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Brahmic scripts

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For the earlier script from which all of the Brahmic scripts derived, seeBrahmi script.
Family of abugida writing systems
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Writing systems
Abjad
  Arabic
  Hebrew
Abugida
  Thaana
Alphabetical
  Greek
  Latin
  Osage
Logographic
  Hanzi
Syllabic
Hybrids
  Japanese (Logographic and syllabic)
  Hangul (Alphabetic and syllabic)
Brahmic scripts
TheBrahmi script and its descendants
This article containsIndic text. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.

TheBrahmic scripts, also known asIndic scripts, are a family ofabugidawriting systems. They are descended from theBrahmi script ofancient India and are used by various languages in several language families inSouth,East andSoutheast Asia:Indo-Aryan,Dravidian,Tibeto-Burman,Mongolic,Austroasiatic,Austronesian, andTai. They were also the source of thedictionary order (gojūon) ofJapanesekana.[1]

History

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Brahmic scripts descended from theBrahmi script. Brahmi is clearly attested from the 3rd century BCE during the reign ofAshoka, who used the scriptfor imperial edicts. Northern Brahmi gave rise to theGupta script during theGupta period, which in turn diversified into a number of cursives during themedieval period. Notable examples of such medieval scripts, developed by the 7th or 8th century, includeNagari,Siddham andSharada.

TheSiddhaṃ script was especially important inBuddhism, as manysutras were written in it. The art of Siddhamcalligraphy survives today inJapan. The tabular presentation anddictionary order of the modernkana system of Japanese writing is believed to be descended from the Indic scripts, most likely through thespread of Buddhism.[1]

Southern Brahmi evolved into theKadamba,Pallava andVatteluttu scripts, which in turn diversified into other scripts of South India and Southeast Asia. Brahmic scripts spread in a peaceful manner,Indianization, or the spread of Indian learning. The scripts spread naturally to Southeast Asia, at ports on trading routes.[2] At these trading posts, ancient inscriptions have been found in Sanskrit, using scripts that originated in India. At first, inscriptions were made in Indian languages, but later the scripts were used to write the local Southeast Asian languages. Hereafter, local varieties of the scripts were developed. By the 8th century, the scripts had diverged and separated into regional scripts.[3]

  • A fragment of Ashoka's 6th pillar edict, in Brahmi, the ancestor of all Brahmic scripts
    A fragment ofAshoka's 6th pillar edict, inBrahmi, the ancestor of all Brahmic scripts
  • Spread of Brahmic family of scripts (and Kharosthi) from the subcontinent.
    Spread of Brahmic family of scripts (and Kharosthi) from the subcontinent.

Characteristics

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Part ofa series on
Calligraphy

Some characteristics, which are present in most but not all the scripts, are:

Comparison

[edit]
Indic letters
Consonants
KaCaṬaTaPaYaŚa
KhaChaṬhaThaPhaRaṢa
GaJaḌaDaBaLaSa
GhaJhaḌhaDhaBhaVaHa
ṄaÑaṆaNaMa
ḶaḺaṞa
Vowels
AIUṚḶEO
ĀĪŪṜḸAiAu
Other marks
Punctuation

Below are comparison charts of several of the major Indic scripts, organised on the principle that glyphs in the same column all derive from the same Brahmi glyph. Accordingly:

  • The charts are not comprehensive. Glyphs may be unrepresented if they are later inventions not derived from any Brahmi character.
  • The pronunciations of glyphs in the same column may not be identical. The pronunciation row is only representative; theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) pronunciation is given forSanskrit where possible, or another language if necessary.

The transliteration is indicated inISO 15919.

