precipitation 79.9 mm (3.15 in) on 17 July 2002.
Wettest Month 212.6 mm (8.37 in) in July 2002.
Wettest Year 989.3 mm (38.95 in) in 2002.
Driest Year 295.7 mm (11.64 in) in 1959.
Earliest Snowfall: 4 October 1925.
Latest Snowfall: 22 April 1929.
Longest annual sunshine: 2,128.2 hours in 2018.
Shortest annual sunshine: 1,270.4 hours in 1960.
Climate data for Braunschweig (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1891–present[a])
TheBurgplatz (Castle Square), comprising a group of buildings of great historical and cultural significance: theCathedral (St Blasius, built at the end of the 12th century); theBurg Dankwarderode (Dankwarderode Castle) (a 19th-century reconstruction of the old castle of Henry the Lion); theNeo-Gothic Town Hall (built in 1893–1900); as well as some picturesquehalf-timbered houses, such as theGildehaus (Guild House), today the seat of the Craftsman's Association. In the centre of the square stands a copy of theBurglöwe (Brunswick Lion), aRomanesque statue of a lion, cast in bronze in 1166. The original statue can be seen in the museum of Dankwarderode Castle. The lion remains the symbol of Braunschweig today.
TheAltstadtmarkt ("Old Town market"), surrounded by the Old Town town hall (built between the 13th and the 15th centuries in Gothic style), and theMartinikirche (Church ofSaint Martin, from 1195), with important historical houses including theGewandhaus (the former house of the drapers' guild, built sometime before 1268) and theStechinelli-Haus (built in 1690) and a fountain from 1408.
TheKohlmarkt ("coal market"[83]), a market with many historical houses and a fountain from 1869.
TheHagenmarkt ("Hagen market"), with the 13th-centuryKatharinenkirche (Church ofSaint Catherine) and theHeinrichsbrunnen ("Henry the Lion's Fountain") from 1874.
TheMagniviertel (St Magnus' Quarter), a remainder of ancient Braunschweig, lined with cobblestoned streets, little shops and cafés, centred on the 13th-centuryMagnikirche (St Magnus' Church). Here is also theRizzi-Haus, a highly distinctive, cartoonish office building designed by architectJames Rizzi for theExpo 2000.
TheRomanesque andGothicAndreaskirche (Church ofSaint Andrew), built mainly between the 13th and 16th centuries with stained glass byCharles Crodel. Surrounding the church are theLiberei, the oldest surviving freestanding library building in Germany,[84][85] and the reconstructedAlte Waage.
The GothicAegidienkirche (Church ofSaint Giles), built in the 13th century, with an adjoining monastery, which is today a museum.
TheStaatstheater (State Theatre), newly built in the 19th century, goes back to the first standing public theatre in Germany, founded in 1690 by Duke Anthony Ulrich.
Theducal palace of Braunschweig was bombed inWorld War II and demolished in 1960. The exterior was rebuilt to contain a palace museum, a library and a shopping centre, which opened in 2007.
Braunschweig is made up of 19boroughs (German:Stadtbezirke),[89] which themselves may consist of several quarters (German:Stadtteile)[90] each. The 19 boroughs, with their official numbers, are:
^Meteorological observations have been carried out in Braunschweig since 1891. The data used from 1 January 1891 to 31 December 1947 are from the Braunschweig (T.H.) weather station, the data used from 1 January 1948 to 31 December 1960 are from the Braunschweig-Gliesmarode weather station, and the weather station used since 1 January 1961 to the present is the Braunschweig weather station.
^Formed in 2011 out of the former boroughs of Wabe-Schunter and Bienrode-Waggum-Bevenrode.
The current mayor of Braunschweig is Thorsten Kornblum of theSocial Democratic Party (SPD); he has been mayor since 2021. The most recent mayoral election was held on 12 September 2021, with a runoff held on 26 September, and the results were as follows:
The Braunschweig city council governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 12 September 2021, and the results were as follows:
Two main autobahns serve Braunschweig, theA2 (Berlin—Hanover—Dortmund) and theA39 (Salzgitter—Wolfsburg). City roads are generally wide, as they were built afterWorld War II to support the anticipated use of the car. There are several car parks in the city.
The city is on the main rail line betweenFrankfurt andBerlin, as well as a small hub on a few South- and North-bound branches toBad Harzburg;Salzgitter;Gifhorn and two electrified 2 track branches towardsLehrte (and theHannover-Berlin mainline), and towardsWolfsburg linking to the same mainline.Around 110,000 people use the main station daily.
