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Brachyprotoma

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Extinct genus of carnivores

Brachyprotoma Temporal range:Pleistocene

An ink drawing of anAmerican Mastodon calf encountering a short-faced skunk,Brachyprotoma.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Family:	Mephitidae
Genus:	Brachyprotoma Brown1908
Species:	B. obtusata
Binomial name
*Brachyprotoma obtusata* Cope1899

Brachyprotoma, also known as theshort-faced skunks, is an extinct genus of largeskunk that inhabited PleistoceneNorth America, with specimens having been found fromYukon toWest Virginia.^[1]^[2]^[3] There currently exists only one accepted species,Brachyprotoma obtusata.^[4]

Description

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Brachyprotoma obtusata is known solely from its jaws and teeth, thus postcranial elements are deduced based on the relatively similarhog-nosed skunks, but as a more robust form.^[5] The holotype,USNM 12045, is a damaged lower jaw that measures 3 cm (1.2 in) long.^[6]Brachyprotoma obtusata's jaw is considered to possess several primitive characteristics, such as the large size of Premolar $^{4}$ and Molar $^{1}$ , the large size of the anterior premolars, the smaller protocone in P $^{4}$ , the weaker metaconid in M $^{1}$ and the transverse elongation of M $^{1}$ ;^[7] and some more derived traits,B. obtusata has two upper and three lower premolars, having gotten rid of the anterior-most premolars.^[8]

Etymology and Phylogeny

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The generic nameBrachyprotoma, from theAncient Greekbrachy, meaning short; andprotomē, the head and neck of a decapitated animal; in reference to the holotype's robust appearance as well as the curious lack of postcranial remains. The specific nameobtusata hails from theLatinobtusitas, meaning dense.

The precise phylogenetic relationships ofBrachyprotoma withinMephitidae remain controversial, it shares a dental formula withPromephitis hootoni, while its P $^{4}$ shares more characteristics with those in the genusMephitis.^[8] As of Wang et al. 2005,^[9]Brachyprotoma obtusata was recovered as a more derived skunk:

Mephitidae

	Mydaus

	Palaeomephitis

	Promephitis

Mephitini

Martinogale faulli

Martinogale chisoensis

Martinogale alveodens

Buisnictis

Spilogale

Brachyprotoma

	Mephitis

	Osmotherium

Conepatus

Extinction

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It is unclear whyBrachyprotoma obtusata went extinct along with the North Americanmegafauna, there are several present specimens in theBonneville Basin,Utah, circa 24.000 to 18.000 years ago. However, the species is absent in more recent strata; where only generalists remain, suggesting some degree of specialization inBrachyprotoma obtusata, perhaps related to the megafauna itself.^[10]

References

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^Harington, C. R. (1978). "Quaternary vertebrate faunas of Canada and Alaska and their suggested chronological sequence".Syllogeus.15:1–105.
^Grady, F.; Garton, E. R. (2000). "Paleontology and historic field trip of the John Guilday Cave Preserve (Trout Rock)".The Caves of East-central West Virginia.14:241–244.
^Youngman, Phillip M. (1986). "The extinct short-faced skunkBrachyprotoma obtusata (Mammalia, Carnivora): first records for Canada and Beringia".Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences.23 (2):419–424.Bibcode:1986CaJES..23..419Y.doi:10.1139/e86-043.
^ Cope, Edward D. (1899). "Vertebrate remains from Port Kennedy bone deposit". Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Ser. 2. 11 (2): 236–237.
^Wang, Xiaoming; Carranza-Castañeda, Óscar (October 2008)."Earliest hog-nosed skunk, Conepatus (Mephitidae, Carnivora), from the early Pliocene of Guanajuato, Mexico and origin of South American skunks".Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society.154 (2):386–407.doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00411.x.
^Emslie, Steven D. (2012)."Paleoecology of the Upper Gunnison Basin, Colorado".UNCW Emslie Lab. Retrieved8 May 2024.
^Pilgrim, G. E. (1933). "A fossil skunk from Samos".American Museum Novitates (663): 13.
^^a ^bŞenyürek, Muzaffer (20 July 1954)."A Study of A Skull of Promephitis from The Pontian of Küçükyozgat".Belleten.18 (71):279–316.ISSN 0041-4255.
^Wang, Xiaoming; Whistler, David P.; Takeuchi, Gary T. (30 December 2005)."A new basal skunk Martinogale (Carnivora, Mephitinae) from Late Miocene Dove Spring Formation, California, and origin of New World mephitines".Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.25 (4):936–949.doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0936:ANBSMC]2.0.CO;2.ISSN 0272-4634.
^Schmitt, D.N.; Lupo, K.D. (2016),"Changes in Late Quaternary Mammalian Biogeography in the Bonneville Basin",Lake Bonneville - A Scientific Update, vol. 20, Elsevier, pp. 352–370,Bibcode:2016DvESP..20..352S,doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-63590-7.00013-5,ISBN 978-0-444-63590-7, retrieved8 May 2024{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link)