Consonants

[edit]
ISO[a]kakhagaghaṅacachajajhañaṭaṭhaḍaḍhaṇatathadadhanaṉapapha/fababhamayaẏaraṟalaḷaḻavaśaṣasahakṣaṯa
Ashoka Brahmi𑀓𑀔𑀕𑀖𑀗𑀘𑀙𑀚𑀛𑀜𑀝𑀞𑀟𑀠𑀡𑀢𑀣𑀤𑀥𑀦𑀧𑀨𑀩𑀪𑀫𑀬𑀭𑀮𑀴𑀯𑀰𑀱𑀲𑀳 
Devanagariकखगघङचछजझञटठडढणतथदधनऩपफबभमयय़रऱलळऴवशषसहक्ष 
Bengali-
Assamese		কখগঘঙচছজঝঞটঠডঢণতথদধনপফবভমযয়র,ৰলৱশষসহক্ষ 
Sharada𑆑𑆒𑆓𑆔𑆕𑆖𑆗𑆘𑆙𑆚𑆛𑆜𑆝𑆞𑆟𑆠𑆡𑆢𑆣𑆤𑆤𑇊𑆥𑆦𑆧𑆨𑆩𑆪𑆪𑇊𑆫𑆫𑇊𑆬𑆭𑆭𑇊𑆮𑆯𑆰𑆱𑆲𑆑𑇀𑆰 
Gurmukhiਕਖਗਘਙਚਛਜਝਞਟਠਡਢਣਤਥਦਧਨਪਫਬਭਮਯਰਲਲ਼ਵਸ਼ਸਹ 
Gujaratiકખગઘઙચછજઝઞટઠડઢણતથદધનપફબભમયરલળવશષસહક્ષ 
Odiaକଖଗଘଙଚଛଜଝଞଟଠଡଢଣତଥଦଧନପଫବଭମଯୟରଲଳୱଶଷସହକ୍ଷ 
Grantha𑌕𑌖𑌗𑌘𑌙𑌚𑌛𑌜𑌝𑌞𑌟𑌠𑌡𑌢𑌣𑌤𑌥𑌦𑌧𑌨𑌪𑌫𑌬𑌭𑌮𑌯𑌰𑌲𑌳𑌵𑌶𑌷𑌸𑌹𑌕𑍍𑌷 
Tamilகஙசஜஞடணதநனபமயரறலளழவஶஷஸஹக்ஷ 
Teluguకఖగఘఙచఛజఝఞటఠడఢణతథదధనన఼పఫబభమయయ఼రఱలళఴవశషసహక్ష 
Kannadaಕಖಗಘಙಚಛಜಝಞಟಠಡಢಣತಥದಧನನ಼ಪಫಬಭಮಯಯ಼ರಱಲಳೞವಶಷಸಹಕ್ಷ 
Malayalamകഖഗഘങചഛജഝഞടഠഡഢണതഥദധനഩപഫബഭമയരറലളഴവശഷസഹക്ഷഺ
Sinhalaකඛගඝඞචඡජඣඤටඨඩඪණතථදධනපඵබභමයරලළවශෂසහක්‍ෂ 
Tibetanཀཁགགྷངཅཆཇཛྷཉཊཋཌཌྷཎཏཐདདྷནཔཕབབྷམཡརཬ[b]ལཝཤཥསཧ 
ʼPhags-paꡀꡁꡂꡂꡜꡃꡄꡅꡆꡆꡜꡇꡩꡪꡫꡫꡜꡬꡈꡉꡊꡊꡜꡋꡌꡍꡎꡎꡜꡏꡗꡘꡙꡓꡚꡛꡜ 
Meitei Mayek[c]ꯀꯈꯒꯘꯉꯆꫢꯖꯓꫣꫤꫥꫦꫧꫨꯇꯊꯗꯙꯅꯄꯐꯕꯚꯃꯌꯔꯂꯋꫩꫪꯁꯍ 
Lepchaᰀᰂᰃᰅᰆᰇᰈᰉᱍᱎᱏᰊᰋᰌᰍᰎᰐᰓᰕᰚᰛᰜᰟᰡᰡ᰷ᰠᰝ 
Limbuᤁᤂᤃᤄᤅᤆᤇᤈᤉᤊᤋᤌᤍᤎᤏᤐᤑᤒᤓᤔᤕᤖᤗᤘᤙᤚᤛᤜ 
Tirhuta𑒏𑒐𑒑𑒒𑒓𑒔𑒕𑒖𑒗𑒘𑒙𑒚𑒛𑒜𑒝𑒞𑒟𑒠𑒡𑒢𑒣𑒤𑒥𑒦𑒧𑒨𑒩𑒪𑒬𑒭𑒮𑒯 
Kaithi𑂍𑂎𑂏𑂐𑂑𑂒𑂓𑂔𑂕𑂖𑂗𑂘𑂙𑂛𑂝𑂞𑂟𑂠𑂡𑂢𑂣𑂤𑂥𑂦𑂧𑂨𑂩𑂪𑂫𑂬𑂭𑂮𑂯 
Newa Prachalit𑐎𑐏𑐐𑐑𑐒𑐔𑐕𑐖𑐗𑐘𑐚𑐛𑐜𑐝𑐞𑐟𑐠𑐡𑐢𑐣𑐣𑑆𑐥𑐦𑐧𑐨𑐩𑐫𑐫𑑆𑐬𑐬𑑆𑐮𑐮𑑆𑐲𑑆𑐰𑐱𑐲𑐳𑐴𑐎𑑂𑐲
Sylheti Nagariꠇꠈꠉꠊꠌꠍꠎꠏꠐꠑꠒꠓꠔꠕꠖꠗꠘꠙꠚꠛꠜꠝꠞꠟꠡꠢ 
Chakma[d]𑄇𑄈𑄉𑄊𑄋𑄌𑄍𑄎𑄏𑄐𑄑𑄒𑄓𑄔𑄕𑄖𑄗𑄘𑄙𑄚𑄛𑄜𑄝𑄞𑄟𑄠𑄡𑄢𑄣𑅄𑄤𑄥𑄦 
Burmeseကခဂဃငစဆဇဈဉ / ညဋဌဍဎဏတထဒဓနပဖဗဘမယရလဠဝၐၑသဟ 
Tai Thamᨠᨡ,ᨢ[e]ᨣ,ᨤ[e]ᨥᨦᨧᨨᨩ,ᨪ[e]ᨫᨬᨭᨮᨯᨰᨱᨲᨳᨴᨵᨶᨷ,ᨸ[e]ᨹ,ᨺ[e]ᨻ,ᨼ[e]ᨽᨾᨿ,ᩀ[e]ᩁᩃᩊᩅᩆᩇᩈᩉ,ᩌ[e] 
New Tai Lueᦂᦃᦅ,ᦆ[e]ᦇᦈᦋ,ᦌ[e]ᦡ,ᦤ[e]ᦎᦏᦑᦒᦓᦢ,ᦥ[e],ᦔ[e]ᦕ,ᦚ[e]ᦗ,ᦝ[e]ᦘᦙᦍ,ᦊ[e]ᦣᦟᦞᦉᦠ 
Khmerកខគឃងចឆជឈញដឋឌឍណតថទធនបផពភមយរលឡវឝឞសហ 
Thaiกข,(ฃ)[f]ค,(ฅ)[f]ฆงจฉช,(ซ)[f]ฌญฎ,[f](ฏ)ฐฑฒณด,[f](ต)ถทธนป,[f](บ)ผ,(ฝ)[f]พ,(ฟ)[f]ภมยรลฬวศษสห,ฮ[f] 
Laoກຂຄຆ[g]ງຈຉ[g]ຊຌ[g]ຎ[g]ຏ[g]ຐ[g]ຑ[g]ຒ[g]ຓ[g]ດ,ຕຖທຘ[g]ນບ,ປຜ,ຝພ,ຟຠ[g]ມຍຣລຬ[g]ວຨ[g]ຩ[g]ສຫ 
Chamꨆꨇꨈꨉꨋꨌꨍꨎꨏꨑꨓꨔꨕꨖꨘꨚꨜꨝꨞꨠꨢꨣꨤꨥꨦꨧꨨ 
Kawi𑼒𑼓𑼔𑼕𑼖𑼗𑼘𑼙𑼚𑼛𑼜𑼝𑼞𑼟𑼠𑼡𑼢𑼣𑼤𑼥𑼳𑼦𑼧𑼨𑼩𑼪𑼫𑼬𑼭𑼮𑼯𑼰𑼱𑼲 
Balineseᬓᬔᬕᬖᬗᬘᬙᬚᬛᬜᬝᬞᬟᬠᬡᬢᬣᬤᬥᬦᭌᬧᬨᬩᬪᬫᬬᬭᬮᬯᬰᬱᬲᬳ 
Javanese[h]ꦏꦑ[h]ꦒꦓ[h]ꦔꦕꦖ[h]ꦗꦙ[h]ꦚꦛꦜ[h]ꦝꦞ[h]ꦟ[h]ꦠꦡ[h]ꦢꦣ[h]ꦤꦘꦥꦦ[h]ꦧꦨ[h]ꦩꦪꦫꦭꦮꦯ[h]ꦰ[h]ꦱꦲ 
Sundaneseᮊᮮ[i]ᮌᮍᮎᮏᮑᮒᮓᮔᮕᮘᮽ[j]ᮙᮚᮛᮜᮝᮯ[k]ᮞᮠ 