TheBraunschweig tramway network is an inexpensive and extensive 42.3 km (26 mi) long electrictramway system. First opened in 1897, it has been modernized, including a 3.2 km (2.0 mi) extension in 2007.[92] The network has an1,100 mm (3 ft 7+5⁄16 in)gauge, unique for a European railway or tramway network. However, it is being supplemented in stages by a third rail, to allow future joint working with the1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)standard gauge main railway network. Projects to extend the tram system 18 Kilometers (12 miles) more are planned to be completed by the year 2030.[93] The daily ridership of the trams in Braunschweig is 135,000 and 75,000 for the Busses with an approximate count of 65 million annual passengers using the public transport system.
Ironically, the city of Braunschweig was not ruled by the Hanoverians while its name was being given to other Brunswicks around the world. Starting in 1269, theDuchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg underwent a series of divisions and mergers, with parts of the territory being transferred between various branches of the family. The city of Braunschweig went to the senior branch of the house, theWolfenbüttel line, whileLüneburg eventually ended up with theHanover line. Although the territory had been split, all branches of the family continued to style themselves as the House of Brunswick-Lüneburg.[95][97] In 1884, the senior branch of the House of Welf became extinct. The Hanover line, being the last surviving line of the family, subsequently held the throne of the Duchy of Brunswick from November 1913 until November 1918.
Braunschweig University of Technology (German:Technische Universität Braunschweig) was founded in 1745 and is the oldest member ofTU9, an incorporated society of the nine most prestigious, oldest, and largest universities focusing on engineering and technology in Germany. With approximately 18,000 students, Braunschweig University of Technology is the third largest university in Lower Saxony.[citation needed]
Lower Saxony's only university of art, founded in 1963, can be found in Braunschweig, theHochschule für Bildende Künste Braunschweig (Braunschweig College of Fine Arts).[103] The HBK is an institution of higher artistic and scientific education and offers the opportunity to study for interdisciplinary artistic and scientific qualifications. Additionally, one of the campuses of theEastphalia University of Applied Sciences (German:Ostfalia Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaften, formerlyFachhochschule Braunschweig/Wolfenbüttel) was located in the city until 2010.
In 2015, the German weekly business news magazineWirtschaftswoche ranked Braunschweig as one of the most dynamic economic spaces in all of Germany.[104]
Braunschweig was one of the centres of theindustrialization in Northern Germany. During the 19th and early 20th century thecanning andrailroad industries and thesugar production were of great importance for Braunschweig's economy,[105] but eventually other branches such as theautomotive industry became more important, while especially the canning industry began to vanish from the city after the end of World War II.[106] The defunct truck and bus manufacturerBüssing was headquartered in Braunschweig. Currentfactories in the city includeVolkswagen,Siemens,Bombardier Transportation, andBosch.
Braunschweig is the home of twopiano companies, both known worldwide for the high quality of their instruments:Schimmel andGrotrian-Steinweg. Both companies were founded in the 19th century. AdditionallySandberg Guitars is based in Braunschweig.
Braunschweig is famous forTill Eulenspiegel, a medieval jester who played many practical jokes on its citizens.It also had many breweries, and still a very peculiar kind ofbeer is made calledMumme, first quoted in 1390, a malt-extract that was shipped all over the world. Two major breweries still produce in Braunschweig, theHofbrauhaus Wolters [de], founded in 1627, and the formerFeldschlößchen [de] brewery, founded in 1871, now operated byOettinger Beer.
Braunschweig's major local newspaper is theBraunschweiger Zeitung, first published in 1946. Papers formerly published in Braunschweig include theBraunschweigische Anzeigen/Braunschweigische Staatszeitung (1745–1934), theBraunschweigische Landeszeitung (1880–1936) and theBraunschweiger Stadtanzeiger/Braunschweiger Allgemeiner Anzeiger (1886–1941), and the social-democraticBraunschweiger Volksfreund [de] (1871–1933).
Schoduvel, a medieval Northern German form ofcarnival was celebrated in Braunschweig as early as the 13th century.[111] Since 1979 an annualRosenmontag parade is held in Braunschweig, the largest in Northern Germany, which is named Schoduvel in honour of the medieval custom.[112]
An annualWeihnachtsmarkt (Christmas market) is held in late November and December on the Burgplatz in the centre of Braunschweig. In 2008 the market had 900,000 visitors.[113]
TheState Museum of Brunswick (Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum), founded in 1891, houses a permanent collection documenting the history of theBrunswick area ranging from its early history to the present.
