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| House of Bourbon-Parma | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Parent house | Bourbon-Anjou (agnatic) Farnese (enatic) |
| Country |  Italy Luxembourg NetherlandsFormer countries |
| Founded | 18 October 1748; 277 years ago (1748-10-18) |
| Founder | Philip, Duke of Parma |
| Current head | Prince Carlos |
| Final ruler | Guastalla:Ferdinand I (1765–1802) Etruria:Louis II (1803–1807) Lucca:Charles I (1824–1847) Parma:Robert I (1854–1859) |
| Titles | Current: Former: |
| Deposition | Etruria: 10 December 1807 (annexed byFrench Empire) Parma: 9 June 1859 (annexed bySardinia) |
| Cadet branches | Luxembourg-Nassau |
TheHouse of Bourbon-Parma (Italian:Casa di Borbone di Parma) is anItaliancadet branch of theSpanish royal family, whose members once ruled asKing of Etruria and asDuke of Parma and Piacenza,Guastalla, andLucca. The House descended from the FrenchCapetian dynasty in male line. Its name of Bourbon-Parma comes from the main name (Bourbon) and the other (Parma) from the title of Duke of Parma. The title was held by the Spanish Bourbons, as the founderPhilip, Duke of Parma who was the great-grandson ofRanuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma, marriedLouise Élisabeth of France, getting the house of Bourbon, and the state of Parma, together.[2][3]The House of Bourbon-Parma is today the Sovereign House of theGrand Duchy of Luxembourg (agnatically) and all members of theGrand Ducal Family of Luxembourg are members of the House of Bourbon-Parma with the title of "Princes/Princesses" and the predicate ofRoyal Highness.[4][5][6][7]
TheDuchy of Parma was created in 1545 from that part of theDuchy of Milan south of thePo River, as a fief forPope Paul III's illegitimate son,Pier Luigi Farnese, centered on the city ofParma.In 1556, the second Duke,Ottavio Farnese, was given the city ofPiacenza, becoming thus alsoDuke of Piacenza, and so the state was thereafter properly known as theDuchies of Parma and Piacenza.
TheHouse of Farnese continued to rule the duchies until 1731 and the death of the last male-line duke,Antonio. Upon his death the duchy passed toInfante Charles of Spain, the heir to the duchy through his mother,Elisabeth Farnese. However by the terms of theTreaty of Vienna (1738) Charles had to give up the duchy toAustria.
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TheHabsburgs only ruled until the conclusion of theTreaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748, when it was ceded back to theBourbons in the person ofPhilip of Spain, Charles's younger brother. As Duke Philip, he became the founder of the House of Bourbon-Parma.
In 1796, the duchy was occupied by French troops underNapoleon Bonaparte and absorbed into theCisalpine Republic andKingdom of Italy.
In 1814, the duchies were restored under Napoleon's Habsburg wife,Marie Louise, who was to rule them for her lifetime. The duchy was renamed theDuchy of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla.
After Marie Louise's death in 1847, the duchy was restored to the Bourbon-Parma line, which had been ruling the tinyDuchy of Lucca. As part of the return, theDuchy of Guastalla was transferred to theDuchy of Modena. The Bourbons ruled until 1859, when they were driven out by a revolution following the Franco-Sardinian victory in theirwar against Austria.
The duchies of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla and the Duchy of Lucca joined with theGrand Duchy of Tuscany and the Duchy of Modena to form theUnited Provinces of Central Italy in December 1859, and were annexed to theKingdom of Sardinia in March 1860.The House of Bourbon continues to claim the title of Duke of Parma to this day.Carlos-Hugo (Carlistpretender to the Spanish throne in the 1970s) held the title from 1977 to his death. His son now claims the title.
| Duke | Portrait | Birth | Marriages | Death |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Charles, Duke of Parma 1731–1735 |  | 20 January 1716 Madrid son ofPhilip V of Spain andElizabeth of Parma | Maria Amalia of Saxony 1738 13 children | 14 December 1788 Madrid aged 72 |
| Duke | Portrait | Birth | Marriages | Death |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Philip, Duke of Parma 1748–1765 |  | 15 March 1720 Madrid son ofPhilip V of Spain andElizabeth of Parma | Louise-Elisabeth de Bourbon 25 October 1739 3 children | 18 July 1765 Alessandria aged 45 |
| Ferdinand I, Duke of Parma 1765–1802 |  | 20 January 1751 Parma son ofPhilip, Duke of Parma andLouise-Elisabeth de Bourbon | Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria 19 July 1769 9 children | 9 October 1802 Fontevivo aged 51 |
During the French ownership of the Duchy of Parma, the title ofDuke of Parma was used as an honorary form and style. From 1808, the title was used byJean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès. He kept the style ofDuke of Parma until 1814. Only in 1847 was the actual title restored to the Bourbons, after a period of being held byMarie Louise of Austria, who was aHabsburg and the second wife ofNapoleon I.
| Duke | Portrait | Birth | Marriages | Death |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Charles II, Duke of Parma 1847–1848 |  | 22 December 1799 Madrid son ofLouis of Etruria andMaria Louisa, Duchess of Lucca | Maria Teresa of Savoy 5 September 1820 2 children | 16 April 1883 Nice aged 84 |
| Charles III, Duke of Parma 1848–1854 |  | 14 January 1823 Lucca son ofCharles II, Duke of Parma andPrincess Maria Teresa of Savoy | Princess Louise Marie Thérèse of France 10 November 1845 4 children | 27 March 1854 Parma aged 31 |
| Robert I, Duke of Parma 1854–1859 |  | 9 July 1848 Florence son ofCharles III, Duke of Parma andLouise Marie Thérèse of Artois | Maria Pia of the Two Sicilies 5 April 1869 12 children Maria Antonia of Portugal 15 October 1884 12 children | 16 November 1907 Viareggio aged 59 |
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