Lontaraᨀᨁᨂᨌᨍᨎᨈᨉᨊᨄᨅᨆᨐᨑᨒᨓᨔᨕ 
Makasar𑻠𑻡𑻢𑻩𑻪𑻫𑻦𑻧𑻨𑻣𑻤𑻥𑻬𑻭𑻮𑻯𑻰𑻱 
Rejangꤰꤱꤲꤹꤺꤻꤳꤴꤵꤶꤷꤸꤿꤽꤾꥀꤼꥁ 
Batak (Toba)ᯂᯎᯝᯐᯠ/ᯛᯖᯑᯉᯇᯅᯔᯒᯞᯞᯘᯂ 
Baybayinᜃ ᜄ ᜅ          ᜆ ᜇ ᜈ ᜉ ᜊ ᜋᜌᜇ /ᜍ ᜎ  ᜏ  ᜐᜑ 
Buhidᝃ ᝄ ᝅ          ᝆ ᝇ ᝈ ᝉ ᝊ ᝋᝌᝍ ᝎ  ᝏ  ᝐᝑ 
Hanunuoᜣ ᜤ ᜥ          ᜦ ᜧ ᜨ ᜩ ᜪ ᜫᜬᜭ ᜮ  ᜯ  ᜰᜱ 
Tagbanwaᝣ ᝤ ᝥ          ᝦ ᝧ ᝨ ᝩ ᝪ ᝫᝬ  ᝮ  ᝯ  ᝰ   
ISOkakhagaghaṅacachajajhañaṭaṭhaḍaḍhaṇatathadadhanaṉapaphababhamayaẏaraṟalaḷaḻavaśaṣasahakṣaṯa
Notes
  1. ^This list tries to include characters of same origins, not same sounds. InBengali র is pronounced asrô but it is originallyva which is still used forwa sound inMithilakshar and modernAssamese ৱ (wabbô) was derived from middle Assamese র (wô). Compare with জ (ja) য (ya) and য় (ẏ) which are pronounced asjô,jô ande̯ô in Bengali andzô,zô andyô in Assamese respectively. য is related to Devanagari य (ya) and it is still pronounced as "ya" in Mithilakshar. Since their sounds shifted, the dots were added to keep the original sounds.
  2. ^Letter used inBalti.
  3. ^includes supplementary consonants not in contemporary use
  4. ^inherent vowel is ā
  5. ^abcdefghijklmnopModified forms of these letters are or were used for distinctions made in local language; these distinctions are not made for Sanskrit and Pali.
  6. ^abcdefghiModified forms of these letters are or were used for distinctions made in Thai; these distinctions are not made for Sanskrit and Pali in the Thai script.
  7. ^abcdefghijklmnThese letters are obsolete, but were used mainly for Sanskrit and Pali in the Lao script.
  8. ^abcdefghijklmnLetters used inOld Javanese. They are now obsolete, but are used for honorifics in contemporary Javanese.
  9. ^Invented new character to represent the Arabic letterخ.
  10. ^Letter used inOld Sundanese. It is now obsolete.
  11. ^Invented new character. Actually to represent the Arabic letterش, which has similar pronunciation with śa.