The Municipal Museum of Brunswick (Städtisches Museum Braunschweig), founded in 1861, is a museum for art and cultural history, documenting the history of the city of Braunschweig.
Other museums in the city include the Museum of Photography (Museum für Photographie), the Jewish Museum (Jüdisches Museum), the Museum for Agricultural TechnologyGut Steinhof, and theGerstäcker-Museum. Frequent exhibitions of contemporary art are also held by the Art Society of Braunschweig (German:Kunstverein Braunschweig), housed in theVilla Salve Hospes, a classicist villa built between 1805 and 1808.
TheBraunschweig Classix Festival was an annual classical music festival. It is the largest promoter of classical music in the region and one of the most prominent music festivals inLower Saxony.
Braunschweiger TSC is among the leading competitiveformation dance teams in the world and has won multiple World and European championship titles.[115]
Braunschweig's major localfootball team isEintracht Braunschweig. Founded in 1895, Eintracht Braunschweig can look back on a long and chequered history. Eintracht Braunschweig won theGerman football championship in1967, and currently plays in the2. Bundesliga, the second tier of German football, and attracts a large number of supporters. Braunschweig was also arguably the city in which the first ever game of football in Germany took place. The game had been brought to Germany by the local school teacherKonrad Koch, also the first to write down a German version of therules of football,[nb 1] who organized the first match between pupils from his schoolMartino-Katharineum in 1874.[116] The 2011 German drama filmLessons of a Dream is based on Koch.
Eintracht Braunschweig also fields a successful women'sfield hockey team that claimed nine national championship titles between 1965 and 1978. In the past, the club also had first or second-tier teams in the sports ofice hockey,field handball, andwater polo.
Annual sporting events held in Braunschweig include the internationalequestrian tournamentLöwen Classics,Rund um den Elm, Germany's oldestroad bicycle race,[117] and the professionaltennis tournamentSparkassen Open.
^However, Koch's original German version of the rules of football, published in 1875, still resembledRugby football—the unmodified rules ofThe Football Association were not commonly used in Germany before the 1900s.
^H. Mack (1925): "Überblick über die Geschichte der Stadt Braunschweig", in: F. Fuhse (ed.),Vaterländische Geschichten und Denkwürdigkeiten der Lande Braunschweig und Hannover, Band 1: Braunschweig, 3rd edition, Braunschweig: Appelhans Verlag, p. 34.
^abHorst-Rüdiger Jarck; Günter Scheel, eds. (1996).Braunschweigisches Biographisches Lexikon – 19. und 20. Jahrhundert (in German). Hannover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung. p. 92.ISBN3-7752-5838-8.
^Schildt, Gerhard (2000). "Von der Restauration zur Reichsgründungszeit". In Horst-Rüdiger Jarck; Gerhard Schildt (eds.).Die Braunschweigische Landesgeschichte. Jahrtausendrückblick einer Region. Braunschweig: Appelhans Verlag. pp. 753–766.ISBN3-930292-28-9.
^Rother, Bernd (1990).Die Sozialdemokratie im Land Braunschweig 1918 bis 1933 (in German). Bonn: Verlag J. H. W. Dietz Nachf. pp. 27–30.ISBN3-8012-4016-9.
^Hans-Ulrich Ludewig (2000):Der Erste Weltkrieg und die Revolution (1914–1918/19), in: Horst-Rüdiger Jarck / Gerhard Schildt (eds.),Die Braunschweigische Landesgeschichte. Jahrtausendrückblick einer Region, Braunschweig: Appelhans Verlag, pp. 935–943.ISBN3-930292-28-9.
^Jörg Leuschner (2008):Die Wirtschaft des Braunschweigischen Landes im Dritten Reich (1933–1939), in: Jörg Leuschner / Karl Heinrich Kaufhold / Claudia Märtl (eds.),Die Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte des Braunschweigischen Landes vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart, vol. 3, Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag, pp. 468–522;ISBN978-3-487-13599-1
^Dieter Lent (2000):Kriegsgeschehen und Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg, in: Horst-Rüdiger Jarck / Gerhard Schildt (eds.),Die Braunschweigische Landesgeschichte. Jahrtausendrückblick einer Region, Braunschweig: Appelhans Verlag, pg. 1026;ISBN3-930292-28-9
^Fiedler, Gudrun; Ludewig, Hans-Ulrich, eds. (2003).Zwangsarbeit und Kriegswirtschaft im Lande Braunschweig 1939–1945 (in German). Braunschweig: Appelhans Verlag.ISBN3-930292-78-5.
