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Bovinae

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Subfamily of mammals

Bovines Temporal range:Miocene topresent

African buffalo (Syncerus caffer)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Artiodactyla
Family:	Bovidae
Subfamily:	Bovinae J. E. Gray, 1821
Tribes
BoselaphiniKnottnerus-Meyer, 1907 BoviniJ. E. Gray, 1821 TragelaphiniBlyth, 1863sensuSokolov, 1953

Bovines (subfamilyBovinae) comprise a diverse group of 10 genera of medium to large-sizedungulates, includingcattle,bison,African buffalo,water buffalos, and the four-horned and spiral-hornedantelopes. The members of this group are classified into loosetribes rather than formal subgroups, as the evolutionary relationships within the groups are still uncertain. General characteristics includecloven hooves and usually at least one of the sexes of a species havingtrue horns. The largestextant bovine is thegaur.

In many countries, bovidmilk andmeat is used as food by humans. Cattle are kept aslivestock almost everywhere except in parts ofIndia andNepal, where they areconsidered sacred by mostHindus. Bovids are used asdraft animals and asriding animals. Small breeds of domestic bovid, such as theMiniature Zebu, are kept as pets. Bovidleather is durable and flexible and is used to produce a wide range of goods includingclothing andbags.

Systematics and classification

Bovine skull

FamilyBovidae
- Subfamily Bovinae
  - TribeBoselaphini
    - GenusTetracerus
      - Four-horned antelope,Tetracerus quadricornis
        T. q. quadricornis
        T. q. iodes
        T. q. subquadricornis
    - GenusBoselaphus
      - Nilgai,Boselaphus tragocamelus
        B. t. tragocamelus (Indian nilgai)
    - Genus†Duboisia
      - †D. santeng
  - TribeBovini
    - GenusBubalus
      - Wild water buffalo,Bubalus arnee
      - Domestic water buffalo,Bubalus bubalis
      - Lowland anoa,Bubalus depressicornis
      - Mountain anoa,Bubalus quarlesi
      - Tamaraw,Bubalus mindorensis
      - Cebu tamaraw†,Bubalus cebuensis
    - GenusBos
      - Aurochs,Bos primigenius
        Eurasian aurochs†,B. p. primigenius
        Indian aurochs†,B. p. namadicus
      - Banteng,Bos javanicus
      - Domestic banteng,Bos domesticus
      - Gaur,Bos gaurus
      - Gayal,Bos frontalis
      - Domestic yak,Bos grunniens
      - Wild yak,Bos mutus
      - Bos palaesondaicus†,
      - Kouprey,Bos sauveli (possibly extinct)
      - Domestic cattle,Bos taurus
        Taurine cattle,B. t. taurus
        Zebu cattle,B. t. indicus
        Sanga cattle,B. t. africanus
    - GenusPseudoryx
      - Saola,Pseudoryx nghetinhensis
    - GenusSyncerus
      - African buffalo,Syncerus caffer
        Cape buffalo,S. c. caffer
        Nile buffalo,S. c. aequinoctialis
        Sudan buffalo,S. c. brachyceros
        Forest buffalo,S. c. nanus
      - Giant buffalo,Syncerus antiquus†
    - GenusBison
      - American bison,Bison bison
        Wood bison,B. b. athabascae
        Plains bison,B. b. bison
      - European bison,Bison bonasus
      - Bison palaeosinensis†, (extinct)
      - Steppe wisent†,Bison priscus
      - Ancient bison†,Bison antiquus
      - Long-horned bison†,Bison latifrons
    - GenusPelorovis† (extinct)
      - Pelorovis oldowayensis†
      - Pelorovis turkanensis†
      - Pelorovis howelli†
      - ?Pelorovis praeafricanus†
  - TribeTragelaphini
    - GenusTragelaphus (antelope-like)
      - Bongo,Tragelaphus eurycerus
        T. e. isaaci
        T. e. eurycerus
      - Greater kudu,Tragelaphus strepsiceros
        T. s. strepsiceros
        T. s. chora
        T. s. cottoni
      - Cape bushbuck,Tragelaphus scriptus
      - Harnessed bushbuck,Tragelaphus sylvaticus
      - Lesser kudu,Tragelaphus imberbis
      - Mountain nyala,Tragelaphus buxtoni
      - Lowland nyala,Tragelaphus angasii
      - Sitatunga,Tragelaphus spekeii
        T. s. selousi
        T. s. gratus
        T. s. spekii
    - GenusTaurotragus
      - Common eland,Taurotragus oryx
        T. o. oryx
        T. o. livingstonii
        T. o. pattersonianus
      - Giant eland,Taurotragus derbianus
        T. d. derbianus
        T. d. gigas

Etymology

Bovine is derived fromLatinbos, "ox", throughLate Latinbovinus. Bos comes from theIndo-European root*g^wous, meaning ox.^[1]

References

^"Bovine".Merriam-Webster Online. 8 October 2024. Retrieved11 Oct 2024.