Vowels

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Vowels are presented in their independent form on the left of each column, and in their corresponding dependent form (vowel sign) combined with the consonantk on the right. A glyph forka is an independent consonant letter itself without any vowel sign, where the vowela isinherent.

ISOaāêôiīuūeēaioōauər̥r̥̄[a]l̥[a]l̥̄[a] ṁ ḥ 
akaākāêkêôkôikiīkīukuūkūekeēkēaikaiokoōkōaukauəkər̥kr̥r̥̄kr̥̄l̥kl̥l̥̄kl̥̄aṁkaṁaḥkaḥkkŭ
Ashoka Brahmi𑀅𑀓𑀆𑀓𑀸    𑀇𑀓𑀺𑀈𑀓𑀻𑀉𑀓𑀼𑀊𑀓𑀽  𑀏𑀓𑁂𑀐𑀓𑁃  𑀑𑀓𑁄𑀒𑀓𑁅  𑀋𑀓𑀾𑀌𑀓𑀿𑀍𑀓𑁀𑀎𑀓𑁁𑀅𑀁𑀓𑀁𑀅𑀂𑀓𑀂𑀓𑁆 
Devanagariअकआकाॲकॅऑकॉइकिईकीउकुऊकूऎकॆएकेऐकैऒकॊओकोऔकौ  ऋकृॠकॄऌकॢॡकॣअंकंअःकःक् 
Bengali-
Assamese		অকআকাঅ্যাক্যা  ইকিঈকীউকুঊকূ  একেঐকৈ  ওকোঔকৌ  ঋকৃৠকৄঌকৢৡকৣঅংকংঅঃকঃক্ 
Gujaratiઅકઆકાઍકૅઑકૉઇકિઈકીઉકુઊકૂ  એકેઐકૈ  ઓકોઔકૌ  ઋકૃૠકૄઌકૢૡકૣઅંકંઅઃકઃક્,ક્‍ 
Odiaଅକଆକା    ଇକିଈକୀଉକୁଊକୂ  ଏକେଐକୈ  ଓକୋଔକୌ  ଋକୃୠକୄଌକୢୡକୣଅଂକଂଅଃକଃକ୍ 
Gurmukhiਅਕਆਕਾ    ਇਕਿਈਕੀਉਕੁਊਕੂ  ਏਕੇਐਕੈ  ਓਕੋਔਕੌ          ਅਂਕਂਅਃਕਃਕ੍ 
Meitei Mayek[b]ꯑꯀꯑꯥꯀꯥ    ꯏꯀꯤꯑꫫꯀꫫꯎꯀꯨꯑꫬꯀꫬ  ꯑꯦꯀꯦꯑꯩꯀꯩ  ꯑꯣꯀꯣꯑꯧꯀꯧ          ꯑꯪꯀꯪꯑꫵꯀꫵꯛ 
Tibetan[c]ཨཀཨཱཀཱ    ཨིཀིཨཱིཀཱིཨུཀུཨཱུཀཱུ  ཨེཀེཨཻཀཻ  ཨོཀོཨཽཀཽ  རྀཀྲྀརཱྀཀཷལྀཀླྀལཱྀཀླཱྀཨཾཀཾཨཿཀཿཀ྄ 
Lepcha[c]ᰣᰀᰣᰦᰀᰦ    ᰣᰧᰀᰧᰣᰧᰶᰀᰧᰶᰣᰪᰀᰪᰣᰫᰀᰫ  ᰣᰬᰀᰬ    ᰣᰨᰀᰨᰣᰩᰀᰩ          ᰣᰴᰀᰴ    
Limbu[c]ᤀᤁᤀᤠᤁᤠ    ᤀᤡᤁᤡᤀᤡ᤺ᤁᤡ᤺ᤀᤢᤁᤢᤀᤢ᤺ᤁᤢ᤺ᤀᤧᤁᤧᤀᤣᤁᤣᤀᤤᤁᤤᤀᤨᤁᤨᤀᤥᤁᤥᤀᤦᤁᤦ          ᤀᤲᤁᤲ  ᤁ᤻ 
Tirhuta𑒁𑒏𑒂𑒏𑒰    𑒃𑒏𑒱𑒄𑒏𑒲𑒅𑒏𑒳𑒆𑒏𑒴 𑒏𑒺𑒋𑒏𑒹𑒌𑒏𑒻 𑒏𑒽𑒍𑒏𑒼𑒎𑒏𑒾  𑒇𑒏𑒵𑒈𑒏𑒶𑒉𑒏𑒷𑒊𑒏𑒸𑒁𑓀𑒏𑓀𑒁𑓁𑒏𑓁𑒏𑓂 
Kaithi𑂃𑂍𑂄𑂍𑂰    𑂅𑂍𑂱𑂆𑂍𑂲𑂇𑂍𑂳𑂈𑂍𑂴  𑂉𑂍𑂵𑂊𑂍𑂶  𑂋𑂍𑂷𑂌𑂍𑂸          𑂃𑂁𑂍𑂁𑂃𑂂𑂍𑂂𑂍𑂹 
Newa Prachalit𑐀𑐎𑐁𑐎𑐵    𑐂𑐎𑐶𑐃𑐎𑐷𑐄𑐎𑐸𑐅𑐎𑐹  𑐊𑐎𑐾𑐋𑐎𑐿  𑐌𑐎𑑀𑐍𑐎𑑁𑐆𑐎𑐺𑐇𑐎𑐻𑐈𑐎𑐼𑐉𑐎𑐽𑐀𑑄𑐎𑑄𑐀𑑅𑐎𑑅𑐎𑑂 
Sylheti Nagari ꠇꠀꠇꠣ    ꠁꠇꠤ  ꠃꠇꠥ    ꠄꠇꠦꠅꠂꠇꠂ  ꠅꠇꠧ            ꠀꠋꠇꠋ  ꠇ꠆ 
Tamilஅகஆகா    இகிஈகீஉகுஊகூஎகெஏகேஐகைஒகொஓகோஔகௌ          அஂகஂஅஃகஃக் 
Kannadaಅಕಆಕಾ    ಇಕಿಈಕೀಉಕುಊಕೂಎಕೆಏಕೇಐಕೈಒಕೊಓಕೋಔಕೌ  ಋಕೃೠಕೄಌಕೢೡಕೣఅంಕಂఅఃಕಃಕ್ 
Teluguఅకఆకా    ఇకిఈకీఉకుఊకూఎకెఏకేఐకైఒకొఓకోఔకౌ  ఋకృౠకౄఌకౢౡకౣఅంకంఅఃకఃక్ 
Sinhalaඅකආකාඇකැඈකෑඉකිඊකීඋකුඌකූඑකෙඒකේඓකෛඔකොඕකෝඖකෞ  ඍකෘඎකෲඏකෟඐකෳඅංකංඅඃකඃක් 