^Gudrun Fiedler / Norman-Mathias Pingel (2008):Vom Nachkriegsboom in den Strukturwandel. Die Wirtschaft der Landes-Region Braunschweig nach 1945, in: Jörg Leuschner / Karl Heinrich Kaufhold / Claudia Märtl (eds.),Die Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte des Braunschweigischen Landes vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart, vol. 3, Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag, pp. 586–588.ISBN978-3-487-13599-1.
^Stadlmayer, Tina (2012).Wo Braunschweigs erste Bücher standen (in German). Merlin-Verlag. p. 7.
^Arnhold, Elmar (2010).Mittelalterliche Kirchen in Braunschweig (in German). p. 34.
^"BraWo Park - Braunschweig".TOBOL | Automatisierungstechnik für Gebäude & Rechenzentren (in German). Archived fromthe original on 2024-09-15. Retrieved2024-08-31.
^ab"Royal Arms of Britain".Heraldica. Retrieved10 May 2016.The House of Brunswick Luneburg being one of the most illustrious and most ancient in Europe, the Hanoverian branch having filled for more than a century one of the most distinguished thrones, its possessions being among the most considerable in Germany;
^Riedesel, Friedrich Adolf (1868). von Eelking, Max (ed.).Memoirs, and Letters and Journals, of Major General Riedesel During His Residence in America. Vol. 1. Translated by Stone, William L. Albany: J. Munsell. p. 29.I remain ever, Your affectionate Charles, Duke of Brunswick and Lüneburg. Brunswick, February 14, 1776. To Colonel Riedesel.
^Horst-Rüdiger Jarck; et al., eds. (2006).Braunschweigisches Biographisches Lexikon – 8. bis 18. Jahrhundert (in German). Braunschweig: Appelhans Verlag. pp. 89–90.ISBN3-937664-46-7.
^"Alfred Kubel" (in German). Niedersächsisches Ministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz. Archived fromthe original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved28 October 2015.
F. Fuhse (ed.):Vaterländische Geschichten und Denkwürdigkeiten der Lande Braunschweig und Hannover, Band 1: Braunschweig. 3rd edition. Appelhans Verlag, Braunschweig 1925.
Jörg Leuschner, Karl Heinrich Kaufhold,Claudia Märtl (eds.):Die Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte des Braunschweigischen Landes vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart. 3 vols. Georg Olms Verlag, Hildesheim 2008,ISBN978-3-487-13599-1.
Richard Moderhack (ed.):Braunschweigische Landesgeschichte im Überblick. 3rd edition, Braunschweigischer Geschichtsverein, Braunschweig 1979.
Richard Moderhack:Braunschweiger Stadtgeschichte. Wagner, Braunschweig 1997,ISBN3-87884-050-0.
E. Oppermann:Landeskunde des Herzogtums Braunschweig. Geschichte und Geographie. E. Appelhans, Braunschweig 1911.
Rudolf Prescher:Der Rote Hahn über Braunschweig. Waisenhaus-Buchdruckerei und Verlag, Braunschweig 1955.
Birte Rogacki-Thiemann:Braunschweig. Eine kleine Stadtgeschichte. Sutton Verlag, Erfurt 2005,ISBN3-89702-837-9.
Ernst-August Roloff:Braunschweig und der Staat von Weimar. Waisenhaus-Buchdruckerei und Verlag, Braunschweig 1964.
Ernst-August Roloff:Wie braun war Braunschweig? Hitler und der Freistaat Braunschweig. Braunschweiger Zeitung, Braunschweig 2003.
Gerd Spies (ed.):Braunschweig – Das Bild der Stadt in 900 Jahren. Geschichte und Ansichten. 2 vols., Städtisches Museum Braunschweig, Braunschweig 1985.
Gerd Spies (ed.):Brunswiek 1031 – Braunschweig 1981. Die Stadt Heinrichs des Löwen von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart. 2 vols., Städtisches Museum Braunschweig, Braunschweig 1982.
Werner Spieß:Geschichte der Stadt Braunschweig im Nachmittelalter. Vom Ausgang des Mittelalters bis zum Ende der Stadtfreiheit 1491–1671. 2 vols., Waisenhaus-Buchdruckerei und Verlag, Braunschweig 1966,OCLC7495150.
Henning Steinführer, Gerd Biegel (eds.):1913 – Braunschweig zwischen Monarchie und Moderne. Appelhans Verlag, Braunschweig 2015,ISBN978-3-944939-12-4.
.JPG)
.JPG)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.JPG)
.JPG)
.jpg)
.JPG)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.JPG)
.jpg)
.JPG)
.JPG)
.JPG)
.JPG)