Genera ofred pandas,raccoons,skunks,mustelids and their extinct allies

Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Mammalia
Order:Carnivora

Musteloidea

†Peignictis †Plesiogale
Ailuridae	†Actiocyon Ailurus †Alopecocyon †Amphictis †Bonisictis †Magerictis †Parailurus †Pristinailurus †Protursus †Rothictis †Simocyon
Mephitidae	†Brachyprotoma Conepatus Mephitis Mydaus †Palaeomephitis †Promephitis Spilogale
Procyonidae	†Amphinasua †Angustictis †Arctonasua Bassaricyon Bassariscus †Bassaricynoides †Chapalmalania †Cyonasua †Edaphocyon Nasua Nasuella †Parahyaenodon †Paranasua †Parapotos †Probassariscus Procyon †Protoprocyon Potos †Tetraprothomo

Mustelidae

†Acheronictis †Aragonictis †Arikarictis †Circamustela †Erokomellivora †Franconictis †Kenyalutra †Kinometaxia †Laphyctis †Luogale †Marcetia †Matanomictis †Melidellavus †Mellalictis †Mesomephitis †Miomustela †Namibictis †Oaxacagale †Palaeomeles †Paragale †Parataxidea †Perunium †Plesictis †Plesiogale †Plesiomeles †Prepoecilogale †Presictis †Promellivora †Proputorius †Pyctis †Sabadellictis †Semantor †Sinictis †Sivalictis †Skopelogale †Sonitictis †Taxodon †Trochotherium †Xenictis †Zorilla
Guloninae	†Canimartes Eira †Ferinestrix Gulo †Iberictis †Ischyrictis Martes Pekania †Plesiogulo †Plionictis †Sthenictis
Helictidinae	Melogale
Ictonychinae	†Baranogale †Brevimalictis †Cernictis †Eirictis †Enhydrictis Galictis Ictonyx †Lutravus Lyncodon †Martellictis †Negodiaetictis †Oriensictis †Pannonictis †Poecilictis Poecilogale †Sminthosinis †Stipanicicia †Trigonictis †Trochictis Vormela
Lutrinae	†Algarolutra Aonyx †Cyrnaonyx †Cyrnolutra †Djourabus Enhydra †Enhydriodon †Enhydritherium Hydrictis †Limnonyx Lontra Lutra †Lutraeximia †Lutrictis Lutrogale †Megalenhydris †Megencephalon †Melodon †Mionictis †Nesolutra †Paludolutra †Paralutra †Pelycictis Pteronura †Sardolutra †Satherium †Siamogale †Sivaonyx †Teruelictis †Torolutra †Tyrrhenolutra †Vishnuonyx
†Leptarctinae	Craterogale Leptarctus Trocharion
Melinae	†Arctomeles Arctonyx Meles †Promeles
Mellivorinae	†Ekorus †Eomellivora †Hoplictis Mellivora †Moralesictis
†Mustelavinae	Mustelavus
Mustelinae	†Dinogale †Lartetictis †Legionarictis Mustela Neogale †Tisisthenes
†Oligobuninae	Brachypsalis Corumictis Floridictis Megalictis Oligobunis Parabrachypsalis Paroligobunis Promartes Zodiolestes
Taxidiinae	†Chamitataxus †Pliotaxidea Taxidea

Taxon identifiers
Brachyprotoma obtusata	Wikidata:Q25001246 GBIF:4969963 Paleobiology Database:44667

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