Malayalamഅകആകാ    ഇകിഈകീഉകുഊകൂഎകെഏകേഐകൈഒകൊഓകോഔകൗ  ഋകൃൠകൄഌകൢൡകൣഅംകംഅഃകഃക്ക്
Chakma𑄃𑄧𑄇𑄧𑄃𑄇𑄃𑄬𑄬𑄇𑄬𑄬𑄃𑅅𑄇𑅅𑄄, 𑄃𑄨𑄇𑄨𑄃𑄩𑄇𑄩𑄅, 𑄃𑄪𑄇𑄪𑄃𑄫𑄇𑄫  𑄆, 𑄃𑄬𑄇𑄬𑄃𑄰𑄇𑄰  𑄃𑄮𑄇𑄮𑄃𑄯𑄇𑄯          𑄃𑄧𑄁𑄇𑄧𑄁𑄃𑄧𑄂𑄇𑄧𑄂𑄇𑄴 
Burmeseအကအာကာ    ဣကိဤကီဥကုဦကူ  ဧကေအဲကဲဩကော  အောင်ကောင်  ၒကၖၓကၗၔကၘၕကၙအံကံအးကးက် 
Tai Thamᩋᨠᩋᩣᨠᩣ/ᨠᩤᩋᩯᨠᩯ(ᩋᩬᩴ,ᩋᩳ)(ᨠᩬᩴ,ᨠᩳ)ᩍᨠᩥᩎᨠᩦᩏᨠᩩᩐᨠᩪ(ᩋᩮᩡ)(ᨠᩮᩡ)ᩑᨠᩮᩋᩱᨠᩱ(ᩋᩰᩡ)(ᨠᩰᩡ)ᩒ,ᩋᩰᨠᩰ,ᨠᩮᩣᩋᩮᩢᩣ,ᩋᩯᩣ,ᩐᩣᨠᩮᩢᩣ,ᨠᩮᩫᩣ,ᨠᩯᩣ  ᩁᩂᨠᩂ      ᩋᩴᨠᩴᩋᩡᨠᩡᨠ᩺,ᨠ᩼ 
New Tai Lue[c]ᦀᦂᦀᦱᦂᦱᦶᦀᦶᦂ(ᦀᦸ)(ᦂᦸ)ᦀᦲᦰᦂᦲᦰᦀᦲᦂᦲᦀᦳᦂᦳᦀᦴᦂᦴ(ᦵᦀᦰ)(ᦵᦂᦰ)ᦵᦀᦵᦂᦺᦀᦺᦂ(ᦷᦀᦰ)(ᦷᦂᦰ)ᦷᦀᦷᦂᦀᧁᦂᧁ            ᦀᦰᦂᦰᧅ 
Khmer[d]អកអាកា    ឥកិឦកីឧកុឩកូ  ឯកេឰកៃ  ឱកោឳកៅ  ឫក្ឫឬក្ឬឭក្ឭឮក្ឮអំកំអះកះក៑ 
Thai[c]อ (อะ)ก (กะ)อากาแอแก(ออ)(กอ)อิกิอีกีอุกุอูกู(เอะ)(เกะ)เอเกไอ,ใอไก,ใก(โอะ)(โกะ)โอโกเอาเกา  ฤกฺฤฤๅกฺฤๅฦกฺฦฦๅกฺฦๅอํกํอะ (อะฮฺ)กะ (กะฮฺ)กฺ (ก/ก์) 
Lao[c]ອະກະອາກາແອແກ(ອອ)(ກອ)ອິກິອີກີອຸກຸອູກູ(ແອະ)(ແກະ)ເອເກໄອ,ໃອໄກ,ໃກ(ໂອະ)(ໂກະ)ໂອໂກເອົາ,ອາວເກົາ,ກາວ          ອํກํອະກະກ 
Chamꨀꨆꨀꨩꨆꨩ    ꨁꨆꨪꨁꨩꨆꨫꨂꨆꨭꨂꨩꨆꨭꨩ  ꨃꨆꨯꨮꨄꨆꨰ  ꨅꨆꨯꨀꨯꨱꨆꨯꨱ  ꨣꨮꨆꨴꨮꨣꨮꨩꨆꨴꨮꨩꨤꨮꨆꨵꨮꨤꨮꨩꨆꨵꨮꨩꨀꩌꨆꩌꨀꩍꨆꩍꩀ 
Kawi𑼄𑼒𑼅𑼒𑼴𑼆𑼒𑼶𑼇𑼒𑼷𑼈𑼒𑼸𑼉𑼒𑼹𑼎𑼒𑼾𑼏𑼒𑼿𑼐𑼒𑼾𑼴𑼐𑼴𑼒𑼿𑼴𑼄𑽀𑼒𑽀𑼊𑼒𑼺𑼊𑼴𑼒𑼺𑼴𑼌𑼒𑽂𑼌𑼍𑼒𑽂𑼭𑽀𑼴𑼄𑼁𑼒𑼁𑼄𑼃𑼒𑼃𑼒𑽁 
Balineseᬅᬓᬆᬓᬵ    ᬇᬓᬶᬈᬓᬷᬉᬓᬸᬊᬓᬹᬏᬓᬾ  ᬐᬓᬿᬑᬓᭀ  ᬒᬓᭁᬅᭂᬓᭂᬋᬓᬺᬌᬓᬻᬍᬓᬼᬎᬓᬽᬅᬂᬓᬂᬅᬄᬓᬄᬓ᭄ 
Javaneseꦄꦏꦄꦴꦏꦴ    ꦆꦏꦶꦇꦏꦷꦈꦏꦸꦈꦴꦏꦹꦌꦏꦺ  ꦍꦏꦻꦎꦏꦺꦴ  ꦎꦴꦏꦻꦴꦄꦼꦏꦼꦉꦏꦽꦉꦴꦏꦽꦴꦊꦏ꧀ꦊꦋꦏ꧀ꦋꦄꦁꦏꦁꦄꦃꦏꦃꦏ꧀ 
Sundaneseᮃᮊ      ᮄᮊᮤ  ᮅᮊᮥ  ᮆᮊᮦ    ᮇᮊᮧ    ᮈᮊᮨᮻ[e]ᮊ᮪ᮻ[e]  ᮼ[e]ᮊ᮪ᮼ[e]  ᮃᮀᮊᮀᮃᮂᮊᮂᮊ᮪ 
Lontaraᨕᨀ      ᨕᨗᨀᨗ  ᨕᨘᨀᨘ  ᨕᨙᨀᨙ    ᨕᨚᨀᨚ    ᨕᨛᨀᨛ              
Makasar𑻱𑻠𑻱𑻳𑻠𑻳𑻱𑻴𑻠𑻴𑻱𑻵𑻠𑻵𑻱𑻶𑻠𑻶   
Rejangꥆꤰ  ꥆꥎꤰꥎꥆꥍꤰꥍꥆꥇꤰꥇ  ꥆꥈꤰꥈ  ꥆꥉꤰꥉ  ꥆꥊꤰꥊꥆꥋꤰꥋ  ꥆꥌꤰꥌ          ꥆꥏꤰꥏꥆꥒꤰꥒꤰ꥓ 
Batak (Toba)ᯀᯂ      ᯤᯂᯪ  ᯥᯂᯮ   ᯂᯩ     ᯂᯬ              ᯀᯰᯂᯰᯀᯱᯂᯱᯂ᯲ 
Baybayinᜀᜃ      ᜁᜃᜒ  ᜂᜃᜓ  ᜁᜃᜒ    ᜂᜃᜓ                  ᜃ᜔ 
Buhidᝀᝃ      ᝁᝃᝒ  ᝂᝃᝓ                              
Hanunuoᜠᜣ      ᜡᜣᜲ  ᜢᜣᜳ                            ᜣ᜴ 
Tagbanwaᝠᝣ      ᝡᝣᝲ  ᝢᝣᝳ                              
ISOakaākāêkêôkôikiīkīukuūkūekeēkēaikaiokoōkōaukauəkər̥kr̥r̥̄kr̥̄l̥kl̥l̥̄kl̥̄aṁkaṁaḥkaḥkkŭ
aāêôiīuūeēaioōauər̥r̥̄l̥l̥̄ṁḥ  