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2003) Opinion 2027 (Case 3010). Usage of 17 specific names based on wild species which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals (Lepidoptera, Osteichthyes, Mammalia): conserved.Bull. Zool. Nomencl., 60:81–84.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related toBovinae.

Bovinae information inITIS.
Congress on Controversies in Bovine Health, Industry & Economics (CoBo)

See also

Dairy cattle

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t
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ExtantArtiodactyla species

Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Mammalia
Infraclass:Eutheria
Superorder:Laurasiatheria

SuborderRuminantia

Antilocapra	Pronghorn (A. americana)

Okapia	Okapi (O. johnstoni)
Giraffa	Northern giraffe (G. camelopardalis) Southern giraffe (G. giraffa) Reticulated giraffe (G. reticulata) Masai giraffe (G. tippelskirchi)

Moschus	Anhui musk deer (M. anhuiensis) Dwarf musk deer (M. berezovskii) Alpine musk deer (M. chrysogaster) Kashmir musk deer (M. cupreus) Black musk deer (M. fuscus) Himalayan musk deer (M. leucogaster) Siberian musk deer (M. moschiferus)

Hyemoschus	Water chevrotain (H. aquaticus)
Moschiola	Indian spotted chevrotain (M. indica) Yellow-striped chevrotain (M. kathygre) Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (M. meminna)
Tragulus	Java mouse-deer (T. javanicus) Lesser mouse-deer (T. kanchil) Greater mouse-deer (T. napu) Philippine mouse-deer (T. nigricans) Vietnam mouse-deer (T. versicolor) Williamson's mouse-deer (T. williamsoni)

Large family listed below

Large family listed below

Muntiacus	Bornean yellow muntjac (M. atherodes) Hairy-fronted muntjac (M. crinifrons) Fea's muntjac (M. feae) Gongshan muntjac (M. gongshanensis) Sumatran muntjac (M. montanus) Southern red muntjac (M. muntjak) Pu Hoat muntjac (M. puhoatensis) Leaf muntjac (M. putaoensis) Reeves's muntjac (M. reevesi) Roosevelt's muntjac (M. rooseveltorum) Truong Son muntjac (M. truongsonensis) Northern red muntjac (M. vaginalis) Giant muntjac (M. vuquangensis)
Elaphodus	Tufted deer (E. cephalophus)
Dama	European fallow deer (D. dama) Persian fallow deer (D. mesopotamica)
Axis	Chital (A. axis) Calamian deer (A. calamianensis) Bawean deer (A. kuhlii) Hog deer (A. porcinus)
Rucervus	Barasingha (R. duvaucelii) Eld's deer (R. eldii)
Elaphurus	Père David's deer (E. davidianus)
Rusa	Visayan spotted deer (R. alfredi) Philippine sambar (R. mariannus) Rusa deer (R. timorensis) Sambar (R. unicolor)
Cervus	Thorold's deer (C. albirostris) Red deer (C. elaphus) Elk (C. canadensis) Central Asian red deer (C. hanglu) Sika deer (C. nippon)

Alces	Moose (A. alces)
Hydropotes	Water deer (H. inermis)
Capreolus	European roe deer (C. capreolus) Siberian roe deer (C. pygargus)
Rangifer	Reindeer (R. tarandus)
Hippocamelus	Taruca (H. antisensis) South Andean deer (H. bisulcus)
Mazama	Red brocket (M. americana) Small red brocket (M. bororo) Merida brocket (M. bricenii) Dwarf brocket (M. chunyi) Gray brocket (M. gouazoubira) Pygmy brocket (M. nana) Amazonian brown brocket (M. nemorivaga) Little red brocket (M. rufina) Central American red brocket (M. temama)
Ozotoceros	Pampas deer (O. bezoarticus)
Blastocerus	Marsh deer (B. dichotomus)
Pudu	Northern pudu (P. mephistophiles)? Southern pudu (P. pudu)
Pudella?	Peruvian Yungas pudu (P. carlae) Northern pudu (P. mephistophiles)
Odocoileus	Mule deer (O. hemionus) Yucatan brown brocket (O. pandora) White-tailed deer (O. virginianus)

