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Bourgeois pseudoscience

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Soviet Communist concept

Bourgeois pseudoscience (Russian:буржуазная лженаука) was a term of condemnation in theSoviet Union for certain scientific disciplines that were deemed unacceptable from anideological point of view^[1]^[2] due to their incompatibility withMarxism–Leninism. At various times pronounced "bourgeois pseudosciences" were:Mendelian genetics,^{[notes 1]}cybernetics,^[3]quantum physics,^[4]theory of relativity,^{[citation needed]}sociology^[5] and particular directions incomparative linguistics (the now-debunkedJaphetic theory ofNikolay Yakovlevich Marr, which was also refuted by Stalin in "Marxism and Problems of Linguistics").

The term was not used by Stalin himself,^{[citation needed]} who rejected the notion that all sciences must have a class nature. Stalin removed all mention of “bourgeois biology” fromTrofim Lysenko’s report,The State of Biology in the Soviet Union, and in the margin next to the statement that “any science is based on class” Stalin wrote, “Ha-ha-ha!! And what aboutmathematics? OrDarwinism?”^[6] The term or its synonyms was used in the 1951 and 1954 editions of theShort Philosophical Dictionary: "Cybernetic is a reactionary pseudoscience originated in the United States... A form of modernmechanicism.",^[3] "Eugenics is a bourgeois pseudoscience",^[7] "Weismannism-Morganism - bourgeois pseudoscience, designed to justifycapitalism".^[8] Today, most scholars agree in characterizing eugenics as rooted in pseudoscience,^[9]^[10] albeit without the "bourgeois" qualifier.

Psychology was declared a "bourgeois pseudoscience" in thePeople's Republic of China during theCultural Revolution (1966–1976).^[11] Furthermore, sociology was banned there in 1952,^[12] and it remained banned until the late 1970s.^[13]^[14]

Notes

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^SeeLysenkoism and itsimpact in the other countries of theSoviet Bloc

References

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^Loren R. Graham (2004) Science in Russia and the Soviet Union. A Short History. Series: Cambridge Studies in the History of Science. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-0-521-28789-0.^{[page needed]}
^Mark Walker (2002) Science and Ideology. A Comparative History. Series: Routledge Studies in the History of Science, Technology and Medicine. Routledge.ISBN 978-0-415-27122-6.^{[page needed]}
^^a ^b"Кампания против кибернетики в СССР"
^Josephson, Paul R. (2023-09-01).Physics and Politics in Revolutionary Russia. University of California Press.ISBN 978-0-520-91147-5.
^Nedelmann, Birgitta; Sztompka, Piotr, eds. (1 August 1993). ""2.1 The Stalinist Social Order: Sociology as Bourgeois Pseudoscience" by Tomás Kolosi & Ivan Szelényi".Sociology in Europe: In Search of Identity (Reprint 2011 ed.). De Gruyter.ISBN 311013845X.
^Liu, Yongsheng; Li, Baoyin; Wang, Qinglian (September 2009)."Science and politics".EMBO Reports.10 (9):938–939.doi:10.1038/embor.2009.198.PMC 2750069.PMID 19721459.
^"Евгеника".
^"Вейсманизм - морганизм".
^Worrall, Simon (24 July 2016)."The Gene: Science's Most Dangerous Idea".National Geographic. Archived fromthe original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved12 September 2017.
^White, Susan (28 June 2017)."LibGuides: The Sociology of Science and Technology: Pseudoscience". Library of University of Princeton.Archived from the original on 9 May 2018. Retrieved12 September 2017.
^Wang, Zhong-Ming (January 1993). "Psychology in China: A Review Dedicated to Li Chen".Annual Review of Psychology.44 (1):87–116.doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.44.020193.000511.
^Feuchtwang, Stephan; Bruckermann, Charlotte (13 July 2016).Anthropology Of China, The: China As Ethnographic And Theoretical Critique. World Scientific Publishing Company. p. 22.ISBN 978-1-78326-985-3.
^Magazine, Contexts."Sociology in China - Contexts". Retrieved2024-12-31.
^Li, Cheng (1 October 2010).China's Emerging Middle Class: Beyond Economic Transformation. Brookings Institution Press. p. 62.ISBN 978-0-8157-0433-1.

v t e Lysenkoism
Lysenkoists	Trofim Lysenko J. D. Bernal Nikita Khrushchev Joseph Stalin VASKhNIL
Dissidents	Wacław Gajewski Georgii Karpechenko Zhores Medvedev Georgii Nadson Hans Stubbe Tan Jiazhen Nikolai Vavilov
Concepts	Heredity Heritability Hybridization Inheritance of acquired characteristics Lamarckism Mendelian inheritance Vernalization
Soviet policies	Bourgeois pseudoscience Collectivization in the Soviet Union Pavlovian session Suppressed research in the Soviet Union Politicization of science

Pseudoscience

List of topics characterized as pseudoscience

Terminology

Topics
characterized as
pseudoscience

Medicine	Acupuncture Aromatherapy Adrenal fatigue Alternative medicine Anthroposophic medicine Applied kinesiology Ayurveda Bates method Biorhythms Bloodletting Body memory Chiropractic Chromotherapy Correactology Cryonics Crystal healing Cupping Detoxification Colon cleansing Doctrine of signatures Doktor Koster's Antigaspills Ear candling Electromagnetic hypersensitivity Energy medicine Fad diet FasciaBlaster Germ theory denialism HIV/AIDS denialism Homeopathy Humorism Iridology Leaky gut syndrome LGBTQ chemicals conspiracy theory Lunar effect Macrobiotic diet Magnet therapy Miracle Mineral Supplement Naturopathy Palmistry Panchagavya Patent medicine Phrenology Primal therapy Radionics Reiki Traditional medicine Traditional Chinese medicine Trepanning Vertebral subluxation Wind turbine syndrome Young blood transfusion
Social science	2012 phenomenon Ancient astronauts Arabian Judah theory Catastrophism Conspiracy theory 5G conspiracy 9/11 conspiracy theories Chemtrail conspiracy theory Climate change denial COVID-19 misinformation Moon landing conspiracy theories Opposition to water fluoridation Conversion therapy Expanding Earth Theory Generational theory Generationism Strauss–Howe generational theory Hollow Earth theory Indigo children Japhetic theory Mediumship Nazi archaeology Nibiru cataclysm Parapsychology Pseudoarchaeology Pseudohistory Genocide denial Historical negationism Holocaust denial Tartarian Empire Pseudolaw Recovered-memory therapy Past life regression Scientific racism Aryan race Melanin theory Myers–Briggs Type Indicator Enneagram of Personality
Physics	Anti-gravity Cold fusion Faster-than-light travel Perpetual motion Quantum mysticism Reactionless drive Dean drive EMDrive Teleportation Tractor beam Water-fueled car
Other	Alchemy Aquatic ape hypothesis Astrology Biodynamic agriculture Biological transmutation Creation science Cryptozoology Dianetics Auditing Dowsing Electronic voice phenomenon Eugenics Facilitated communication Feng shui Flat Earth theory Modern flat Earth beliefs Graphology Intelligent design Laundry ball Law of attraction Levitation Lysenkoism Numerology Orgone Polygraph Pseudoscientific metrology Rapid prompting method Statement analysis Ufology Voice stress analysis Water memory

Promoters of
pseudoscience

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See also

Notes

References