Notes

  1. ^abcLetters forr̥̄,l̥,l̥̄ and a few others are obsolete or very rarely used.
  2. ^includes supplementary vowels not in contemporary use
  3. ^abcdefTibetan, Lepcha, Limbu, New Tai Lue, Thai and Lao scripts do not have independent vowel forms. For syllables starting with a vowel sound, a "zero" consonant (ཨ, อ or ອ respectively) is used to represent the glottal stop /ʔ/.
  4. ^When used to write their own languages, Khmer can have either ana or ano as the inherent vowel, following the rules of its orthography.
  5. ^abcdLetters used in Old Sundanese. They are now obsolete.

Numerals

[edit]
Hindu-Arabic0123456789
Brahmi numbers𑁒𑁓𑁔𑁕𑁖𑁗𑁘𑁙𑁚
Brahmi digits𑁦𑁧𑁨𑁩𑁪𑁫𑁬𑁭𑁮𑁯
Bengali- Assamese০১২৩৪৫৬৭৮৯
Tirhuta𑓐𑓑𑓒𑓓𑓔𑓕𑓖𑓗𑓘𑓙
Odia୦୧୨୩୪୫୬୭୮୯
Devanagari०१२३४५६७८९
Gujarati૦૧૨૩૪૫૬૭૮૯
Modi𑙐‎𑙑‎𑙒𑙓‎𑙔‎𑙕𑙖‎𑙗𑙘‎𑙙
Sharada𑇐𑇑𑇒𑇓𑇔𑇕𑇖𑇗𑇘𑇙
Takri𑛀𑛁𑛂𑛃𑛄𑛅𑛆𑛇𑛈𑛉
Gurmukhi੦੧੨੩੪੫੬੭੮੯
Khudabadi𑋰𑋱𑋲𑋳𑋴𑋵𑋶𑋷𑋸𑋹
Meitei (Manipuri)꯰꯱꯲꯳꯴꯵꯶꯷꯸꯹
Pracalit𑑐‎𑑑‎𑑒‎𑑓‎𑑔‎𑑕‎𑑖‎𑑗‎𑑘‎𑑙
Tibetan༠༡༢༣༤༥༦༧༨༩
Mongolian[a]᠐᠑᠒᠓᠔᠕᠖᠗᠘᠙
Lepcha᱀᱁᱂᱃᱄᱅᱆᱇᱈᱉
Limbu᥆᥇᥈᥉᥊᥋᥌᥍᥎᥏
Sinhala astrological numbers෦෧෨෩෪෫෬෭෮෯
Sinhala archaic numbers𑇡𑇢𑇣𑇤𑇥𑇦𑇧𑇨𑇩
Tamil೦௧௨௩௪௫௬௭௮௯
Telugu౦౧౨౩౪౫౬౭౮౯
Kannada೦೧೨೩೪೫೬೭೮೯
Malayalam൦൧൨൩൪൫൬൭൮൯
Saurashtra꣐꣑꣒꣓꣔꣕꣖꣗꣘꣙
Ahom𑜰𑜱𑜲𑜳𑜴𑜵𑜶𑜷𑜸𑜹
Chakma𑄶𑄷𑄸𑄹𑄺𑄻𑄼𑄽𑄾𑄿
Burmese၀၁၂၃၄၅၆၇၈၉
Tai Tham Astrological Numbers[b]᪀᪁᪂᪃᪄᪅᪆᪇᪈᪉
New Tai Lue᧐᧑᧒᧓᧔᧕᧖᧗᧘᧙
Shan႐႑႒႓႔႕႖႗႘႙
Khmer០១២៣៤៥៦៧៨៩
Thai๐๑๒๓๔๕๖๗๘๙
Lao໐໑໒໓໔໕໖໗໘໙
Tai Tham[c]᪐᪑᪒᪓᪔᪕᪖᪗᪘᪙
Cham꩐꩑꩒꩓꩔꩕꩖꩗꩘꩙
Balinese᭐᭑᭒᭓᭔᭕᭖᭗᭘᭙
Javanese꧐꧑꧒꧓꧔꧕꧖꧗꧘꧙
Sundanese᮰᮱᮲᮳᮴᮵᮶᮷᮸᮹
Hindu-Arabic0123456789

Notes

  1. ^Mongolian numerals are derived from Tibetan numerals and used in conjunction with the Mongolian and Clear script
  2. ^for everyday use
  3. ^for liturgical use

List of Brahmic scripts

[edit]

Historical

[edit]

The Brahmi script was already divided into regional variants at the time of the earliest surviving epigraphy around the 3rd century BC. Cursives of the Brahmi script began to diversify further from around the 5th century AD and continued to give rise to new scripts throughout the Middle Ages. The main division in antiquity was between northern andsouthern Brahmi. In the northern group, theGupta script was very influential, and in the southern group theVatteluttu andKadamba/Pallava scripts with thespread of Buddhism sent Brahmic scripts throughout Southeast Asia.[citation needed]

Early Brahmic scripts
IASTAshokaGirnarChandra­guptaGujaratPrayagrajNarbadaKistna
a
ā
i
ī
u
ū
ṛ
e
ai
o
au
k
kh
g
gh
ṅ
c
ch
j
jh
ñ
ṭ
ṭh
ḍ
ḍh
ṇ
t
th
d
dh
n
p
ph
b
bh
m
y
r
l
v
ś
ṣ
s
h
Further information:Malabar script

Northern Brahmic

[edit]

Southern Brahmic

[edit]

Unicode of Brahmic scripts

[edit]

As ofUnicode version 17.0, the following Brahmic scripts have been encoded:

scriptderivationPeriod of derivationusage notesISO 15924Unicode range(s)sample
AhomBurmese[5]13th centuryExtinctAhom languageAhomU+11700–U+1174F𑜒𑜠𑜑𑜨𑜉
BalineseKawi11th centuryBalinese languageBaliU+1B00–U+1B7Fᬅᬓ᭄ᬲᬭᬩᬮᬶ
BatakPallava14th centuryBatak languagesBatkU+1BC0–U+1BFFᯘᯮᯒᯖ᯲ ᯅᯖᯂ᯲
BaybayinKawi14th centuryTagalog, otherPhilippine languagesTglgU+1700–U+171Fᜊᜌ᜔ᜊᜌᜒᜈ᜔
Bengali-Assamese (Eastern Nagari)Siddhaṃ11th centuryAssamese language (Assamese script variant),Bengali language (Bengali script variant),Bishnupriya,Maithili,Meitei language (constitutionally termed as "Manipuri")[6]BengU+0980–U+09FF
  • অসমীয়া লিপি
  • বাংলা লিপি
BhaiksukiGupta11th centuryWas used around the turn of the first millennium for writingSanskritBhksU+11C00–U+11C6F𑰥𑰹𑰎𑰿𑰬𑰲𑰎𑰱
BuhidKawi14th centuryBuhid languageBuhdU+1740–U+175Fᝊᝓᝑᝒᝇ
Mon-BurmesePallava11th centuryBurmese language,Mon language, numerous modifications for other languages includingChakma, Eastern and WesternPwo Karen, Geba Karen, Kayah,Rumai Palaung,S'gaw Karen,ShanMymrU+1000–U+109F, U+A9E0–U+A9FF, U+AA60–U+AA7F, U+116D0–U116FFမြန်မာအက္ခရာ
ChakmaBurmese8th centuryChakma languageCakmU+11100–U+1114F𑄌𑄋𑄴𑄟𑄳𑄦
ChamPallava8th centuryCham languageChamU+AA00–U+AA5Fꨌꩌ
DevanagariNagari13th centurySeveralIndo-Aryan languages (Konkani,Marathi,Hindi,Sanskrit,Nepali,Bhili,Sindhi,Gujarati etc),Sino-Tibetan languages (Bodo,Nepal Bhasa,Sherpa etc.),Mundari (Austroasiatic language) and others.DevaU+0900–U+097F, U+A8E0–U+A8FF, U+11B00–U+11B5Fदेवनागरी
Dhives AkuruGuptaBefore 6th-8th centuryWas used to write theMaldivian language up until the 20th century.[7]DiakU+11900–U+1195F𑤞𑥂𑤧𑤭𑥂
DograTakriWas used to writeDogri. Dogra script is closely related to Takri.[8]DogrU+11800–U+1184F𑠖𑠵𑠌𑠤𑠬
GranthaPallava6th centuryRestricted use in traditional Vedic schools to writeSanskrit. Was widely used by Tamil speakers for Sanskrit and the classical languageManipravalam.GranU+11300–U+1137F𑌗𑍍𑌰𑌨𑍍𑌥
GujaratiNagari17th centuryGujarati language,Kutchi languageGujrU+0A80–U+0AFFગુજરાતી લિપિ
Gunjala Gondiuncertain16th centuryUsed for writing the Adilabad dialect of theGondi language.[9]GongU+11D60–U+11DAF𑵶𑶍𑶕𑶀𑵵𑶊 𑵶𑶓𑶕𑶂𑶋‎
GurmukhiSharada16th centuryPunjabi languageGuruU+0A00–U+0A7F ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ
Hanunó'oKawi14th centuryHanuno'o languageHanoU+1720–U+173Fᜱᜨᜳᜨᜳᜢ
JavaneseKawi16th centuryJavanese language,Sundanese language,Madurese languageJavaU+A980–U+A9DFꦄꦏ꧀ꦱꦫꦗꦮ
KaithiNagari16th centuryHistorically used for writing legal, administrative, and private records.KthiU+11080–U+110CF𑂍𑂶𑂟𑂲
KannadaTelugu-KannadaAround 4th-6th centurySanskrit, Kannada, Konkani, Tulu, Badaga, Kodava, Beary, othersKndaU+0C80–U+0CFFಕನ್ನಡ ಅಕ್ಷರಮಾಲೆ
KawiPallava8th centuryKawi was found primarily inJava and used across much ofMaritime Southeast Asia between the 8th century and the 16th century.[10]KawiU+11F00–U+11F5F𑼒𑼮𑼶
KhmerPallava11th centuryKhmer languageKhmrU+1780–U+17FF, U+19E0–U+19FFអក្សរខ្មែរ
KhojkiLanda16th centurySome use byIsmaili communities. Was used by theKhoja community for Muslim religious literature.KhojU+11200–U+1124F𑈉𑈲𑈐𑈈𑈮
KhudawadiLanda16th centuryWas used bySindhi communities for correspondence and business records.SindU+112B0–U+112FF𑊻𑋩𑋣𑋏𑋠𑋔𑋠𑋏𑋢
LaoKhmer14th centuryLao language, othersLaooU+0E80–U+0EFFອັກສອນລາວ
LepchaTibetan8th centuryLepcha languageLepcU+1C00–U+1C4Fᰛᰩᰴ‎
LimbuLepcha9th centuryLimbu languageLimbU+1900–U+194Fᤛᤡᤖᤡᤈᤨᤅ
LontaraKawi17th centuryBuginese language, othersBugiU+1A00–U+1A1Fᨒᨚᨈᨑ
MahajaniLanda16th centuryHistorically used in northern India for writing accounts and financial records.MahjU+11150–U+1117F𑅬𑅱𑅛𑅧𑅑‎
MakasarKawi17th centuryWas used inSouth Sulawesi, Indonesia for writing theMakassarese language.[11] Makasar script is also known as "Old Makassarese" or "Makassarese bird script" in English-language scholarly works.[12]MakaU+11EE0–U+11EFF𑻪𑻢𑻪𑻢
MalayalamGrantha12th centuryMalayalamMlymU+0D00–U+0D7Fമലയാളലിപി
MarchenTibetan7th centuryWas used in the TibetanBön tradition to write the extinctZhang-Zhung languageMarcU+11C70–U+11CBF𑱳𑲁𑱽𑱾𑲌𑱵𑲋𑲱𑱴𑱶𑲱𑲅𑲊𑱱‎
Meetei MayekTibetan[13]6th century[14]officially used forMeitei language (constitutionally termed as "Manipuri") in accordance to "The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021"[6]MteiU+AAE0–U+AAFF, U+ABC0–U+ABFFꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ
ModiNāgarī17th centuryWas used to write theMarathi languageModiU+11600–U+1165F𑘦𑘻𑘚𑘲‎
MultaniLandaWas used to write theMultani languageMultU+11280–U+112AF𑊠𑊣𑊖𑊚‎
NandinagariNāgarī7th centuryHistorically used to write Sanskrit in southern IndiaNandU+119A0–U+119FF𑧁𑧞𑦿𑧒𑧁𑧑𑦰𑧈𑧓
New Tai LueTai Tham1950sTai Lü languageTaluU+1980–U+19DFᦟᦲᧅᦷᦎᦺᦑ
OdiaSiddhaṃ13th centuryOdia languageOryaU+0B00–U+0B7Fଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅକ୍ଷର
ʼPhags-paTibetan13th centuryHistorically used during the MongolYuan dynasty.PhagU+A840–U+A87Fꡖꡍꡂꡛ ꡌ
Prachalit (Newa)NepalHas been used for writing theSanskrit,Nepali,Hindi,Bengali, andMaithili languagesNewaU+11400–U+1147F𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐔𑐮𑐶𑐟‎
RejangKawi18th centuryRejang language, mostly obsoleteRjngU+A930–U+A95Fꥆꤰ꥓ꤼꤽ ꤽꥍꤺꥏ
SaurashtraGrantha20th centurySaurashtra language, mostly obsoleteSaurU+A880–U+A8DFꢱꣃꢬꢵꢰ꣄ꢜ꣄ꢬꢵ‎
SharadaGupta8th centuryWas used for writingSanskrit andKashmiriShrdU+11180–U111DF, U+11B60–U11B7F𑆯𑆳𑆫𑆢𑆳
SiddhamGupta7th centuryWas used for writingSanskritSiddU+11580–U+115FF𑖭𑖰𑖟𑖿𑖠𑖽
SinhalaBrahmi[15]4th century[16]Sinhala languageSinhU+0D80–U+0DFF, U+111E0–U+111FFශුද්ධ සිංහල
SundaneseKawi14th centurySundanese languageSundU+1B80–U+1BBF, U+1CC0–U+1CCFᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ
Sylheti NagariNagari16th centuryHistorically used for writing theSylheti languageSyloU+A800–U+A82Fꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠘꠣꠉꠞꠤ
TagbanwaKawi14th centuryVarious languages ofPalawan, nearly extinctTagbU+1760–U+177Fᝦᝪᝨᝯ
Tai LeMon13th centuryTai Nüa languageTaleU+1950–U+197Fᥖᥭᥰᥖᥬᥳᥑᥨᥒᥰ
Tai ThamMon13th centuryNorthern Thai language,Tai Lü language,Khün languageLanaU+1A20–U+1AAFᨲᩫ᩠ᩅᨾᩮᩬᩥᨦ
Tai VietThai16th centuryTai Dam languageTavtU+AA80–U+AADFꪼꪕꪒꪾ
Tai Yo/Lai TayKhmer16th centuryTai Yo language[17]TayoU+1E6C0–U1E6FF
TakriSharada16th centuryWas used for writingChambeali, and other languagesTakrU+11680–U+116CF𑚔𑚭𑚊𑚤𑚯
TamilPallava2nd centuryTamil languageTamlU+0B80–U+0BFF, U+11FC0–U+11FFFதமிழ் அரிச்சுவடி
TeluguTelugu-Kannada5th centuryTelugu languageTeluU+0C00–U+0C7Fతెలుగు లిపి
ThaiOld Khmer13th centuryThai languageThaiU+0E00–U+0E7Fอักษรไทย
TibetanGupta8th centuryClassical Tibetan,Dzongkha,Ladakhi languageTibtU+0F00–U+0FFFབོད་ཡིག་
Tigalari/TuluGrantha9th centuryTulu,Kannada, andSanskritTutgU+11380–U113FF𑎡𑎻𑎳𑎻𑎭𑎹𑎦𑎹
TirhutaSiddham13th centuryHistorically used for theMaithili languageTirhU+11480–U+114DF𑒞𑒱𑒩𑒯𑒳𑒞𑒰‎