Hippotragus	Roan antelope (H. equinus) Sable antelope (H. niger)
Oryx	East African oryx (O. beisa) Scimitar oryx (O. dammah) Gemsbok (O. gazella) Arabian oryx (O. leucoryx)
Addax	Addax (A. nasomaculatus)

Kobus	Waterbuck (K. ellipsiprymnus) Kob (K. kob) Lechwe (K. leche) Nile lechwe (K. megaceros) Puku (K. vardonii)
Redunca	Southern reedbuck (R. arundinum) Mountain reedbuck (R. fulvorufula) Bohor reedbuck (R. redunca)

Aepyceros	Impala (A. melampus)

Pelea	Grey rhebok (P. capreolus)

Beatragus	Hirola (B. hunteri)
Damaliscus	Common tsessebe (D. lunatus) Bontebok (D. pygargus)
Alcelaphus	Hartebeest (A. buselaphus)
Connochaetes	Black wildebeest (C. gnou) Blue wildebeest (C. taurinus)

Pantholops	Tibetan antelope (P. hodgsonii)

Large subfamily listed below

Large subfamily listed below

Large subfamily listed below

FamilyBovidae (subfamilyCaprinae)

Ammotragus	Barbary sheep (A. lervia)
Arabitragus	Arabian tahr (A. jayakari)
Budorcas	Takin (B. taxicolor)
Capra	Wild goat (C. aegagrus) West Caucasian tur (C. caucasia) East Caucasian tur (C. cylindricornis) Markhor (C. falconeri) Domestic goat (C. hircus) Alpine ibex (C. ibex) Nubian ibex (C. nubiana) Iberian ibex (C. pyrenaica) Siberian ibex (C. sibirica) Walia ibex (C. walie)
Capricornis	Japanese serow (C. crispus) Red serow (C. rubidus) Mainland serow (C. sumatraensis) Taiwan serow (C. swinhoei)
Hemitragus	Himalayan tahr (H. jemlahicus)
Naemorhedus	Red goral (N. baileyi) Long-tailed goral (N. caudatus) Himalayan goral (N. goral) Chinese goral (N. griseus)
Oreamnos	Mountain goat (O. americanus)
Ovibos	Muskox (O. moschatus)
Nilgiritragus	Nilgiri tahr (N. hylocrius)
Ovis	Argali (O. ammon) Domestic sheep (O. aries) Bighorn sheep (O. canadensis) Dall sheep (O. dalli) Mouflon (O. gmelini) Snow sheep (O. nivicola) Urial (O. vignei)
Pseudois	Bharal (P. nayaur)
Rupicapra	Pyrenean chamois (R. pyrenaica) Chamois (R. rupicapra)

FamilyBovidae (subfamilyBovinae)

Tetracerus	Four-horned antelope (T. quadricornis)
Boselaphus	Nilgai (B. tragocamelus)

Bubalus	Wild water buffalo (B. arnee) Domestic water buffalo (B. bubalis) Lowland anoa (B. depressicornis) Tamaraw (B. mindorensis) Mountain anoa (B. quarlesi)
Bos	American bison (B. bison) European bison (B. bonasus) Bali cattle (B. domesticus) Gayal (B. frontalis) Gaur (B. gaurus) Domestic yak (B. grunniens) Zebu (B. indicus) Banteng (B. javanicus) Wild yak (B. mutus) Cattle (B. taurus)
Pseudoryx	Saola (P. nghetinhensis)
Syncerus	African buffalo (S. caffer)

Tragelaphus (includingkudus)	Nyala (T. angasii) Mountain nyala (T. buxtoni) Bongo (T. eurycerus) Lesser kudu (T. imberbis) Harnessed bushbuck (T. scriptus) Sitatunga (T. spekeii) Greater kudu (T. strepsiceros) Cape bushbuck (T. sylvaticus)
Taurotragus	Giant eland (T. derbianus) Common eland (T. oryx)

FamilyBovidae (subfamilyAntilopinae)

Ammodorcas	Dibatag (A. clarkei)
Antidorcas	Springbok (A. marsupialis)
Antilope	Blackbuck (A. cervicapra)
Eudorcas	Mongalla gazelle (E. albonotata) Red-fronted gazelle (E. rufifrons) Thomson's gazelle (E. thomsonii) Heuglin's gazelle (E. tilonura)
Gazella	Chinkara (G. bennettii) Cuvier's gazelle (G. cuvieri) Dorcas gazelle (G. dorcas) Erlanger's gazelle (G. erlangeri) Mountain gazelle (G. gazella) Rhim gazelle (G. leptoceros) Speke's gazelle (G. spekei) Goitered gazelle (G. subgutturosa)
Litocranius	Gerenuk (L. walleri)
Nanger	Dama gazelle (N. dama) Grant's gazelle (N. granti) Bright's gazelle (N. notatus) Peter's gazelle (N. petersii) Soemmerring's gazelle (N. soemmerringii)
Procapra	Mongolian gazelle (P. gutturosa) Goa (P. picticaudata) Przewalski's gazelle (P. przewalskii)

Saigini

Saiga	Saiga antelope (S. tatarica)

Dorcatragus	Beira (D. megalotis)
Madoqua	Günther's dik-dik (M. guentheri) Kirk's dik-dik (M. kirkii) Silver dik-dik (M. piacentinii) Salt's dik-dik (M. saltiana)
Neotragus	Royal antelope (N. pygmaeus)
Nesotragus	Bates' pygmy antelope (N. batesi) Suni (N. moschatus)
Oreotragus	Klipspringer (O. oreotragus)
Ourebia	Oribi (O. ourebi)
Raphicerus	Steenbok (R. campestris) Cape grysbok (R. melanotis) Sharpe's grysbok (R. sharpei)

Cephalophus	Aders's duiker (C. adersi) Brooke's duiker (C. brookei) Peters' duiker (C. callipygus) White-legged duiker (C. crusalbum) Bay duiker (C. dorsalis) Harvey's duiker (C. harveyi) Jentink's duiker (C. jentinki) White-bellied duiker (C. leucogaster) Red forest duiker (C. natalensis) Black duiker (C. niger) Black-fronted duiker (C. nigrifrons) Ogilby's duiker (C. ogilbyi) Ruwenzori duiker (C. rubidis) Red-flanked duiker (C. rufilatus) Yellow-backed duiker (C. silvicultor) Abbott's duiker (C. spadix) Weyns's duiker (C. weynsi) Zebra duiker (C. zebra)
Philantomba	Blue duiker (P. monticola) Maxwell's duiker (P. maxwellii) Walter's duiker (P. walteri)
Sylvicapra	Common duiker (S. grimmia)

SuborderSuina

Babyrousa	Buru babirusa (B. babyrussa) North Sulawesi babirusa (B. celebensis) Togian babirusa (B. togeanensis)
Hylochoerus	Giant forest hog (H. meinertzhageni)
Phacochoerus	Desert warthog (P. aethiopicus) Common warthog (P. africanus)
Porcula	Pygmy hog (P. salvania)
Potamochoerus	Bushpig (P. larvatus) Red river hog (P. porcus)
Sus	Palawan bearded pig (S. ahoenobarbus) Bornean bearded pig (S. barbatus) Visayan warty pig (S. cebifrons) Celebes warty pig (S. celebensis) Domestic pig (S. domesticus) Flores warty pig (S. heureni) Oliver's warty pig (S. oliveri) Philippine warty pig (S. philippensis) Wild boar (S. scrofa) Timor warty pig (S. timoriensis) Javan warty pig (S. verrucosus)

Tayassu	White-lipped peccary (T. pecari)
Catagonus	Chacoan peccary (C. wagneri)
Dicotyles	Collared peccary (D. tajacu)

SuborderTylopoda

Lama	Llama (L. glama) Guanaco (L. guanicoe) Alpaca (L. pacos) Vicuña (L. vicugna)
Camelus	Domestic Bactrian camel (C. bactrianus) Dromedary/Arabian camel (C. dromedarius) Wild Bactrian camel (C. ferus)

SuborderWhippomorpha

Hippopotamus	Hippopotamus (H. amphibius)
Choeropsis	Pygmy hippopotamus (C. liberiensis)

seeCetacea

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