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^abFrellesvig, Bjarke (2010).A History of the Japanese Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 177–178.ISBN 978-0-521-65320-6.
  2. ^Court, C. (1996). Introduction. In P. T. Daniels & W. Bright (Eds.)The World's Writing Systems (pp. 443). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  3. ^Court, C. (1996). The spread of Brahmi Script into Southeast Asia. In P. T. Daniels & W. Bright (Eds.)The World's Writing Systems (pp. 445–449). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  4. ^abSproat, Richard (20 July 2006)."Brahmi-derived scripts, script layout, and segmental awareness".Written Language and Literacy.9 (1):45–66.doi:10.1075/wll.9.1.05spr.ISSN 1387-6732.
  5. ^Terwiel; Khamdaengyodtai (2003).Shan Manuscripts, Part 1. p. 13.
  6. ^ab"GAZETTE TITLE: The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021".manipurgovtpress.nic.in.
  7. ^Pandey, Anshuman (23 January 2018)."L2/18-016R: Proposal to encode Dives Akuru in Unicode"(PDF).
  8. ^Pandey, Anshuman (4 November 2015)."L2/15-234R: Proposal to encode the Dogra script"(PDF).
  9. ^"Chapter 13: South and Central Asia-II"(PDF).The Unicode Standard, Version 11.0. Mountain View, California: Unicode, Inc. June 2018.ISBN 978-1-936213-19-1.
  10. ^Aditya Bayu Perdana and Ilham Nurwansah 2020.Proposal to encode Kawi
  11. ^"Chapter 17: Indonesia and Oceania"(PDF).The Unicode Standard, Version 11.0. Mountain View, California: Unicode, Inc. June 2018.ISBN 978-1-936213-19-1.
  12. ^Pandey, Anshuman (2 November 2015)."L2/15-233: Proposal to encode the Makasar script in Unicode"(PDF).
  13. ^Chelliah, Shobhana Lakshmi (1997).A Grammar of Meithei. De Gruyter. p. 355.ISBN 3-11-014321-6.In the classification of scripts provided by K. S. Singh and Manoharan ..., Meithei Mayek is part of the Tibetan group of scripts, which originated from the Gupta Brahmi script
  14. ^Datta, Amaresh (1987).Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature.Sahitya Akademi. p. 142.ISBN 978-81-260-1803-1.The coins of Urakonthauba (568-653) and Ayangba (821-910) in the Mutua Museum, Imphal bear evidence of early existence of old Manipuri alphabet.
  15. ^Salomon, Richard G. (1996). "Brahmi and Kharoshthi". In Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (eds.).The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. p. 379.ISBN 0-19-507993-0.
  16. ^Diringer, David (1948).Alphabet a key to the history of mankind. p. 389.
  17. ^"L2/22-289R: Final Proposal to encode the Tai Yo Script"(PDF). 16 December 2022.

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